Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast | |
---|---|
Ленинградская область | |
ISO 3166 code | RU-LEN |
License plates | 47, 147 |
OKTMO ID | 41000000 |
Official languages | Russian[11] |
Website | http://www.lenobl.ru |
Leningrad Oblast (Russian: Ленинградская область, romanized: Leningradskaya oblast’, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]; Veps: Leningradan agj; Finnish: Leningradin alue) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). The oblast has an area of 84,500 square kilometres (32,600 sq mi) and a population of 2,000,997 (2021 Census);[13] up from 1,716,868 recorded in the 2010 Census.[14] Leningrad Oblast is highly industrialized. Its administrative center and largest city is Gatchina.[15]
The oblast was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad. In 1991, the city restored its original name, Saint Petersburg, but the oblast retains the name of Leningrad. It overlaps the historical region of Ingria, and is bordered by Finland (Kymenlaakso and South Karelia) in the northwest and Estonia (Ida-Viru County) in the west, as well as five federal subjects of Russia: the Republic of Karelia in the northeast, Vologda Oblast in the east, Novgorod Oblast in the south, Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg in the west.
The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov (in 1996–1998). The current governor, since 2012, is Aleksandr Drozdenko.
Geography
Leningrad Oblast is located around the Gulf of Finland and south of two great freshwater lakes, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega. The oblast includes the Karelian Isthmus and some islands, including Gogland in the Gulf of Finland and Konevets in Lake Ladoga.
Much of the area of the oblast belongs to the
The terrain of Leningrad Oblast is relatively flat and mostly covered with forest and swamps. An exception is the rocky
Leningrad Oblast contains two federally protected natural areas, the Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve and Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik, both created to protect the forest and swamp landscapes of northwestern Russia.
Flora
The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are
History
Early history
The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast was populated shortly after the end of the
In the 12th-15th centuries, the territory was divided between the
The central part of the territory is known as the historical region of
During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the territory of what is now Leningrad Oblast was conquered from Sweden by Russia under Peter the Great, who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became the capital of the Russian Empire. In 1708, most of the territory was organized into Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov. It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (the borders of that governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast and included much of the areas of current Novgorod, Pskov, and Vologda Oblasts). In 1721, the territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad.
The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719–1810,
In 1914, with the beginning of
Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast was established on 1 August 1927, by the resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast"[12] by merging Cherepovets, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, and Pskov Governorates. The territory of the oblast corresponded to the modern territories of the present-day Leningrad Oblast (with the exception of the Karelian Isthmus and the territories along the border with Estonia), Novgorod Oblast, Pskov Oblast, parts of Vologda Oblast, most of Murmansk Oblast, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The total area of the oblast was 360,400 square kilometres (139,200 sq mi);[20] more than four times larger than the modern entity. Administratively, the oblast was divided into nine okrugs (Borovichi, Cherepovets, Leningrad, Lodeynoye Pole, Luga, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov, and Velikiye Luki), each of which was in turn subdivided into districts.[20]
In 1929,
In the autumn of 1934, the
On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighbouring Finland and with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including the Karelian Isthmus. Their Karelian population was hastily evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the municipalities of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto and Rautu) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in
In 1953,
After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name.[24] On 13 June 1996, Leningrad Oblast, alongside Tver Oblast and Saint Petersburg, signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[25] This agreement would be abolished on 18 April 2002.[26]
