Legio VI Ferrata

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Legio VI Ferrata
Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the Legio VI Ferrata stationed at Raphana (Abila, Jordan), in Syria province, from ca. AD 106 until ca. 138
Active65 BC to at least 244 AD
CountryRoman Republic and Roman Empire
TypeRoman legion (Marian)
RoleInfantry assault
Mascot(s)Bull
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Julius Caesar
Mark Antony
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo
Legionary inscription: "VEXILLA TIO LEG VI FERR" ("Detachment of Legion VI Ferrata"), Hecht Museum, Haifa, Israel

Legio VI Ferrata ("Sixth Ironclad Legion") was a

province of Judaea
, it remained there for the next two centuries.

The Legion was also known as Fidelis Constans, meaning "loyal and steadfast". It is unclear when this title was given, but several sources[who?] indicate that it may have been in the 1st century AD. The symbol for Legio VI Ferrata was the bull. It also carried the symbolic she-wolf with Romulus and Remus.[citation needed]

History

Under Caesar

Raised in

Cabillonum (Chalon-sur-Saône) in 51 BC and then suppressing a revolt of the Carnutes at Cenabum (Orleans) in 50 BC. In 49 BC it was transferred to Spain to fight in the civil wars, where it earned the title "Hispaniensis" after fighting at Ilerda.[1]

Later seeing action at the

Caesar took his "Veteran Sixth Legion" with him to Syria and Pontus.[3]

"When Caesar reached Pontus he gathered all his forces together in one spot. They were modest in number and experience of war, with the exception of the veteran Sixth Legion, which he had brought with him from Alexandria; but this had gone through such toil and danger and been so reduced in size, in part by the difficulties of the marches and voyages, and in part by the frequency of campaigning, that it contained less than a thousand men..."[4]

The Legion served in Pontus under Caesar in 48 and 47 BC. This culminated in the

Battle of Zela
where victory was won by Legio VI.

"The origin of our victory lay in the bitter and intense hand-to-hand battle joined on the right wing, where the veteran Sixth Legion was stationed".[4]
"Caesar was quite overjoyed at such a victory, although he had been victorious in many battles. He had brought a major war to an astonishingly rapid end... He ordered the Sixth Legion back to Italy to receive their rewards and honors..."[5]

During Caesar's African war against

Scipio in 46 BC, the Sixth Legion deserted en masse from Scipio to reinforce Caesar and fought under him.[6]

Under Mark Antony

The legion was disbanded in 45 BC after the

Brutus in successive battles at Philippi in 42 BC and the subsequent division of control between Mark Antony and Caesar's nephew and heir Octavian, a colony was again formed from retired veterans at Beneventum in 41 BC, and the remainder of Legio VI Ferrata was taken by Mark Antony to the East where it garrisoned Judea.[7]

Two legions under Mark Antony and Octavian

Another Sixth Legion, Legio VI Victrix, evidently saw action at Perusia in 41 BC, which presents us with a problem because the official Legio VI Ferrata was at that moment with Mark Antony in the East;

"Octavian did not hesitate to duplicate legionary numerals already in use by Antony. The latter had serving with him Legio V Alaudae, Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Equestris. Soon we find Octavian's army boasting of a Legio V (the later Macedonica), Legio VI (the later Victrix) and Legio X (soon to be Fretensis). Of these, Legio V and Legio X, and less certainly Legio VI, bore under the empire a bull-emblem which would normally indicate a foundation by Caesar; but the true Caesarian legions with these numerals (Alaudae, Ferrata and Equestris) were with Antony."[8]

It would seem, therefore, that Octavian had used the veterans of Caesar's Sixth Legion, this time from those left at Beneventum, to form the core of his own Sixth Legion used at Perusia.

Later Legio VI Ferrata fought in

Antony's Parthian War in 36 BC.[7]

During the

Judea where it was to remain, while Legio VI Victrix was sent to Spain
.

In Judea and Palaestina

From 54 AD to 68 AD the Sixth Legion Ferrata served under

Mucianus' victory over the forces of Vitellius during the brief Civil War following the death of Nero.[10]

In 106 AD a

Africa during the reign of Antoninus Pius.[12] In 150 AD the Legion was once again in Syria Palaestina, and an inscription found dedicated to Legio VI Ferrata places them still there in 215 AD.[7] Coins of Philip the Arab
, found in Caesarea Maritima, indicate the Legion was still present ca 244 AD.

Under

Palaestina Tertia.[13] The legion is not present in the Notitia Dignitatum
and was likely disbanded before 395.

