Leigh, Greater Manchester

Coordinates: 53°29′51″N 2°30′54″W / 53.4975°N 2.5150°W / 53.4975; -2.5150
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Leigh
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLEIGH
Postcode districtWN7
Dialling code01942
PoliceGreater Manchester
FireGreater Manchester
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Greater Manchester
53°29′51″N 2°30′54″W / 53.4975°N 2.5150°W / 53.4975; -2.5150

Leigh is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England, on low-lying land northwest of Chat Moss.

Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, Leigh was originally the centre of a large ecclesiastical parish covering six vills or townships. When the three townships of Pennington, Westleigh and Bedford merged in 1875, forming the Leigh Local Board District, Leigh became the official name for the town, although it had been applied to the area of Pennington and Westleigh around the parish church for many centuries.[2] The town became an

urban district in 1894 when part of Atherton was added.[3] In 1899 Leigh became a municipal borough
. The first town hall was built on King Street and replaced by the present building in 1907.

Originally an agricultural area (noted for dairy farming), domestic spinning and weaving led to a considerable silk industry and, in the 20th century, the cotton industry. Leigh also exploited the underlying coal measures, particularly after the town was connected to the canals and railways. Leigh had an important engineering base. The legacy of Leigh's industrial past can be seen in the remaining red brick mills – some of which are listed buildings – although it is now a mainly residential town, with Edwardian and Victorian terraced housing packed around the town centre. Leigh's present-day economy is based largely on the retail sector.

History

Toponymy

Leigh is derived from the Old English leah which meant a place at the wood or woodland clearing, a glade and subsequently a pasture or meadow, it was spelt Legh in 1276.[4] Other recorded spellings include Leech, 1264; Leeche, 1268; Leghthe, 1305; Leght, 1417; Lech, 1451; Legh, 16th century. As its name denotes it was a district rich in meadow and pasture land, and the produce of its dairies, the Leigh cheese, was formerly noted for its excellence.[2] Westleigh, the west clearing, was Westeley in 1237, Westlegh in 1238 and Westlay in Legh in 1292.[5] Pennington was recorded as Pininton and Pynynton in 1246 and 1360, Penynton in 1305, Pynyngton in 1351 and 1442 and Penyngton in 1443, the ending tun denotes an enclosure, farmstead or manor in Old English.[6] The ford of Beda, probably through the Pennington Brook gave its name to Bedford which was recorded as Beneford from 1200 to 1221 and Bedeford in 1200 and 1296.[7]

Early history

The earliest signs of human activity in Leigh are evidenced by a Neolithic stone axe found in Pennington and a bronze spearhead from south of Gas Street.[8] A single Roman coin was found at Butts in Bedford.[9] After the Roman departure from Britain, and into the history of Anglo-Saxon England, nothing was written about Leigh. However, evidence for the presence of Saxons in what was a sparsely populated and isolated part of the country is provided by local township place names that incorporate the Old English suffix leah, such as Leigh, Tyldesley, Shakerley and Astley.[10]

Townships

In the 12th century the

ancient parish of Leigh was made up of six townships, including Pennington,[11] Bedford,[12] Westleigh,[13] Atherton, Astley, and Tyldesley cum Shakerley. Weekly markets were held by the parish church and a cattle fair held twice-yearly.[14]

The land to the south of Atherton includes the feudal barony of Atherleigh, created by Queen Elizabeth, and Bedford manor, which was mentioned in documents in 1202 when it was held by Sir Henry de Kighley whose family held it until the 16th century, but never actually lived there.[7] The Shuttleworths, landowners from the 14th century, were another prominent Bedford family. Richard Shuttleworth married a daughter of the Urmstons from Westleigh and brought part of the Westleigh inheritance to Bedford. This family lived at Shuttleworth House, or Sandypool Farm as it is also known, which is south of the

Roman Catholicism was subject to civil or criminal penalties. Hope Carr Hall was moated as was nearby Brick House.[9]

