Lazar Kaganovich
Lazar Kaganovich | |
---|---|
Лазарь Каганович | |
First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union | |
In office 5 March 1953 – 29 June 1957 | |
Premier | Georgy Malenkov Nikolai Bulganin Nikita Khrushchev |
Preceded by | Lavrentiy Beria |
Succeeded by | Anastas Mikoyan |
Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union | |
In office 21 August 1938 – 5 March 1953 | |
Premier | Vyacheslav Molotov Joseph Stalin |
Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | |
In office December 1930 – 21 March 1939 | |
Preceded by | Vyacheslav Molotov |
Succeeded by | Andrei Zhdanov |
Personal details | |
Born | Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich 22 November 1893 Kabany, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now Dibrova, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine) |
Died | 25 July 1991 Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | (aged 97)
Resting place | Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow |
Nationality | Soviet |
Political party | RSDLP (Bolsheviks) (1911–1918) CPSU (1918–1961) |
Signature | |
Central institution membership Other offices held
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Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich
Born to Jewish parents in 1893, Kaganovich worked as a shoemaker and became a member of the Bolsheviks, joining the party around 1911. As an organizer, Kaganovich was active in Yuzovka, Saratov and Belarus throughout the 1910s, and led a revolt in Belarus during the 1917 October Revolution. In the early 1920s, he helped consolidate Soviet rule in Turkestan. In 1922, Stalin placed Kaganovich in charge of organizational work within the Communist Party, through which he helped Stalin consolidate his grip of the party bureaucracy. Kaganovich rose quickly through the ranks, becoming a full member of the Central Committee in 1924, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1925, and Secretary of the Central Committee as well as a member of the Politburo in 1930. From the mid-1930s onwards, Kaganovich served as people's commissar for Railways, Heavy Industry and Oil Industry.
During the
Early life
Kaganovich was born in 1893 to
Lazar Kaganovich left school at 14, to work in shoe factories and cobblers' shops.
Revolution and Civil War
During March and April 1917, he served as the Chairman of the Tanners Union and as the vice-chairman of the
In 1918 Kaganovich acted as
Communist functionary
In June 1922, two months after Stalin became the General Secretary of the Communist Party, Kaganovich was appointed head of the party's Organisation and Instruction Department (Orgotdel), which was expanded a year later by absorbing the Records and Assignment Department, and renamed the Organisation-Assignment Department (Orgraspred).[6] This department was responsible for all assignments within the apparatus of the Communist Party. Working there, Kaganovich helped to place Stalin's supporters in important jobs within the Communist Party bureaucracy. In this position he became noted for his great work capacity and for his personal loyalty to Stalin. He stated publicly that he would execute absolutely any order from Stalin, which at that time was a novelty.[citation needed]
In May 1924, Kaganovich became a full member of the Central Committee, after having first been elected as a candidate one year earlier, a member of the Orgburo, and a Secretary of the Central Committee.[7]
From 1925 to 1928, Kaganovich was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1926, he was also elected a candidate member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was given the task of "ukrainizatsiya" – meaning at that time the building up of Ukrainian communist popular cadres, and encouraging 'low' Ukrainian culture, by removing bureaucratic obstacles to the use of the Ukrainian language; but he treated high culture with great suspicion. He was particularly suspicious of the poet, Mykola Khvylovy, and sent Stalin a selection of quotations from Khvylovy's verses, which incited Stalin to launch an attack on the poet.[8] He clashed frequently with the two most prominent ethnic Ukrainian Bolsheviks Vlas Chubar and Alexander Shumsky. Shumsky obtained an audience with Stalin in 1926 to insist that Kaganovich be recalled,[4] but Kaganovich succeeded in getting Shumsky dismissed the following year, over his support for Khvylovy. Later, Stalin had a similar visit from Chubar, and the Ukraine President, Grigory Petrovsky.[4] In 1928, Stalin reluctantly agreed to recall Kaganovich.
