Leeuwarden

Coordinates: 53°12′N 5°47′E / 53.200°N 5.783°E / 53.200; 5.783
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Leeuwarden
Ljouwert (West Frisian)
Liwwadden (Town Frisian)
Leeuwarden canal
Leeuwarden canal
Former weigh house
Former weigh house
Leeuwarden centre
Leeuwarden centre
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
8900–8941
Area code058
Websitewww.leeuwarden.nl

Leeuwarden (Dutch: [ˈleːu.ɑrdə(n)] ; West Frisian: Ljouwert [ˈljɔːʋ(ə)t]/[ˈʎɔːw(ə)t] ; Town Frisian: Liwwadden; Leeuwarder dialect: Leewarden) is a city and municipality in Friesland, Netherlands, with a population of 127,073 (2023). It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provincial Council of Friesland.

The region has been continuously inhabited since the 10th century. It came to be known as Leeuwarden in the early 9th century AD and was granted city privileges in 1435. It is the main economic hub of Friesland, situated in a green and water-rich environment. Leeuwarden is a former royal residence and has a historic city centre, many historically relevant buildings, and a large shopping centre with squares and restaurants. Leeuwarden was awarded the title European Capital of Culture for 2018. Also, Leeuwarden has been a UNESCO City of Literature since 2019.

The Elfstedentocht (Eleven Cities Tour), an ice skating tour passing the eleven cities of Friesland, starts and finishes in Leeuwarden.

The following towns and villages within the municipality have populations in excess of 1,000 people: Leeuwarden, Stiens, Grou, Goutum, Wergea, Jirnsum, Reduzum, and Wirdum. The municipality is governed by the mayor Sybrand van Haersma Buma and a coalition of the Labour Party, Christian Democratic Appeal, and GreenLeft.

Etymology

The name "Leeuwarden" (or older variants of it) first came into use for

Stadsfries), and Ljouwert (West Frisian) are still in use.[7][8]

The second part of the name is easily explained: Warden, West Frisian/Dutch/Low German for an artificial dwelling-hill, is a designation of terps, reflecting the historical situation.[8]

The first part of the name, leeuw, means

leeward) or from lee- (a Dutch word for waterway). Sheltered landing place or harbour could be the original meaning. This suits the watery province of Friesland and the position of the original three villages at the end of an important estuary called Middelzee.[8]

The name is also similar to that of the French commune Lewarde, located in the Nord Department, an originally Flemish-speaking area annexed to France in the 17th century. Western Flemish was related to Frisian and also to Saxon up to the 11th century.

History

Historical map of Leeuwarden 1664
Copper 1 duit coin minted in Leeuwarden in 1702. The obverse depicts the city's coat of arms.

The oldest remains of houses date back to the 2nd century AD in the Roman era and were discovered during an excavation near the Oldehove. Inhabited continuously since the 10th century, the city's first reference as a population centre is in German sources from 1285, and records exist of city privileges granted in 1435. Situated along the Middelzee, it was an active centre of maritime trade.[9] The waterway silted-up in the 13th century.[10]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
15114,360—    
15656,600+0.77%
160611,330+1.33%
166616,500+0.63%
168914,300−0.62%
174413,490−0.11%
179316,446+0.41%
179512,707−12.10%
Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 13–15 (1398–1795)

The Grote of Jacobijnerkerk (English: Great, or Jacobin Church) is the oldest building in the city. The 15th century was the period of the two opposing Frisian factional parties Vetkopers and Schieringers. The bastions and a moat were built in the period 1481–1494. In 1747 William IV, Prince of Orange was the last stadtholder residing in the Stadhouderlijk Hof. In the first half of the 19th century the fortifications were demolished.