The manor house of Westleigh was at Higher Hall and existed in Richard I's time (1189–1199).[5] In 1292 Sigreda, the heiress of the manor, married Richard de Urmston, and the manor passed to the Urmston family and remained there until the last of the male Urmstons died in 1659.[5] It was later abandoned because of mining subsidence and Westleigh Old Hall became the manor by repute. The Ranicars and the Marsh families lived here.[5] Westleigh Old Hall was another Leigh hall that had a moat.[9]

The Pennington family owned Pennington Hall from about 1200 until they were replaced by the Bradshaw or Bradshaighs in 1312.[6] The Bradshaws held the manor until 1703 when John, the last of the male line died. Pennington Hall was rebuilt in 1748 by the then-owner Samuel Hilton and in 1807 sold to the Gaskell family of Thornes, Wakefield, who let it to a succession of tenants.[6] Around 1840 James Pownall, a founder member of the silk manufacturing firm, Bickham and Pownall, was a tenant. Later occupants were Charles Jackson, a cotton manufacturer, Jabez Johnson, and F.W. Bouth founder of Bouth's Mill in 1862, The last resident was the brewer George Shaw. On 3 December 1919 George Shaw & Co Ltd offered the hall and grounds to the people of Leigh. The gift was accepted and opened to the public on 25 August 1920.[16] The hall was converted to a museum and art gallery in 1928 but was demolished in 1963. The grounds are now Pennington Park.

Civil War

Leigh was divided in its allegiance during the English Civil War, some of the population supporting the Royalists' cause while others supported the Parliamentarians. A battle was fought in the town on 2 December 1642, when a group of Chowbenters, men from neighbouring Atherton, beat back and then routed Cavalier troops under the command of James Stanley, the 7th Earl of Derby.

Sir Thomas Tyldesley of Myerscough and Morleys Hall, Astley, was killed on 25 August 1651 at the Battle of Wigan Lane and is buried in the Tyldesley Chapel in Leigh Parish Church.[9]
The Earl of Derby passed through Leigh again in 1651, when he spent his last night in the King's Arms, before going on to his execution outside Ye Olde Man & Scythe Inn in Bolton.[9]

Industrial Revolution

Butts Mill, Leigh

At the end of the 16th century, although agriculture and the dairy industry, particularly the production of Leigh cheese, sometimes known as Leigh Toaster, were important,

cottage industry. Work was supplied from Manchester by agents who brought work weekly often to an inn, and where they collected the finished cloth. At first, the work was done to supplement the income of local farmers and their families. The cloth woven in Leigh was fustian, a sort of rough corduroy, and by the end of the 17th-century middlemen, fustian masters, were dealing directly with weavers and selling the finished cloth in Manchester.[18]
It is a tradition in the town that a local man, Thomas Highs, was the inventor of a spinning jenny and the water frame in the 1760s, the latter invention being pirated by Richard Arkwright, who subsequently made a fortune from the patent royalties.[19] These 18th-century improvements to the spinning process meant that handloom weavers were in great demand.[20] but as power looms were introduced in factories in Manchester there was less work for them and there was serious unemployment in the town. In 1827 silk weaving began in Leigh, either as the result of a dispute or a labour shortage in the Middleton silk industry. William Walker was a middleman who opened the first silk mill in Leigh in 1828, and others quickly followed, including James Pownall and Henry Hilton, whose mill survived until 1926.[21][22] Several cotton mills were built in Leigh after the mid-1830s, and some silk mills were converted to cotton after 1870.[9]

The Leigth Feight took place on 14 August 1839. The chartists had called for a strike at a time when there was social unrest over the high levels of unemployment and high cost of living. A mob of at least 2,000 gathered in Leigh. About 400–500 workers from Chowbent threatened to burn down Hayes Mill. A detachment of troops from Haydock was called out, and special constables sworn in by the local magistrate. The Riot Act was read by Squire Thomas Withington of Culcheth Hall and for a while the mob dispersed but reassembled later. Many were injured in the fighting that took place and arrests were made. Those arrested were severely punished, while others ensured that radicalism continued in Leigh, leading eventually to electoral reform and universal suffrage.[23]