In Moscow, he returned to his position as a Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, a job he held until 1939. As Secretary, he endorsed Stalin's struggle against the so-called Left and Right oppositions within the Communist Party, and backed Stalin's decision to enforce rapid collectivisation of agriculture, against the more moderate policy of Nikolai Bukharin, who argued in favor of the "peaceful integration of kulaks into socialism." In summer 1930, he was warned that Lenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya had delivered a speech at a district party branch in Moscow, in which she criticised collectivisation. Kaganovich rushed to the meeting, and subjected Krupskaya to "coarse and scathing abuse."[4]
In July 1930, Kaganovich was promoted to full membership of the
Stalin's Deputy
In December 1930, when Vyacheslav Molotov promoted to the post of chairman of the Soviet government, Kaganovich replaced him as Stalin's deputy in the party secretariat, a position he held until February 1935. In these four years, he was the third most powerful figure in the Soviet leadership, behind Stalin and Molotov. He was left in Moscow in charge of party affairs when Stalin was on vacation. In 2001, a collection of 836 letters and telegrams that Stalin and Kaganovich exchanged in 1931–36 were published in Russia. The bulk of them were translated and published in the US in 2003.[9]
In 1933 and 1934, he served as the Chairman of the Commission for Vetting of the Party Membership (Tsentralnaya komissiya po proverke partiynykh ryadov) and ensured personally that nobody associated with anti-Stalin opposition would be permitted to remain a Communist Party member. In 1934, at the
In 1930–35, he was also First Secretary of the
Moscow Metro
In the 1930s, Kaganovich – along with project managers Ivan Kuznetsov and, later Isaac Segal – organized and led the building of the first Soviet underground rapid-transport system, the Moscow Metro, known as Metropoliten imeni L.M. Kaganovicha after him until 1955. The decision to construct the metro was made at a plenum of the Central Committee on June 15, 1931, after a report by Kaganovich.
On October 15, 1941, L. M. Kaganovich received an order to close the Moscow Metro, and within three hours to prepare proposals for its destruction, as a strategically important object. The metro was supposed to be destroyed, and the remaining cars and equipment removed. On the morning of October 16, 1941, on the day of the panic in Moscow, the metro was not opened for the first time. It was the only day in the history of the Moscow metro when it did not work. By evening, the order to destroy the metro was canceled.
In 1955, after the death of Stalin, the Moscow Metro was renamed to no longer include Kaganovich's name.
Responsibility for the 1932–1933 famine
In July 1932, Molotov and Kaganovich travelled to
Kaganovich also travelled to the Northern Caucasus in October 1932 to "struggle with the class enemy who sabotaged the grain collection and sowing." Meeting resistance from Cossacks, he had the entire population of 16 Cossack villages, of more than 1,000 people each, deported, and brought in peasants from less fertile land to replace them.[4]
He also traveled to the central regions of the USSR, and Siberia demanding the acceleration of collectivization and repressions against the Kulaks, who were generally blamed for the slow progress of collectivization.
Repression of Poltavskaya
"Iron Lazar"
In spring 1935, Kaganovich was replaced as the secretary in charge of party organisation, and as chairman of the purge commission, by Nikolai Yezhov, the future head of the NKVD, whose rise was a harbinger of the Great Purge. Kaganovich had handpicked Yezhov in 1933 to be deputy head of the purge commission, significantly boosting his career.[20] In March 1935, Kaganovich was replaced as first secretary of the Moscow party organisation, by Nikita Khrushchev.
From February 1935 to 1937, Kaganovich was
During the Great Purge, Kaganovich was sent from Moscow to Ivanovo, the Kuban, Smolensk and elsewhere, to instigate sackings and arrests. In Ivanovo, he ordered the arrests of the provincial party secretary, and the head of the propaganda department, and accused a majority of the executive of being "enemies of the people". His visit became known as the "black tornado".[22]
In all Party conferences of the later 1930s, he made speeches demanding increased efforts in the search for and prosecution of "foreign spies" and "saboteurs." For his ruthlessness in the execution of Stalin's orders, he was nicknamed "Iron Lazar." During his time serving as Railways Commissar, Kaganovich participated in the murder of 36,000 people by signing death lists. Kaganovich had exterminated so many railwaymen that one official called to warn that one line was entirely unmanned.[23] In 1936–39, Kaganovich's signature appears on 188 out of 357 documented execution lists.[24]
External videos | |
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Examples of Kaganovich's speeches | |
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Kaganovich was appointed People's Commissar for Heavy Industry after his predecessor,
Political decline
Politically, Kaganovich was a much diminished figure after the war. An early sign of his weakened position was that in 1941, his brother, Mikhail, committed suicide when facing arrest, just after the German invasion. Lazar Kaganovich reputedly made no attempt to help him. When the State Defence Committee was formed to direct the war, Kaganovich was initially excluded, though he was co-opted in February 1942. In 1946, he was officially ranked ninth in seniority in the Kremlin pecking order.[4]
In 1947, after Ukraine had failed to deliver its grain quota in the wake of a drought, Kaganovich was sent to replace Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Ukrainian CP, while Khrushchev was downgraded to the post of head of government. However, Kaganovich was recalled and Khrushchev reinstated in December 1947.
