Legio X Gemina
Legio X Gemina | |
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Bar Kokhba's revolt (132–135) Marcomannic Wars in Moravia(168–180) Naissus (268) Vexillationes of the 10th participated in many other campaigns. | |
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Notable commanders | Julius Caesar, Mark Antony |
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Legio X Gemina ("The Twins' Tenth Legion"), was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was one of the four legions used by Julius Caesar in 58 BC, for his invasion of Gaul. There are still records of the X Gemina in Vienna in the beginning of the 5th century. The legion symbol was a bull. Early on in its history, the legion was called X Equestris (mounted), because Caesar once used the legionaries as cavalry.
In Republican Service
Gallic Wars
- See also Legio X Equestris
In the
Augustus
The legion was reconstituted in 42 BC and fought for
In Imperial Service
From about 30 BC the newly formed X Gemina was relocated to Petavonium in Hispania Tarraconensis, where Augustus was preparing a campaign against the Cantabrians. Their veterans were among the first inhabitants of modern Zaragoza and Emerita Augusta, modern Mérida.
The legion was sent to Carnuntum in Pannonia in about 63 AD (or a bit earlier) after legio XV Apollinaris left and went to the east.[1] During the brief reign of Galba (68-69), it was transferred back to Hispania.
Under the Flavian dynasty
However, its stay in Hispania was to be very brief. In 70, after the
As part of the army of Germania Inferior, X Gemina fought against the rebellion of the governor of Germania Superior, L. Antonius Saturninus, against Emperor Domitian. For this reason, the Tenth — as well as the other legions of the army, I Minervia, VI Victrix, and XXII Primigenia — received the title Pia Fidelis Domitiana, "faithful and loyal to Domitian", with the reference to the Emperor dropped at his death and subsequent damnatio memoriae.
2nd century
During Trajan's first campaign in Dacia (101–102), the legion participated at the Second Battle of Tapae, fighting against the army of the Dacians led by King Decebalus.
In 103, it was moved to Aquincum and later to Vindobona (modern Vienna), in Pannonia Superior, which would be the legion's camp until the 5th century.
X Gemina supported its governor, Septimius Severus, in his bid for purple, and many men of the legion went to Rome to become part of the Praetorian Guard of the new Emperor.
3rd century
During the 3rd century, the legion fought for several emperors, who awarded the legion with titles showing the fidelity of the legion and the favour gained by the Emperor himself. The titles Antoniniana (awarded by Caracalla or Elagabalus), Gordiana (by Gordian III), Deciana (by Decius), Floriana (by Florianus), and Cariniana (by Carinus) were short-lived, however, and dropped after the death of the Emperor. For its support of Emperor Gallienus against Postumus, the Gemina was awarded the title Pia VI Fidelis VI, "six times faithful, six times loyal".
4th century
At the time in which
Attested members
Name | Rank | Time frame | Province | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marcus Titius Lustricus Bruttianus[3] | legatus legionis
|
between 98 and 108 | Pannonia Superior | |
Quintus Lollius Urbicus | legatus legionis | c. 130 | Pannonia Superior | CIL VIII, 6706 |
Titus Caesernius Quinctianus | legatus legionis | between 133 and 136 | Pannonia Superior | CIL V, 865 |
Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus[4] | legatus legionis | ?157-?160 | Pannonia Superior | CIL VIII, 7050 |
Titus Aelius Aurelius Epianus[5] | legatus legionis | end 2nd century | Pannonia Superior | CIL XIV, 2164 |
Gaius Luxilius Sabinus | legatus legionis | between 231 and 270 | CIL XI, 6338 | |
Gaius Pontius C.f. Paeligno | tribunus angusticlavius | before 22 | CIL V, 4348 = ILS 942 | |
Publius Besius Betuinianus | tribunus angusticlavius | between 102 and 105 | Pannonia Superior | CIL VIII, 9990 = ILS 1352 |
Titus Prifernius P.f. Paetus Memmius Apollinaris | tribunus angusticlavius | before 106 | Pannonia Superior | CIL IX, 4753 = ILS 1350 |
Sextus Attius Senecio | tribunus angusticlavius | between 117 and 138 | Judea
|
CIL VI, 3505 |
[...]us L.f. Annianus[6] | tribunus laticlavius | c. 232 | Pannonia Superior | CIL XIII, 6763 |
Gaius Junius Tiberianus | tribunus laticlavius | c. 249 | Pannonia Superior |
Epigraphic evidence
- - Lucius Lavius Luci filius Aemilia tri(bu) Tuscus Felicitis Iulia miles legionis X Geminae Victricis- Porto (Portus), Portugal. AE 1953, 268.
