Leishmania major

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Leishmania major
Promastigotes of Leishmania major, 10×100, Giemsa stain.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Kinetoplastea
Order: Trypanosomatida
Genus: Leishmania
Species:
L. major
Binomial name
Leishmania major
Yakimoff and Schokhor, 1914

Leishmania major is a species of

dendritic cells of the immune system.[2] Though Leishmania species are found on every continent aside from Antarctica, Leishmania major is found only in the Eastern Hemisphere, specifically in Northern Africa,[3] the Middle East, Northwestern China, and Northwestern India.[4][5]

Biology

Life cycle

As a

sand flies, thus completing the cycle.[7] L. major has a sexual cycle, including a meiotic process.[8] Mating only occurs in the sand fly vector.[9]

Hosts

Mice are natural hosts.[12] Transmission between mice is via Phlebotomus papatasi.[12]

Infection

Upon entering the

isoforms of BMAP-28, the retro-inverso and the D-amino acid.[16]

Enzymatics

Dimethylallyltranstransferase is vital to L. major, making it an interesting target for leishmaniacidal substances.[17] Propenko et al. 2014 present and validate several dimethylallyltranstransferase inhibitors.[17]

Epidemiology

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa; Leishmania major infected areas are in blue [3]

The

mammals such as gerbils and birds serve as the main reservoirs.[5] Dogs have also been documented as contracting cutaneous leishmaniasis in Egypt[19] and Saudi Arabia.[20] This is rare however, and dogs are not important hosts
for L. major.

L. major and its cousin, L. tropica, are recognized as causing the majority of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis across the Middle East, Northern Africa, and some areas of China and India (as mentioned above). Between 2002 and 2004, over 700 cases of the disease were reported among United States military personnel serving in Iraq.[21]

Clinical manifestations

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Sore

Upon becoming infected, patients usually present with

parasites.[22]

Diagnosis

Leishmania major should be considered in the

cutaneous sarcoidosis, and leprosy should all be considered as well.[5]

The most common ways of diagnosing

parasites in cultures.[5]

Treatment

Because the

lesions generally focuses on limiting tissue damage and necrosis.[4][5] A number of different treatments have yielded results of varying effectiveness in the treatment of L. major caused cutaneous leishmaniasis
.

  • Fluconazole given in 200 mg doses over the course of 6 weeks resulted in 90% cure rate versus 60% in those given a placebo.[23]
  • Topical application of 15% paromomycin and 12% methylbenzethonium has been used successfully to treat patients in Israel.[24]
  • Intralesional
    lesions. When 10 such injections were given to patients in Egypt, 85% were cured within 3 months.[5]

Prevention

The spread of

Sand flies usually bite between dusk and dawn, so preventative measures should be taken during these times.[7]

Though a

lesions.[5]

References

  1. PMID 11907288
    .
  2. ^ "Leishmania major". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Research Limited. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  3. ^
    PMID 24626301
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-7216-3411-7
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 9780443066689
    .
  6. ^ "Parasites - Leishmaniasis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  7. ^
    ISBN 0-911910-50-6
    .
  8. PMID 19359589
    .
  9. PMID 23935521
    .
  10. ^ a b c d Iowa State University; Institute for Cooperation in Animal Biologics; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis of Animal Disease and Vaccine Evaluation in the Americas; OIE Collaborating Centre for Day-One Veterinary Competencies and Continuing Education; United States Department of Agriculture (August 2017). "Leishmaniasis" (PDF).
  11. ^ International Office of Epizootics Biological Standards Commission (May 2021). "3.1.11 Leishmaniosis". Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees). Paris. pp. 1–13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^
    S2CID 12902476
    .
  13. S2CID 38584080
    .
  14. PMID 3614272
    .
  15. ^
    S2CID 25927742
    .
  16. ^
    S2CID 3518660
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 28161253
    .
  18. PMID 1462660
    .
  19. PMID 3605504
    .
  20. ISBN 0-85199-436-9
    .
  21. PMID 15057192
    .
  22. PMID 473304
    .
  23. PMID 11907288
    .
  24. PMID 1430361
    .

Media related to Leishmania major at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leishmania_major&oldid=1218600468"