From 1949, until Stalin's death in March 1953, Kaganovich was in a precarious situation because of the state-sponsored anti-semitism, culminating in the Slánský trial in Prague, and the Doctors' plot, during which hundreds of Jews, including Molotov's wife, Polina Zhemchuzhina, were arrested, and many were tortured and shot. Kaganovich remained in office throughout, as the most prominent Jew in the Soviet leadership, but was no longer invited to meet Stalin socially, and "was lying low, watching the course of events in fear and trembling".[4]
From 1948 to 1952, he was the Chairman of Gossnab (State Committee for Material-Technical Supply, charged with the primary responsibility for the allocation of producer goods to enterprises, a critical state function in the absence of markets).
After Stalin's death, Kaganovich appeared to regain some of the influence he had lost. In March 1953, he was appointed one of four
But his position rapidly deteriorated with the rise of Nikita Khrushchev. In the 1930s, he had been Khrushchev's mentor, but Khrushchev had not forgiven the interlude when Kaganovich supplanted him as the Ukrainian party leader in 1947, and had come to despise. In his memoirs, Khrushchev wrote:
His behaviour disgusted me, and it disgusted others. He was nothing but a lackey ... Stalin used to hold him up as an example of a man "resolute in his class consciousness" and "implacable towards his class enemies." Later we found out all to well how resolute and implacable Kaganovich really was. He was the kind of man who wouldn't say a single word on behalf of his own brother, Mikhail Kaganovich.[26]
In 1956–57, Kaganovich joined Molotov, Georgy Malenkov, and Dmitri Shepilov in an attempt to remove Khrushchev from office, partly in reaction against Khrushchev's Secret Speech in February 1956, denouncing Stalin and the persecution of innocent party officials. On 6 June 1956, Kaganovich was removed from the chairmanship of the State Committee on Labour and Wages. When the Central Committee convened to resolve this dispute, in June 1957, Kaganovich was accused of "inactivity and crude violations of revolutionary legality" in his management of the state committees he chaired,[27] and was expelled from the Praesidium, with the other three members of what was now officially called the Anti-Party Group'. He was reportedly terrified that he would be arrested and shot, and phoned Khrushchev to beg for clemency.[4] He was given the job of director of a small potash works in the Urals.[28]
In 1961, Kaganovich was expelled from the Party and became a pensioner living in Moscow. His grandchildren reported that after his dismissal from the Central Committee, Kaganovich (who had a reputation for his temperamental and allegedly violent nature) never shouted again and became a devoted grandfather.[29]
In 1984, his re-admission to the Party was considered by the Politburo, alongside that of Molotov.[30] During the last years of life he played dominoes with fellow pensioners[31] and criticized Soviet media attacks on Stalin: "First, Stalin is disowned, now, little by little, it gets to prosecute socialism, the October Revolution, and in no time they will also want to prosecute Lenin and Marx."[32] Shortly before death he suffered a heart attack.[31]
In 1991 Kaganovich was interviewed about the alleged murder of Lenin's widow, in which he suggested Lavrentiy Beria may have been involved with Krupskaya's poisoning and was quoted in 1991 saying "I can't dismiss that possibility. He might have." Russian writer Arkady Vaksberg further commented that the fact Kagnanovich had confirmed the poisoning "did actually take place is more important than specifying who ordered it."[33]
Kaganovich died on July 25, 1991, at the age of 97, just before the
'Rosa Kaganovich'
In 1987, American journalist Stuart Kahan published a book entitled The Wolf of the Kremlin: The First Biography of L.M. Kaganovich, the Soviet Union's Architect of Fear (William Morrow & Co). In the book, Kahan claimed to be Kaganovich's long-lost nephew, and claimed to have interviewed Kaganovich personally and stated that Kaganovich admitted to being partially responsible for the death of Stalin in 1953 (supposedly by poisoning). A number of other unusual claims were made as well, including that Stalin was married to a sister of Kaganovich (supposedly named "Rosa") during the last year of his life and that Kaganovich (who was raised Jewish) was the architect of anti-Jewish pogroms.[36]
The rumor that Stalin married a sister of Kaganovich after the death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva in 1932 seems to have originated in the 1930s. Elizabeth Lermolo, who emigrated to the US in 1950 and published a memoir, Face of a Victim reported hearing the story while she was a prisoner in the