- - sacrum Caius Valerius Carus miles legionis X Geminae votum solvit libens merito. Lugo (Lucus Augusti), Spain. Hisp. Epi. 19118.
- - Caius Iulius Sergia Hispali (f) Victor miles legionis X Gemina (centuria Fabi Celtiberi annorum XLII aerum / XVIII hic (...). Pontevedra, Spain. CIL II 2545.
- - Iovi Augusto Ultori sacrum Lucius Valerius Paternus miles legionis X Geminae optio centuria Censoris exs (...). Pontevedra, Spain. AE 1908, 147.
- - Gaius Iulius Primus miles veteranus legionis X Geminae / hic situs estsit tibi terra levis. Jaen, Andalucía, Spain. CIL II2/5, 5.
- - Dis Manibus Gaio Urbanio Firmino militi legionis X / Iulius Ingenuus miles legionis. Jaen, Andalucía, Spain. CIL II 1691
- - Capito Sunnae filius decurio equitum alae geminae legionis X Rustica Galli filia. Sevilla(Hispalis), Spain.CIL II2/5, 1136.
- - Publius Talius Quinti filius Papiria (tribu) legionis X hic situs est sit tibi terra (...). Beja (Pax Iulia), Portugal. Hisp. Epi. 23031.
- - Marcus Aurelius Marci filius Galeria (tribu) Abbicus miles legionis X decimae. Beja (Pax Iulia), Portugal. AE 1980, 562.
- - Lucius Octavius Luci filius Pupinia (tribu) Baeterensis Magius annorum XXXVII / aerorum XIX tubicen / miles legionis X Geminae(...). Astorga (Asturica), Spain. AE 1928, 163.
- - Caius Pelgus Luci filius Scaptia (tribu) Clemens veteranus legionis) X Geminae vixit annos LVI hic situs est/ Caius Pelgus (...). Astorga (Asturica), Spain. CIL II 5076 = CIL II 5662 = AE 1904, 160.
- - Caius Coelius Cai filius Papiria (tribu) Valens Narniense miles legionis X Geminae centuria Castellani annorum XXXV aerorum XIII (...). Astorga (Asturica), Spain. IRPLe 79.
- - Marcus Persius Marci filius Pollia (tribu) Blaesus domo Hasta miles legionis X Geminae centuria (...). Astorga (Asturica), Spain. AE 1904, 160.
- - Lucius Herennius Luci filius) Galeria (tribu) Callicus domo Ugia miles legionis X Geminae / centuria Licini Clementis annorum / (...). Zamora, Spain. CIL II 5076 = CIL II 5662 = AE 1904, 180.
- - Publius Cosconius Publi filius / Galeria Arsensis / miles legionis X Geminae centuria Etrili annorum XXXI aerorum XI / hic situs (...). Zamora, Spain. AE 1928, 179.
- - Marcus Cornelius Marci filius Aniensi Foro Iulii miles legionis X Geminae centuriae Terebrae annorum XXII aerorum (...). Zamora, Spain. Hisp. Epi. 15846.
- - Rufus miles legionis X Geminae fecit. Zamora, Spain. AE 1997, 867.
- - Marcus Volumnius Cai filius Aniensi / Cremona miles legionis X hic situs est. Zamora, Spain. CIL II 2631.
- - Dis Manibus Tito Cassio Flavino centurioni legionis X Geminae Chrysampelus patrono optimo pecunia sua fecit. Tarragona (Tarraco), Spain. CIL II 4152.
- - Severus Marci filius (...) miles legionis X Geminae centuriae (...). Burgos, Spain. Hisp. epi. 16472.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Legio X Gemina - Livius".
- Notitia dignitatum, in partibus Orientis, ix.
- ^ §185 Marcus Titius Lustricus Bruttianus, Database of Military Inscriptions and Papyri of Early Roman Palestine, text, translation, and bibliography (last accessed 18 January 2019)
- ^ Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 300
- ^ Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 342
- ^ Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 10
References
- Lendering, Jona, "Legio X Gemina" from Livius, livius.org
External links
- Legio Decima Gemina - re-enactment group
- Legio X Gemina Pia Fidelis – re-enactment group
- Legio X - Legio X Gemina (Equites) – "Viri Clarissimi"