Demographics
Population: 2,000,997 (
- Births: 12,082 (6.3 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 25,976 (13.6 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[32]
0.87 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[33]
Total — 70.17 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.94)
Ethnic composition (2021)[34]
Ethnic group | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Russians | 1,642,897 | 93.7% |
Ukrainians | 12,905 | 0.5% |
Uzbeks | 7,797 | 0.4% |
Belarusians | 7,527 | 0.4% |
Tatars | 6,805 | 0.4% |
Armenians | 6,182 | 0.4% |
Tajiks | 4,896 | 0.3% |
Azerbaijanis | 3,814 | 0.2% |
Kyrgyz | 2,004 | 0.1% |
Others | 58,019 | 3.6% |
Ethnicity not stated | 248,151 | — |
Largest cities or towns in Leningrad Oblast
2021 Russian Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
Gatchina Murino |
1 | Gatchina | Gatchinsky District | 94,377 | Vsevolozhsk Vyborg | ||||
2 | Murino | Vsevolozhsky District | 89,083 | ||||||
3 | Vsevolozhsk | Vsevolozhsky District | 79,038 | ||||||
4 | Vyborg | Vyborgsky District | 72,530 | ||||||
5 | Sosnovy Bor | Town of oblast significance of Sosnovy Bor | 65,367 | ||||||
6 | Kudrovo | Vsevolozhsky District | 60,791 | ||||||
7 | Tikhvin | Tikhvinsky District | 55,415 | ||||||
8 | Kirishi | Kirishsky District | 51,028 | ||||||
9 | Kingisepp | Kingiseppsky District | 49,716 | ||||||
10 | Volkhov | Volkhovsky District | 38,511 |
- Religion
According to a 2012 survey
Politics
State power in the region is exercised on the basis of the Charter, which was adopted on 27 October 1994.[37]
The highest official of the region is the governor, who is elected for a term of five years. Since 28 May 2012, he has been Aleksandr Drozdenko.
The executive power in the region is exercised by the administration, which includes:
- The government of the Leningrad Oblast is the highest executive body of state power, which includes the Governor (Chairman of the Government), vice-governors and chairmen of committees
- sectoral, territorial and other executive authorities
Legislative power in the region is exercised by the
First secretaries of the Leningrad Oblast CPSU Committee
In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed,[38]
- 1927-1934 Sergey Mironovich Kirov, assassinated
- 1934-1945 Andrey Andreyevich Zhdanov
- 1945-1946 Alexey Alexandrovich Kuznetsov, subsequently executed
- 1946-1949 Pyotr Sergeyevich Popkov, subsequently executed
- 1949-1953 Vasily Mikhaylovich Andrianov
- 1953-1957 Frol Romanovich Kozlov
- 1957-1962 Ivan Vasilyevich Spiridonov
- 1962-1970 Vasily Sergeyevich Tolstikov
- 1970-1983 Grigory Vasilyevich Romanov
- 1983-1985 Lev Nikolayevich Zaykov
- 1985-1989 Yury Filippovich Solovyov
- 1989-1991 Boris Veniaminovich Gidaspov
Governors
Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected,[39]
- 1991-1996 Alexander Semyonovich Belyakov, head of the administration, appointed;
- 1996-1998 Vadim Anatolyevich Gustov, governor, elected;
- 1998-2012 Valery Pavlovich Serdyukov, governor, elected, then appointed;
- 2012- Aleksandr Yuryevich Drozdenko, appointed.[40]
Administrative divisions
Lomonosovsky District is the only district in Russia that has its
Economy
Industry
The oblast, particularly the areas adjacent to Saint Petersburg, is heavily industrialized. The major enterprises include the
Agriculture
The main agricultural specializations of the oblast are cattle breeding with meat and milk production and poultry production. The main agricultural lands are in the east and in the southwest of the oblast.
Transportation
Saint-Petersburg is a major railway hub, and all railways running to it cross also Leningrad Oblast. They connect Saint-Petersburg with Moscow (
Paved roads well cover the western and the central parts of Leningrad Oblast. The M10 highway connects Saint Petersburg with Moscow via Veliky Novgorod in the south and with the Finnish border, continuing across the border to Helsinki, in the north. It is split between European routes E18 (Saint Petersburg to Finland) and E105 (Saint Petersburg to Moscow), and much of it within the oblast is built as a dual carriageway. R21 highway (also part of E105) runs from Saint Petersburg to Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, and A180 (part of E20) connects Saint Petersburg with Ivangorod and continues across the Estonian border to Tallinn. R23 connects Saint Petersburg with Pskov; it is a part of the E95. A114 runs to Vologda via Cherepovets. A paid motorway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow and the new A121 from Saint-Petersburg to Sortavala, around the Western coast of Ladoga[41] are under construction. Roads are well served by bus traffic.