Attested members

Name Rank Time frame Province Source
Lucius Artorius Castus centurio 2nd century Syria Palaestina CIL III, 1919
Quintus Glitius Atilius Agricola
legatus legionis
c. 80 CIL V, 6974,CIL V, 6975
Lucius Domitius Apollinaris legatus legionis 87–91
Syria
IGR III.558 = TAM II.569
Gaius Julius Proculus legatus legionis 104/106 Syria CIL X, 6658
Gaius Bruttius Praesens legatus legionis 114/115
Marcus Flavius Postumus[14] legatus legionis between 145 and 161 Syria Palaestina CIL VIII, 7044
Quintus Antistius Adventus[14] legatus legionis ?159-?162 Syria Palaestina AE 1893, 88 = ILS 8977
Tiberius Claudius Subatianus Proculus[15] legatus legionis c. 206 Syria Palaestina AE 1911, 107 = ILS 9488
Lucius Junius L.f. Moderatus tribunus angusticlavius before 70 CIL IX, 235 = ILS 2923
Lucius Conetanius L.f. Proculus Carsulas tribunus angusticlavius before 117 SEG-28, 1269 = AE 1950, 190
Marcus Porcius M.f. Aprus tribunus angusticlavius CIL II, 4238
Lucius Vecilius C.f. Modestus tribunus angusticlavius between AD 1 and 100 CIL III, 8261 = ILS 2733
Pacuvius tribunus laticlavius (?) c. 19 Syria
Annales
, ii.79
Sergius Rusticus Apronianus tribunus laticlavius before 152 CIL III, 292 = ILS 8976; CIL III, 6814 = ILS 8976a
Lucius Sergius L.f. Paullus tribunus laticlavius AE 2002, 1457

Legacy

The name 'Lajjun', associated with the location of the legionary camp, derived from 'Legion'.[16][17] In Ottoman times a Khan erected in that location was known as "Khan al-Lajun", and a Palestinian village of that name existed there until the Arab-Israeli war of 1947-49, when it was depopulated.

The popular Russian song Eagle of Sixth Legion [ru] dedicated to the Legion.

Archaeology

Excavations of Legio VI castra near Megiddo Junction, July 2015. Tel Megiddo in the background

Until the 20th century, the exact location of the castra (“camp” in the sense of a permanent military base) of the Sixth Legion had not been confirmed, but textual evidence placed it in the Jezreel Valley along the road from Caesarea Maritima to Beth Shean, in the vicinity of Meggido. Surveys conducted by Israeli archaeologist Yotam Tepper identified Roman remains in the region, including coins and roof tiles stamped with the name of the Sixth Legion. In 2010 and 2011, Tepper teamed up with the Jezreel Valley Regional Project and the Center for Research and Archaeology of the Southern Levant. Together, Jessie A. Pincus and Timothy DeSmet conducted a ground-penetrating radar and Electromagnetic survey of this area and published their results with the accompanying archaeogeophysical interpretation.[18] With the results of those two surveys the collective team decided upon the best areas for excavation during the 2013 field season. Thus in 2013, the team excavated the Legio VI Ferrata camp, uncovering defensive earthworks, a circumvallation rampart, barracks areas and artifacts including roof tiles stamped with the name of the Sixth Legion, coins and fragments of scale armor.[16]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c Lendering, Jona. "Legio VI Ferrata - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  2. ^ The Alexandrian War, attributed to Caesar
  3. ^ The Alexandrian War, attributed to Caesar, 33
  4. ^ a b The Alexandrian War, attributed to Caesar, 76
  5. ^ The Alexandrian War, attributed to Caesar, 77
  6. ^ The African War, attributed to Caesar, 35 and 52
  7. ^ a b c Adkins & Adkins, Life in Ancient Rome
  8. ^ Lawrence Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire, p.134
  9. ^ H.M.D. Parker, The Roman Legions (1957), pp. 134-138
  10. ^ Tacitus, Histories III, p.46
  11. S2CID 163139472
    .
  12. ^ Graham Webster, The Roman Imperial Army, (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1969), p. 90
  13. .
  14. ^ a b Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 299
  15. ^ Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 340
  16. ^ a b Matthew J. Adams, Jonathan David and Yotam Tepper, "Legio: Excavations at the Camp of the Roman Sixth Ferrata Legion in Israel", Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society, 2013.
  17. .
  18. .
Bibliography

Pincus, J. A., de Smet, T. S., Tepper, Y. and Adams, M. J. (2013), Ground-penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Archaeogeophysical Investigations at the Roman Legionary Camp at Legio, Israel. Archaeol. Prospect., 20: 175–188. doi: 10.1002/arp.1455

External links