The large multi-storey spinning mills came later, and five survive today. Mill complexes were built at Kirkhall Lane and Firs Lane in Westleigh, and in Pennington and Bedford.[9] Leigh Spinners[24] is a Grade II* listed building. Mather Lane Mill close to the Bridgewater Canal is a Grade II listed building.[25] More than 6,000 people were employed in textiles in Leigh in 1911.[9]

Coal mining

Parsonage Colliery in 1980

There had been

seams and coal began to be an important industry and coal mining became the largest user of labour after the textile industry in Leigh.[26] Parsonage Colliery, the last pit to be sunk in Leigh, was one of the deepest in the country, going down to over 3,000 ft (900 m).[27] The extent of mining at Parsonage Colliery increased in the 1960s with the driving of the Horizon Tunnel, which accessed previously inaccessible seams around 6 ft (2 m) high that were easy to work. The seams were wet, and a series of pumps was used to remove the water into underground canals before it was pumped into the canal at Leigh. The winding engine at Parsonage was a steam engine, fuelled by methane extracted from the workings, while the neighbouring Bickershaw Colliery had a superior electric system. In 1974, the two pits were linked underground, and all coal was wound at Bickershaw, which had better facilities, while Parsonage was used for supplies. The entire Lancashire Coalfield
is closed to deep mining, although several open-cast mines are still in operation elsewhere in the county.

Mining disasters in Leigh included the

explosion of firedamp which caused the deaths of 38 miners at Bedford Colliery on 13 August 1886.[28] There were several accidents at Bickershaw Colliery, but the most serious was in 1932, when 19 men were drowned in the sump at the bottom of the shaft after an overwind of the cage.[29][30]

List of coal mines operating in Leigh

Manufacturing

Other notable industry included the

rope walk. The factory burnt down in 1912.[34] Anchor Cables had a large works close to the Bridgewater Canal. The company was bought by Callender's Cables, in 1903, later to become British Insulated Callender's Cables (BICC), part of Balfour Beatty.[35] Another major 20th century employer was Sutcliffe Speakman, which made activated carbon and brick-making equipment.[36]

Governance

The coat of arms of the former Leigh Municipal Borough Council

Leigh is covered by three electoral wards[

local authority. As of 2009, all nine ward councillors for Leigh, including leader of the council, Lord Smith of Leigh, are members of the Labour Party who control the council.[37]

Historically, Leigh's townships were in the

West Derby, a judicial division of southwest Lancashire. Pennington, Westleigh and Bedford were three of the six townships or vills that made up the ancient parish of Leigh. The townships existed before the parish.[2]

Leigh Town Hall

Under the terms of the

Urban District, which was granted honorific borough status in 1899 becoming the Municipal Borough of Leigh
.

In the early twentieth century

North of England Society for Women's Suffrage, the Leigh Women's Liberal Association and local branches of the Women's Labour League
.

In 1969 there was an exchange of very small areas with Golborne Urban District. Following the Local Government Act 1972, the Municipal Borough of Leigh was abolished and its territory included as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, a local government district of Greater Manchester.[39] In 1998, an area (Lately Common) was further ceded to the Borough of Warrington – one of the few parts of England to have been in three different counties since the mid-20th century[citation needed]: Lancashire, then Greater Manchester, then Cheshire.