From 1580 to 1752, a provincial mint operated in the city, minting gold, silver and copper coins of Friesland.[11]

The Jewish community of Leeuwarden was one of the earliest in the Netherlands aside from Amsterdam, and was first mentioned in 1645.[12][13] By 1670, the city council granted a man referred to as "Jacob the Jew" (in Dutch) permission to build a Jewish cemetery, meaning that there were enough Jews living there to require a cemetery and other communal institutions.[12] Land for 'The Jodenkerkhof' (Jews' cemetery) was purchased in 1679, near the Oldehove tower.[13]

The first synagogue in the city was built in the 17th century, and was also used by the city's Catholics who were not allowed to build a house of worship of their own because of the Protestant city authorities.[12] The Jewish community enjoyed generally good relations with authorities in the 18th century and continued to expand throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak population of 1,236 in 1860.[12]

Citizens of Leeuwarden welcoming units of the Canadian Army, 16 April 1945

In 1901 the city's population was 32,203.

Leeuwarden, like the rest of the Netherlands, was occupied by German forces in 1940–1945. This ended when elements of the Royal Canadian Dragoons seized the initiative and advanced into the heavily-defended city on 15 April 1945, ignoring direct orders to wait for supporting infantry. German forces had been driven out by the end of the next day. (The anniversary is marked by both the Dragoons and the city, by flying each other's flags every 15 April.)[14]

Kneppelfreed (English: Baton Friday) was an incident on 16 November 1951 in front of the courthouse at Wilhelminaplein (Wilhelmina Square), when the police used batons against Frisian language activists during a protest against the exclusive use of Dutch in the courts.[15]
A committee of inquiry recommended that the Frisian language should receive legal status as a minority language.

On 19 October 2013, a fire broke out in a clothes shop on a busy pedestrian street. The fire started late in the afternoon and burned through the night, destroying five shops and eleven flats. The only casualty was a 24-year-old man who was living in one of the flats.[16] The birthplace of Mata Hari was at first thought to be destroyed, but survived, albeit with considerable smoke and water damage.[17]

Heraldry

The

crown. The fact that Leeuwarden carries a lion in its seal seems logical, considering that "Leeuw" is Dutch for "Lion". However, it is very plausible the oldest name of the city conceals an indication of water rather than an animal, and some sources suggest that the lion may have only been added after the name became official. It is also possible the coat of arms was a gift to the city from the powerful Minnema family.[18]

Geography

Map of the city of Leeuwarden (2014)
Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Leeuwarden
Historical population municipality (1714–2024).

Leeuwarden is located centrally in Friesland. The military Leeuwarden Air Base lies northwest of the city. East of the city lies recreational area and nature reserve De Groene Ster. It contains the windmill Himriksmole, a golf course and AquaZoo Friesland.[19]

Population centres

On 1 January 2014 parts of the neighbouring Boarnsterhim municipality were added to Leeuwarden.[20] On 1 January 2018 it was enlarged by Leeuwarderadeel and parts of former municipality of Littenseradiel.

Dutch name West Frisian name Population
Leeuwarden Ljouwert 92,146
Stiens Stiens 7,545
Grouw Grou 5,655
Goutum Goutum 2,945
Warga Wergea 1,685
Irnsum Jirnsum 1,360
Wirdum Wurdum 1,210
Mantgum Mantgum 1,175
Roordahuizum Reduzum 1,125
Britsum Britsum 960
Wartena Warten 915
Wytgaard Wytgaard 570
Weidum Weidum 570
Cornjum Koarnjum 435
Oosterlittens Easterlittens 435
Lekkum Lekkum 425
Hijum Hijum 415
Jorwerd Jorwert 335
Jelsum Jelsum 325
Hijlaard Hilaard 295
Oude Leije Alde Leie 255
Snakkerburen Snakkerbuorren 225
Finkum Feinsum 205
Baard Baard 185
Hempens Himpens 155
Jellum Jellum 150
Beers Bears 125
Huins Húns 115
Idaard Idaerd 80
Friens Friens 80
Swichum Swichum 50
Warstiens Warstiens 35
Aegum Eagum 35
Miedum Miedum 30
Lions Leons 26
Teerns Tearns 16
Total 122,293
Source: Statistics Netherlands[21][22]

Hamlets

The hamlets within the municipality are: Abbenwier, Angwier, Baarderbuorren, Bartlehiem (partially), De Him, De Hoek, De Trije Romers, Domwier, Finsterbuorren, Fûns, Groote Bontekoe, Goatum, Hesens, Hoarne, Hoptille, It Hoflân, It Wiel, Marwert, Midsbuorren, Narderbuorren, Noardein, Oude Schouw (partially), Poelhuzen, Rewert (partially), Skillaerd, Skrins, Suderbuorren, Suorein, Tichelwurk, Truerd, Tsienzerbuorren, Tsjaard, Tsjeintgum, Vierhuis, Vrouwbuurtstermolen (partially), Wammert and Wieuwens

Climate

Climate data for Leeuwarden (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1951−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)
16.7
(62.1)
23.7
(74.7)
27.6
(81.7)
29.6
(85.3)
33.1
(91.6)
34.8
(94.6)
33.5
(92.3)
30.2
(86.4)
25.5
(77.9)
18.2
(64.8)
14.2
(57.6)
34.8
(94.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5)
5.9
(42.6)
9.1
(48.4)
13.2
(55.8)
16.5
(61.7)
19.1
(66.4)
21.4
(70.5)
21.6
(70.9)
18.5
(65.3)
14.0
(57.2)
9.2
(48.6)
6.1
(43.0)
13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6)
3.2
(37.8)
5.5
(41.9)
8.8
(47.8)
12.2
(54.0)
15.0
(59.0)
17.3
(63.1)
17.4
(63.3)
14.5
(58.1)
10.7
(51.3)
6.7
(44.1)
3.9
(39.0)
9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)
0.3
(32.5)
1.9
(35.4)
4.2
(39.6)
7.6
(45.7)
10.5
(50.9)
12.9
(55.2)
12.9
(55.2)
10.5
(50.9)
7.2
(45.0)
3.9
(39.0)
1.2
(34.2)
6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −19.9
(−3.8)
−20.9
(−5.6)
−16.3
(2.7)
−6.6
(20.1)
−3.0
(26.6)
1.3
(34.3)
5.5
(41.9)
5.4
(41.7)
1.7
(35.1)
−6.5
(20.3)
−14.2
(6.4)
−19.2
(−2.6)
−20.9
(−5.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 68.6
(2.70)
55.5
(2.19)
49.1
(1.93)
39.1
(1.54)
54.5
(2.15)
69.9
(2.75)
77.7
(3.06)
93.7
(3.69)
82.3
(3.24)
79.6
(3.13)
77.9
(3.07)
81.5
(3.21)
829.4
(32.65)
Average
relative humidity
(%)
89.0 86.9 83.3 79.3 78.4 79.6 80.1 80.9 84.1 86.6 90.1 90.3 84.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.0 94.2 149.9 201.2 231.5 209.2 226.1 206.5 155.6 118.4 67.2 61.4 1,789.2
Percent possible sunshine 26.9 33.8 40.7 48.0 47.2 41.3 44.4 45.0 40.7 35.8 25.7 26.0 38.0
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[23][24]

Demographics

As of 2020, Leeuwarden had a total population of 124,084.[25]

Inhabitants by origin

2020[26] Numbers %
Dutch natives 102,099 82.2%
Western migration background 9,745 7.8%
Non-Western migration background 12,240 9.8%
Indonesia 2,276 1.83%
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 1,589 1.28%
Suriname 1,483 1.19%
Morocco 1,081 0.87%
Turkey 547 0.4%
Total 124,084 100%

Culture

Museums

Princessehof Ceramics Museum

Museums in the city of Leeuwarden:

Architecture

There are over 800

Rijksmonuments (national heritage sites) in the municipality of Leeuwarden.[33] The Oldehove, a leaning unfinished church tower, is a symbol of the city. Other well-known buildings in the city centre include the Kanselarij (former chancellery), the Stadhouderlijk Hof (former residence of the stadtholders of Friesland), the city hall (1715), the Waag (old weigh house), the Saint Boniface church (an important part of the neogothic movement) and the Centraal Apotheek, a pharmacy in the Art Nouveau
style. The Blokhuispoort is a former prison that has been transformed into a public library, hostel and restaurant.

The

Jan Jacob Slauerhoff
. It uses two arms to swing a section of road in and out of place within the road itself. This movable bridge is also known as the 'Flying' Drawbridge.

The tallest building in the city is the 114-metre (374 ft) Achmeatoren (Achmea insurance tower), built in 2001 and designed by Abe Bonnema – who also designed the second-tallest building, Averotoren at 77 m (253 ft).

  • Oldehove
  • City hall
    City hall
  • Blokhuispoort
    Blokhuispoort
  • Leeuwarden canal Kelders
    Leeuwarden canal Kelders
  • Centraal Apotheek
    Centraal Apotheek

Cultural events and festivals

Love Fountain by artist Jaume Plensa

On 6 September 2013 Leeuwarden was voted European Capital of Culture for the year 2018.[35] Many events were organised throughout the year.[36][37] The largest art project was the 11Fountains, fountains in the Frisian eleven cities. The Love Fountain, located in front of the train station, was designed by artist Jaume Plensa. The fountain is seven metres high and consists of two white heads of a boy and a girl, their eyes closed and dreaming.[38]

Annual music festivals are Cityrock, Dancetour, Welcome To The Village, Into the Grave, Explore the North

Ascension Day).[40] There is also a weekly cattle market.[41]

Transport

Leeuwarden railway station and bus station in 2018

Leeuwarden railway station (opened on 27 October 1863) is the main railway station of Leeuwarden. It is a terminus station of the NS railway line from Zwolle. Regional trains, served by Arriva, operate to Groningen in the east, Harlingen in the west and Stavoren in the southwest.[42] The other stations in the municipality are Leeuwarden Camminghaburen, and Grou-Jirnsum. A fourth station Leeuwarden Werpsterhoeke was planned to be opened after 2018.[43]

Near the train station is the bus station. Arriva runs several city, regional and national buses.

Holwerd connects with the ferry to Ameland, bus route 50 to Lauwersoog connects with the departures of the ferry to Schiermonnikoog[45] and route 350 via the Afsluitdijk connects to Alkmaar in North Holland
.

The motorway A31 passes Leeuwarden and the A32 connects Leeuwarden to Meppel. The Van Harinxmakanaal is a major canal and connects Harlingen to Leeuwarden.

Education

Stedelijk Gymnasium in 2007

Leeuwarden has a number of respected

HBO in Dutch), (21,480 students in 2017),[46] such as the Van Hall Instituut (agricultural and life sciences) and the NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences (hotel management, economical and media management).[47] In addition to higher education, the city is also home to three regional vocational schools (MBO): the Friese Poort, Friesland College, and Nordwin College.[48][49][50]

Although the city has no university of its own, several

)

Technological Top Institute Wetsus does research into water management and related technologies.[53] Centre of Expertise Water Technology (CEW) is the knowledge and innovation centre for applied research and product development in the field of water technology[54] and the Wadden Academy to study and research the Wadden Sea.[55]

Economy

WTC Expo

Among the 10 largest employers in Leeuwarden are Medical Center Leeuwarden (MCL), ING, The Central Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB),[56] Achmea, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden Air Base and FrieslandCampina.[57] WTC Expo is the largest events complex in the Northern Netherlands.[58]

Sports

The city's local football team,

Aris Leeuwarden, has played in the Dutch Basketball League
since 2004.

Finish of the Elfstedentocht in 1956

The Elfstedenhal is a sport venue. The stadium is used for

short track speed skating, ice hockey, figure skating and curling.[59] The 400m indoor speed skating oval is named after speed skater Atje Keulen-Deelstra. The ice hockey club is IJshockeyclub Capitals Leeuwarden (IJCCL).[60]

Leeuwarden is the starting and finishing point for the celebrated

W.A. van Buren
, which is the pseudonym of the royal family of the Netherlands.

Loop Leeuwarden[61] is an annual road running competition (5 km, 10 km and half marathon races). The race was first held in 1985 and takes place in May. It attracts amateur runners. The city of Leeuwarden has two sailing boats (skûtsje) racing in the yearly sailing competition Skûtsjesilen.

Leeuwarden was to be the host of the World Flying Disc Federation 2020 World Ultimate and Guts Championships from the 11th to the 18th of July. The event was expected to have over 2500 athletes from 40 countries.[62] The event was cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic).

Media

The

NDC Mediagroep). Omrop Fryslân is a public broadcaster with radio and TV programs mainly in Frisian.[65]

Notable residents

Willem van Oranje-Nassau, 1751
Mata Hari, 1906

Politics

Mayor Sybrand van Haersma Buma in 2012

In the Netherlands, a municipality is governed by the

2014 municipal elections, the Labour Party (3 aldermen), Christian Democratic Appeal (2 aldermen), PAL GroenLinks (1 alderman) form a coalition.[69] The municipal council of Leeuwarden has 39 seats.[70]

As provincial capital, Leeuwarden is also the seat of the

.

International relations

The city of Leeuwarden is

twinned
with

References

  1. ^ a b "Burgemeester Sybrand van Haersma Buma" [Mayor Sybrand van Haersma Buma] (in Dutch). Gemeente Leeuwarden. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  2. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Postcodetool for 8911DH". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  4. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  5. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland" [Regional core figures Netherlands]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
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  7. ^ "BBC - Travel - The Dutch city with a constantly changing name". 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
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  15. ^ Canon of Frisian History - Kneppelfreed 11en30.nu Retrieved 28 March 2018.
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  17. ^ "Fire destroys house where Mata Hari was born". San Diego Union Tribune. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  18. .
  19. ^ AquaZoo Friesland Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  20. ^ "Gemeentelijke indeling op 1 januari 2014" [Municipal divisions on 1 January 2014]. cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  21. ^ Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2017 [Key figures for neighbourhoods], CBS Statline (in Dutch) CBS 2 Februari 2018 . Retrieved on 1 March 2018.
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  27. ^ a b Tresoar Archived 18 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Tresoar. Retrieved on 28 February 2018.
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  31. ^ The Other Museum. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  32. ^ Fries Landbouwmuseum. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  33. ^ Monumentenregister, Official database of heritage sites 1 January 2018 . Retrieved on 1 March 2018.
  34. .
  35. ^ "Cultural capital website".
  36. ^ european-capital-of-culture Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 1 March 2018.
  37. ^ LF2018 Retrieved on 1 March 2018
  38. ^ 11fountains-Leeuwarden Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  39. ^ Explore the North. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  40. ^ Tourist information Leeuwarden Retrieved on 2 March 2018.
  41. ^ Cattle market Leeuwarden. Retrieved on 2 March 2018.
  42. ^ Actuele vertrektijden Station Leeuwarden (in Dutch), Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  43. ^ Leeuwarden Werpsterhoeke (in Dutch), ProRail. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
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  45. ^ Wagenborg Passagiersdiensten public transportation Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 8 March 2018.
  46. ^ HBO students Leeuwarden Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  47. ^ NHL Stenden University Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  48. ^ "Friese Poort".
  49. ^ "Friesland College".
  50. ^ "Nordwin College".
  51. ^ University of Groningen/Campus Fryslân Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  52. ^ Dairy Campus. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  53. ^ Wetsus Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  54. ^ CEW Leeuwarden Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  55. ^ Wadden Academy Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  56. ^ "CJIB".
  57. ^ Gemeentegids Leeuwarden 2011
  58. ^ WTC Expo Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  59. ^ Elfstedenhal Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 3 March 2018.
  60. ^ capitalsleeuwarden ice hockey club. Retrieved on 3 March 2018.
  61. ^ Loop Leeuwarden. Retrieved on 2 March 2018.
  62. ^ WFDF 2020 World Ultimate and Guts Championships, World Flying Disc Federation. Retrieved on 21 May 2019.
  63. ^ (in Dutch) LC Leeuwarder Courant. Retrieved on 6 March 2018.
  64. ^ (in Dutch) Friesch Dagblad, Friesch Dagblad. Retrieved on 6 March 2018.
  65. ^ (in West Frisian) Omrop Fryslan, Omrop Fryslân. Retrieved on 6 March 2018.
  66. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 11 February 2020
  67. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 11 February 2020
  68. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 11 February 2020
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  70. ^ Gemeenteraadsleden en ondersteuning (in Dutch), Municipality of Leeuwarden. Retrieved 19 June 2016.

Bibliography

External links