After The Wolf of the Kremlin was translated into Russian by Progress Publishers, and a chapter from it printed in the Nedelya (Week) newspaper in 1991, remaining members of Kaganovich's family composed the Statement of the Kaganovich Family in response. The statement disputed all of Kahan's claims.[43] The family denied that Kaganovich ever had a sister called Rosa, though he had a niece of that name, who was 13 years old in the year when Stalin's second wife committed suicide. Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva was equally emphatic, writing in a memoir published in 1969:
Nothing could be more unlikely than the story spread in the West about 'Stalin's third wife' – the mythical Rosa Kaganovich. Apart from the fact that I never saw any 'Rosa' in the Kaganovich family, the idea that this legendary Rosa, an intellectual woman ... and above all a Jewess, could have captured my father's fancy shows how totally ignorant people were of his true nature.[44]
After the fall of communism in 1991, it became possible for historians to study evidence the archives. There is no mention of 'Rosa Kaganovich' in the hundreds of published letters and telegrams found in the archives that Stalin and Kaganovich exchanged in the period when, supposedly, they were brothers-in-law. Simon Sebag Montefiore mentioned her in his detailed study of life in the Kremlin under Stalin, but only to say that "it seems this particular story is a myth." He added:
The significance of the story was that Stalin had a Jewish wife, useful propaganda for the Nazis who had an interest in merging the Jewish and Bolshevik devils into Mr and Mrs Stalin.[45]
Personal life
Kaganovich entered the workforce at the age of 13, an event which would shape his aesthetics and preferences through adulthood. Stalin himself confided to Kaganovich that the latter had a much greater fondness and appreciation for the proletariat.
Kaganovich was married to Maria Markovna Kaganovich (née Privorotskaya) (1894–1961), a fellow assimilated Kievan Jew who was part of the revolutionary effort since 1909. Mrs Kaganovich spent many years as a powerful municipal official, directly ordering the demolition of the Iberian Gate and Chapel and Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.[47] The couple had two children: a daughter, named Maya, and an adopted son, Yuri. Much attention has been devoted by historians to Kaganovich's Jewishness, and how it conflicted with Stalin's biases. Kaganovich frequently found it necessary to allow great cruelties to occur to his family to preserve Stalin's trust in him, such as allowing his brother to be coerced into suicide.[48]
The Kaganovich family initially lived, as most high-level Soviet functionaries in the 1930s, a conservative lifestyle in modest conditions.[49] This changed when Stalin entrusted the construction of the Moscow Metro to Kaganovich. The family moved into a luxurious apartment near ground zero (Sokolniki station), located at 3 Pesochniy Pereulok (Sandy Lane).[49] Kaganovich's apartment consisted of two floors (an extreme rarity in the USSR), a private access garage, and a designated space for butlers, security, and drivers.[49]
Decorations and awards
- Order of Lenin, four times
- Order of the Red Banner of Labour (27 October 1938)
- Hero of Socialist Labour (5 November 1943)
Notes
- ^ Also rendered as Kahanovich
References
- ISBN 0-8157-3060-8.
- ^
Compare: "Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich". Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2013. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
Born in Kiev province, Kaganovich joined the Communist Party in 1911 [...]. [...] For a number of years he was the only Jew to occupy a top position in the Soviet leadership.
- ^ Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ ISBN 0-631-13348-8.
- ^ ISBN 9781783080571.
- ISBN 0-416-18380-8.
- ^ Schapiro. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union. p. 288.
- ISBN 978-0-141-97828-4.
- ISBN 0-300-09367-5.)
{{cite book}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Radzinsky (1996)
- ^ Rees, Edward Afron. 1994. Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, 1928–41. Birmingham: Palgrave Macmillan [1]
- ^ R.W.Davies. The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence. pp. 155–56.
- ^ "Kyiv Court of Appeal 2-A Solomyanska Street, Kyiv ruling in the name of Ukraine". Holodomar museum. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (14 January 2010)
- ^ The Kyiv Court of Appeals named the organizers of Holodomor. by Ya.Muzychenko (in Ukrainian)
- ^ Applebaum. Red Famine. pp. 194–95.
- ^ JSTOR 23611465.
- ^ "Russia: Cossacks Punished". Time. 30 January 1933. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ ПОЛТАВСЬКА СТАНИЦЯ. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
- ISBN 978-0-8179-2902-2.
- ISBN 0-300-07772-6.