Andy Burnham represented the parliamentary seat for Leigh for the Labour Party from 2001 general election. Between 10  June 2009 and the 2010 general election he was Secretary of State at the Department of Health.[40] At the 2010 general election Burnham retained the Leigh seat with 24,295 votes and a majority of 15,011, representing 51.3% of the vote.[41] Burnham was re-elected MP for the Leigh constituency in 2015 with 24,312 votes which was 53.9% of the total vote cast.[42] He stepped down in 2017 to stand as a candidate for the position of Mayor of Greater Manchester. Jo Platt, representing Labour, was elected in 2017 with 26,347 votes which was 56.2% of the total votes cast.[43] Jo Platt was defeated in the 2019 General Election, by James Grundy: the first ever Conservative representative for Leigh. [44]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester
Leigh
Climate chart (explanation)
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Leigh is low-lying; land to the south and east, close to Chat Moss, is 50 feet (15 m) above mean sea level.[2] The highest land, to the north and west, rises gently to 125 feet (38 m). Astley and Bedford Mosses are fragments of the raised bog that once covered a large area north of the River Mersey and along with Holcroft and Risley Mosses are part of Manchester Mosses, a European Union designated Special Area of Conservation.[46] The area is in the River Mersey Basin; drained into the Mersey by several streams, including the Westleigh and Pennington Brooks that join others flowing through Bedford to form the Glaze Brook.[2] The southeast of the town has alluvial and peaty soils,[7] but the rest is loam overlaying sandstone, or coal measures in the north.[5][7] Magnesian limestone occurs in Bedford and neighbouring Astley.[2][47] Mining subsidence and flooding have caused the formation of "flashes" to the south and west of the town, the largest of which is south of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Pennington. Pennington Flash Country Park is a 490-acre (200 ha) country park and nature reserve with a 170-acre (69 ha) flash or lake.[48]

Leigh is crossed by the Bolton to St Helens Road high road,[2] an old packhorse route that became a turnpike road in 1762.[20] The A579 road bypasses the town centre using the line of the Bolton and Leigh Railway. The Bridgewater Canal and the Leigh Branch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal cross the town west to east, the canals meeting at Leigh Bridge just south of the town centre.[6][49] In the 1930s the A580 "East Lancashire Road" was built crossing to the south of the town.

Demography

Leigh Compared
2001 Census
 		Leigh Wigan MB
GM Urban Area
 		England
Total population 43,006 301,415 2,240,230 49,138,831
White 98.3% 98.7% 90.3% 90.9%
Asian 0.8% 0.4% 6.2% 4.6%
Black 0.2% 0.2% 1.3% 2.3%
Source: Office for National Statistics[50][51]

At the time of the

Greater Manchester Urban Area and had a total resident population of 43,006, of which 20,990 (48.8%) were male and 22,016 (51.2%) were female, with 18,270 households.[53] The settlement occupied 884 hectares (3.41 sq mi), compared with 858 hectares (3.31 sq mi) in the 1991 census. Its population density was 48.65 people per hectare compared with an average of 40.20 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.[54] The median age of the population was 37, compared with 36 within the Greater Manchester Urban Area and 37 across England and Wales.[55]

The majority of the population of Leigh were born in England (95.92%); 2.10% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 0.95% within the rest of the European Union, and 1.47% elsewhere in the world.[56]

Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 85.5% declared themselves to be

Muslim.[57]

Most of Leigh is within the Warrington & Wigan travel to work area (TTWA), whilst part of the eastern side of the town is within the Manchester TTWA.[58] The entire town is within the Manchester larger urban zone.[59]

At the time of the 2001 Census, there were 19,051 people (44.3%) in employment who were resident within Leigh. Of these, 18.36% worked within the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 21.60% worked within manufacturing industry; and 11.99% worked within the health and social work sector.[60] 45.16% of households owned a single car or van, with 30.77% owning none. The average car ownership per household was 0.98, compared with 0.93 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.[53]

Population change

Population growth in Leigh from 1801 to 2001
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891
Population no data no data 18,372 20,083 28,568 5,206 10,621 no data no data 28,708
Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 40,001 44,103 45,532 45,317 45,458 48,728 46,174 no data 42,929 43,150 43,006
Parish 1821–1861[61][62][63]

 • Urban Sanitary District 1891[64]  • Urban District 1901–1961[65]  • Urban Subdivision 1981–2001[66][67][68]

Economy

Leigh Library, [1971], also houses Turnpike Gallery & Derby Room

Leigh has a traditional town centre with daily outdoor and indoor markets.

pedestrianised and there are local independent and multiple retailers. The Spinning Gate Centre in the centre of town has about thirty retail units.[70]
A retail park developed on the old Parsonage Colliery site is within walking distance of the town centre.[71]

Opened in 2008

Manchester United), an athletics arena for Leigh Harriers, facilities for Leigh East Rugby League Club, a college campus, hotel, leisure retail and business facilities for the community.[72] In 2011 a Morrisons store opened at the sports village.[73]
Additionally, Manchester United's main women's team began to play home games at the stadium in 2018.

Another regeneration project on the site of the former Bickershaw Colliery complex which closed in 1992 will redevelop the site and canal side with a country park and housing.[74] In 2011 "The Loom" a £50million retail development opened on the north side of the Bridgewater Canal with a seven-screen cinema, Tesco Extra store,

Frankie and Benny's.[75]

Landmarks

Major landmarks in Leigh are the red sandstone parish church and across the civic square,

red Ruabon or Accrington bricks, often with gables and terracotta dressings.[9] There are several large multi-storey cotton mills built along the Bridgewater Canal that are a reminder of Leigh's textile industry but most are now underused and deteriorating despite listed building status.[78] Leigh's War Memorial by local architect J.C. Prestwich is at the junction of Church Street and Silk Street and is a Grade II listed structure.[79]
St Joseph's Church and St Thomas's Church on opposite sides of Chapel Street are both imposing churches using different materials and styles.

Transport

Historically, Leigh was well connected with local transport infrastructure but, with the closure of the railway in 1969, this is no longer the case. Leigh became, and remains, one of the largest towns in Britain without direct access to the National Rail network. Public transport in the area is co-ordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester.

Buses

Leigh bus station

There are bus services operated by

guided busway[81] scheme was chosen for the route; this decision was not universally popular.[82] Construction commenced in 2012[83] and the Leigh-Salford-Manchester Bus Rapid Transit opened on 3 April 2016.[84]

Canals

The Bridgewater Canal was extended from Worsley to the middle of Leigh in 1795.[85][86] In 1819 the fifth Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act was passed for the construction of the Leigh Branch and by 1820 the Leigh branch canal was cut from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Poolstock, Wigan to meet the Bridgewater at Leigh Bridge, giving access from Leigh to all parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire and the Midlands.[87]

Railways

The nearest railway station to Leigh is at

Northern
. This leaves the bus station as Leigh's only public transport link.

terminus of the 7.5-mile-long (12 km) Bolton and Leigh Railway; George Stephenson carried out the survey for the line. It opened between Bolton and William Hulton's coal mines at Chequerbent for freight on 1 August 1828 and to the terminus at the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh in March 1830.[88] Passengers were carried from 13 June 1831. The first locomotive on the line was an 0-4-0 called the Lancashire Witch. The railway station was at Westleigh.[89] Later the line was extended southwards to Pennington.[90] Atherleigh opened in 1935. The line was closed to passenger traffic on 29 March 1954, and later closed completely.[91]

In 1861, the

Mansfield and Corby railway stations, Leigh is now one of the largest towns in Great Britain without a railway station. Numerous colliery
lines crossed the town but, with the closure of the collieries, these were no longer required.

Trams and trolley buses

In 1900, a Bill authorising the

tramway in southern Lancashire was given Royal Assent.[94]
However, by November 1900 the South Lancashire Electric Traction and Power Company had acquired the shares. The first section of tramway opened on 20 October 1902 between Lowton and Four Lanes Ends via Leigh and Atherton. The company got into financial difficulty and in turn became Lancashire United Tramways later Lancashire United Transport. On 16 December 1933, the last tram service ran from Leigh to Four Lane Ends and the next day trolley buses took over.[95] An Act of 4 August 1920 authorised Leigh Municipal Borough to run buses. A garage built on Windermere Road was soon outgrown and replaced by one on Holden Road. The corporation had a fleet of 70 vehicles during World War II.[96]

Education

Former Leigh Grammar School for Girls
Further information: List of schools in Wigan

Leigh

Bedford High School,[98] and The Westleigh School.[99] Pupils also attend schools in Atherton, Lowton, Golborne and Astley. Wigan and Leigh College
provides post-16 education.

Religion

See also: List of churches in Greater Manchester
Door of Church of St Mary the Virgin

Paley and Austin of Lancaster designed the present church, the foundation stone was laid in 1871 and the church consecrated in 1873. The church is built in red sandstone it is a Grade II* listed building.[100]

Parish churches have been built in each of the former townships. The first St Thomas's Church in Bedford was consecrated in 1840 and replaced by the present church in 1909. It is built of Accrington red brick with Runcorn red sandstone facings, to designs by J. S. Crowther.[101] Christ Church, Pennington, designed by architect E. H. Shellard, was built in Yorkshire stone and was consecrated in 1854. The site to the south of the canal was a rapidly growing area at this time. It is Grade II listed.[102] Westleigh St Paul, founded in 1847 is on Westleigh Lane. Westleigh St Peter, a Grade II* listed building by Paley and Austin, built in brick with red sandstone dressings, was founded 1881 is on Firs Lane.[103]

The first Catholic chapel was built in Bedford on the corner of Mather Lane and Chapel Street in 1778 and this lasted until it was replaced in 1855 by St Joseph's Church by architect Joseph Hansom.[104] A growing Catholic population in the area led to the building of Our Lady of the Rosary in Plank Lane in 1879, Twelve Apostles in 1879 and Sacred Heart in 1929. Other denominations catered for include Wesleyan, Independent, Primitive, Welsh and United Methodists. There are also Unitarian, Baptist and Jehovah's Witness places of worship in the town.[105]

Sport

Leigh Sports Village stadium under construction in May 2008

Leigh has a professional

Leigh East and Leigh Miners Rangers
.

The town had a semi-professional

Leigh Genesis (formerly Leigh RMI),[107] which ceased operations at a senior level in June 2011. The most successful amateur club is Leigh Athletic,[108] which currently plays in the Manchester Football League
.

Leigh also has an athletics club, Leigh Harriers AC, founded in 1909,[109] and a Rugby Union club, Leigh RUFC, based at Round Ash Park, which gained promotion in 2007, to RFU league North 2 (West), and is current holder of the Lancashire Trophy which it won in May 2008 for the third consecutive year. Attached to the club is a crown green bowling section which runs several teams in local bowling leagues.[110] Leigh has two cricket clubs: Leigh Cricket Club play in the ECB Premier League Liverpool Competition,[111] and Westleigh Cricket Club,[112] have two senior and 4 junior teams playing in the Greater Manchester Cricket League.[113]

Media

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter. [114]

The town is served by both BBC Radio Lancashire and BBC Radio Manchester. Other radio stations are Greatest Hits Radio Wigan & St Helens, Heart North West, Smooth North West, XS Manchester, Capital Manchester and Lancashire and Radio M29, a community based station. [115]

Local newspaper is the Leigh Journal which publishes on Thursdays. Other regional newspapers that cover the town are Manchester Evening News and North West Enquirer.[116]

Culture

Many of Leigh's old halls have been demolished but the sites of Lilford Park, once the grounds of Atherton Hall, a gift to Leigh from Lord Lilford in 1914[117][118] and Pennington Park, the grounds of Pennington Hall which was demolished in 1963 after being used as a museum, are open to the public.[119]

Leigh's wealth as an industrial town resulted in many outlets for the entertainment of its population, including theatres, cinemas and public houses. In 1908 the Hippodrome Theatre on Leigh Road was built on the site of Walker's silk mill of 1827, this subsequently became a cinema, first the Odeon, later the Classic.[120] Another theatre, the Theatre Royal, was built on Lord Street which later became the Leigh Casino Club.[121] The Palace Cinema was built in 1913 on Railway Road and the assembly rooms above the Conservative Club, were converted to a cinema known as the Sems in 1908.[122] Brewery Lane is a reminder that there was once a brewery in Bedford belonging to George Shaw & Co.[123] The old Leigh College and Library on Railway Road was built between 1894 and 1896 by the Leigh Literary Society to designs by J. C. Prestwich and J. H. Stephen.[124] The present library was built in 1971 between the parish church and town hall.[125]

Leigh Hackspace was founded as a UK Community interest company in 2015[126]

Notable people

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Census 2011: Population and Household Estimates for Wards (PDF), leigh Council, archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2016, retrieved 19 May 2016
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1907), "The parish of Leigh: Introduction, church and charities", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, British History Online, pp. 413–421, archived from the original on 21 October 2012, retrieved 7 August 2009
  3. ^ Greater Manchester Gazetteer, Greater Manchester County Record Office, archived from the original on 18 July 2011, retrieved 3 June 2010
  4. ^ Mills (1998), p. 218.
  5. ^ a b c d e Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1907), "Westleigh", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, British History Online, pp. 421–426, archived from the original on 22 October 2012, retrieved 28 July 2009
  6. ^ a b c d Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1907), "Pennington", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, British History Online, pp. 426–431, archived from the original on 22 October 2012, retrieved 28 July 2009
  7. ^ a b c d e f Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1907), "Bedford", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, British History Online, pp. 431–435, archived from the original on 22 October 2012, retrieved 28 July 2009
  8. ^ 25 things you never knew about Leigh (PDF), Wigan Council, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2012, retrieved 31 January 2011
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j LeighTownTrailPart1 (PDF), Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013, retrieved 14 August 2009
  10. ^ Mills (1998), p. 405.
  11. ^ Pennington Township Boundaries, GENUKI, archived from the original on 14 October 2012, retrieved 9 August 2009
  12. ^ Bedford Township Boundaries, GENUKI, archived from the original on 25 October 2007, retrieved 9 August 2009
  13. ^ Westleigh Township Boundaries, GENUKI, archived from the original on 7 November 2010, retrieved 9 August 2009
  14. ^ LeighTownTrailPart1 (PDF), Government of the United Kingdom, p. 6, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011, retrieved 14 August 2009
  15. ^ Historic England, "Bedford Hall (1356220)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 10 September 2009
  16. ^ [Leigh Chronicle – Pennington Hall, (8 April 1949)]
  17. ^ Leigh Cheese (PDF), wlct, p. 30, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007, retrieved 18 October 2009
  18. ^ Ackers (1978), p. 3.
  19. ^ Richard Guest (1823), A Compedious History of the Cotton-Manufacture, retrieved 25 August 2009
  20. ^ a b Ackers (1978), p. 4.
  21. ^ Ackers (1978), p. 8.
  22. ^ Holcroft (1998), p. 10.
  23. ^ Lunn (1958), pp.84–86.
  24. ^ Historic England, "Leigh Mill, Park Lane (1253119)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 10 September 2009
  25. ^ Historic England, "Mather Lane Mill (1356246)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 10 September 2009
  26. ^ Ackers (1978), p. 11.
  27. ^ "Parsonage Colliery 1934", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 21 February 1934, archived from the original on 19 July 2009, retrieved 19 September 2009
  28. ^ Bedford Colliery Disaster (PDF), cmhrc.co.uk, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010, retrieved 1 November 2009
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Bibliography

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