The
Ust-Luga, Vyborg, Vysotsk, and Primorsk are the major sea terminals on the Gulf of Finland.
There is a number of airfields in Leningrad oblast that are now used only by the general aviation. Scheduled and international flights are available exclusively from Pulkovo airport in Saint-Petersburg.[42]
Energy
The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor. There are four major hydroelectric plants in the oblast. The Volkhov Hydroelectric Station, on the Volkhov River, was constructed in 1921 and became the first major hydropower station in the Soviet Union. The others are the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station, both on the Svir River, and the Narva Hydroelectric Station on the Narva River.
Science and technology
There are many science and high-tech institutions around Saint Petersburg, some of which are located in the oblast. For example, Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute[43] and Sosnovy Bor hosts the Research Institute of Optical and Electronic Devices.
Culture and recreation
Architecture
Since prehistory, the Volkhov and the Neva Rivers were constituents of major trade routes, and archaeological sites dot their banks.
After Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, many estates and residences were founded around the city. Some of them still stand and are listed as World Heritage sites, aggregated into the site of Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. includes, among others, estates in Gostilitsy, Ropsha, and Taytsy.
Localities in the Karelian Isthmus preserve some fine inter-war Finnish architecture. The best-known example is the Viipuri Municipal Library by Alvar Aalto.
Twin regions
- Aarhus Municipality, Denmark
- South Chungcheong Province, South Korea
- Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- Lombardy, Italy
- Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
- Nordland, Norway (from 1987)
References
Notes
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Law #90
- ^ Charter of Leningrad Oblast, Article 25
- ^ Official website of Leningrad Oblast. Alexander Yuryevich Drozdenko Archived September 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Governor of Leningrad Oblast (in Russian)
- ^ Charter of Leningrad Oblast, Article 18
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- Wikidata Q2624680
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, pp. 33–34
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ "Gatchina officially became the capital of the Leningrad region". RIA (in Russian). March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ Лапшин В. А. "Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 1: Западные районы". Leningrad, 1990.
- ISBN 5-87403-052-2.
- ^ Лебедев Г. С. "Археологические памятники Ленинградской области". Leningrad: Лениздат, 1977.
- ISBN 0521815290.
- ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Division of Leningrad Oblast, p. 10
- JSTOR 2497223.
- JSTOR 10.1086/235168.
- ^ Ленинградская область в целом: Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области Archived June 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Что и почему переименовывали в Ленинградской области. Общая газета Ленинградской области (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ "Newsline - June 14, 1996 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. June 14, 1996. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
- Federal State Statistics Service.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original(XLSX) on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ "Устав Ленинградской области" [Charter of the Leningrad Oblast]. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991 (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
- ^ Губернаторы Ленинградской области (in Russian). ProTown.ru. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
- ^ "Medvedev Appoints Buryatia, Leningrad Region Governors". The Moscow Times. May 5, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
- ^ Трасса А121 "Сортавала" (бывш. А129) на карте. www.rudorogi.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ Соколов: аэропорт Сиверский в Ленобласти может работать как порт малой авиации. ТАСС (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ "Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"". pnpi.spb.ru. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Sources
- Закон №6-оз от 27 октября 1994 г. «Устав Ленинградской области», в ред. Закона №103-оз от 27 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменения в областной Закон "Устав Ленинградской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального публикования. Опубликован: "Вестник Правительства Ленинградской области", №1, 12 января 1995 г. (Law #6-oz of October 27, 1994 Charter of Leningrad Oblast, as amended by the Law #103-oz of December 27, 2013 On Amending the Oblast Law "Charter of Leningrad Oblast". Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920–1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север".
- В. В. Груздев; А. Т. Русов (1973). Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат.