- ^ Conquest, Robert (1971). The Great Terror. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 331.
- ISBN 9780297863854.
- ^ "Сталинские списки". stalin.memo.ru. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ Conquest, Robert (1961). Power and Policy in the U.S.S.R., a Study of Soviet Dynastics. London: MacMillan. pp. 196–97, 263.
- ^ Khrushchev, Nikita (1971). Khrushchev Remembers. London: Sphere. pp. 41–42.
- ^ Conquest. Power and Policy in the U.S.S.R. p. 322.
- ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2004). The Court of the Red Tsar. Phoenix. "Postscript"
- ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2004). The Court of the Red Tsar. Phoenix. p. 668
- ^ "12 July 1984". 1 July 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ a b L. M. Kaganovich, Stalwart of Stalin, Dies at 97
- ^ Parla Kaganovich 'Non siamo dei mostri'
- ISBN 978-0-313-38746-3.
- ^ Thomas Ginsberg (July 26, 1991), Stalin Henchman Lazar Kaganovich Dead at 97, Associated Press, retrieved 18 December 2022
- ^ Clines, F. X. (July 27, 1991), "L. M. Kaganovich, Stalwart of Stalin, Dies at 97", New York Times, retrieved 18 December 2022
- ^ Kahan, Stuart. The Wolf of the Kremlin: The First Biography of L.M. Kaganovich, the Soviet Union's Architect of Fear (William Morrow & Co, 1987)
- ^ Lermolo, Elizabeth . Face of a Victim (Harper & Brothers, 1955)
- ^ Payne, Robert. The Rise and Fall of Stalin. United Kingdom: Simon and Schuster, 1965.
- ^ Fishman, Jack., Hutton, Joseph Bernard., Hutton, J. Bernard. The Private Life of Josif Stalin. United Kingdom: W. H. Allen, 1962.
- ISBN 978-0-306-80167-9.
- ^ See:
- Life – July 14, 1941. p. 19: "A sister Rosa first lived with Stalin, then after the suicide of his second wife is supposed to have married Stalin"
- Life – March 29, 1943. p. 40: "His sister Rosa is supposedly married to Stalin"[2]
- Time – April 18, 1949: "Lazar Kaganovich, who is Stalin's brother-in-law"
- Time – July 23, 1951: "Lazar Kaganovich, long time politburo member and Stalin's brother-in-law"
- Life – March 16, 1953. p. 22: "Kaganovich, the brilliant and energetic Jew, Stalin's brother-in-law"
- Life – April 13, 1953. p. 168: "Kaganovich (a member of the Politburo and brother of Stalin's third wife)"
- Time – September 7, 1953: "Lazar Kaganovich (Stalin's brother-in-law)"
- The New York Times – November 22, 1953 Kaganovich Decorated: Malenkov's Regime Gives High Honor to Stalin's Brother-in-Law
- Time – February 7, 1955 – "Lazar M. Kaganovich, wartime commissar for transport, reputedly Stalin's brother-in-law"
- Youngstown Vindicator – March 7, 1953: "Rosa Kaganovich"
- Milwaukee Sentinel – June 11, 1960: "Rosa Kaganovich"
- The New York Times – July 27, 1991: "Kaganovich's sister, Rosa"
- ^ Trotsky, Leon (1940), Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, eds. Alan Woods and Robert Sewell (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019) p. 788
- ^ "Statement of the Kaganovich Family". revolutionarydemocracy.org.
- ^ Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1971). Only One Year. Penguin. p. 330.
- ISBN 0-75381-766-7.
- ^ "Как жил и умер железный апостол Сталина Лазарь Каганович?".
- ^ "ПРИВОРОТСКАЯ Мария Марковна".
- ^ "ОНБЕЯРЭ02".
- ^ a b c "Лазарь Моисеевич Каганович | Государственное управление в России в портретах".
Further reading
- Davies, R. W. (2003). Khlevniuk, O., Rees, E. A., Kosheleva, L. P., Rogovaya, L. A. (eds.). The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36. Yale University Press.
- Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ——. (1999). Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kotkin, S. (2017). Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941. New York: Random House.
- ISBN 0-385-47954-9
- Rees, E.A. Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich (Anthem Press; 2012) 373 pages; scholarly biography
- Rubenstein, Joshua, The Last Days of Stalin, (Yale University Press: 2016)
External links
- Profile at http://www.hrono.ru (in Russian)
- Newspaper clippings about Lazar Kaganovich in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Lazar Kaganovich at Find a Grave