Further reading
Nature
- Айрапетьянц А.Э., Стрелков П.П., Фокин И.М. Звери. [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1987.
- Балашова Н.Б., Никитина В.Н. Водоросли [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1989. ISBN 5-289-00344-4
- Биоразнообразие Ленинградской области (Водоросли. Грибы. Лишайники. Мохообразные. Беспозвоночные животные. Рыбы и рыбообразные) / Под. ред. Н.Б.Балашовой, А.А.Заварзина. - (Труды Санкт-Петербургского общества естествоиспытателей. Серия 6. Том 2.). – Saint-Petersburg: Изд-во СПб. университета, 1999.
- Бобров Р.В. Леса Ленинградской области. Leningrad Лениздат, 1979.
- Бродский А.К., Львовский А.Л. Пауки, насекомые [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1990. ISBN 0528900617
- Иллюстрированный определитель растений Ленинградской области / Под ред. А. Л. Буданцева, Г. П. Яковлева. Moscow: КМК, 2006. ISBN 5-87317-260-9
- Кириллова М.А., Распопов И.М. Озера Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1971.
- Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 1. Особо охраняемые природные территории. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков, М. С. Боч [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 1. Protected Areas]. Saint-Petersburg: Акционер и К, 1998. ISBN 5-87401-072-6
- Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 2. Растения и грибы. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 2. Plants and Fungi]. Saint-Petersburg: Мир и Семья, 2000. ISBN 5-94365-001-6
- Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 3. Животные. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 3. Animals]. Saint-Petersburg: Мир и Семья, 2002. ISBN 5-94365-021-0
- Леса Ленинградской области: современное состояние и пути их возможного развития. Saint-Petersburg, 1998. ISBN 5-230-10457-0
- Мальчевский А. С., Пукинский Ю. Б. Птицы Ленинградской области и сопредельных территорий. История, биология, охрана. Т.1-2. Leningrad: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1983.
- Наумов Н.А. Флора грибов Ленинградской области. Том 1. Архимицеты и фикомицеты [The Fungus Flora of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 1. Archimycetes, Phycomycetes]. Moscow—Leningrad: Изд-во АН СССР, 1954.
- Наумов Н.А. Флора грибов Ленинградской области. Том 2 [The Fungus Flora of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 2]. Moscow—Leningrad: Наука, 1964.
- Неелов, А.В. Рыбы [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1987.
- Покровская Г.В., Бычкова А.Т. Климат Ленинграда и его окрестностей. Leningrad: Гидрометеоиздат, 1967.
- Природа Ленинградской области и ее охрана / Ред. Т.И. Миронова, Э.И. Слепян. - Leningrad: Лениздат, 1983.
- Пукинский Ю. Б. Птицы [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988.
- Свидерская М.Д., Храбрый В.М. Сохраним для потомков: Особо охраняемые природные территории Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1985.
- Старобогатов Я.И. Раки, моллюски [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988. ISBN 5-289-00125-5
- Филимонов Р.В., Удалов С.Г. Жуки-усачи Ленинградской области. Атлас-определитель. [Longhorn Beetles of the St. Petersburg Region: An Identification Atlas]. Saint-Petersburg: Петроглиф, 2001. ISBN 5-902094-05-4
- Флора Ленинградской области / Под ред. Б. К. Шишкина. Вып. 1–4. Leningrad: Изд. ЛГУ, 1955–1965.
- Хазанович К. К. Геологические памятники Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1982.
- Черепанова Н.П., Пшедецкая Л.И. Грибы. [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1990.
History
- Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 1: Западные районы. Leningrad, 1990.
- Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 2: Восточные и северные районы. Saint-Petersburg: Изд. СПбГУ, 1995. ISBN 5-87403-052-2
- Лебедев Г. С. Археологические памятники Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1977.
External links
- Official website of Leningrad Oblast
- (in Russian) Official website of Leningrad Oblast
- (in Russian) Detailed and historical maps Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine