Leo II (emperor)

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Leo II
Gold coin showing the bust of a male figure dressed in military garb. His figure is encircled by text.
Solidus of Leo II, marked: d·n· leo et zeno p·p· aug·[1]
Roman emperor of the East
Augustus17 November 473 –
November 474
Coronation17 November 473
PredecessorLeo I
SuccessorZeno
Alongside
See list
Latin: Imperator Caesar Leo Augustus
Greek: Αὐτοκράτωρ καῖσαρ Λέων αὐγουστος
DynastyLeonidFatherZenoMotherAriadne

Leo II (

Byzantine Senate
on 29 January, and they co-ruled for a short time before Leo II died in late 474.

History

nimbate and each holding a mappa, marked: salus reipublicae ("the Welfare of the State")[1]

Leo II, called "the Younger",

Ecumenical Patriarch Acacius.[12] The 10th-century De Ceremoniis gives a detailed account of his coronation as augustus, which is dated to 17 November 473.[13][14][c] He was also appointed as the sole consul for 474 around this time.[17]

When Leo I died of

Byzantinist George Ostrogorsky simply wrote that Leo II died sometime in the autumn of 474.[25] He died aged 7, which is corroborated by the 6th-century writers John Malalas and John of Ephesus.[4] The death of Leo II left Zeno as sole emperor.[5][6][25]

His death having occurred so soon after he became emperor has led to speculation among some modern scholars that he was poisoned by either his mother or father so that Zeno could become sole emperor. However, no contemporary sources raised this suggestion even though Zeno was unpopular; thus it is considered likely that Leo II's death was natural, especially taking into account the high child mortality rate of the time.[5][6][11][23] Victor of Tunnuna, a 6th-century chronicler, says that Leo II did not actually die, but was rather taken by Ariadne and hidden at a monastery. This is likely a confusion with Basiliscus, the son of the Byzantine commander Armatus. Basiliscus was crowned caesar in 476 and was almost executed in 477 after his father was murdered by Zeno, but was saved by Ariadne. The confusion likely stems from the fact that Basiliscus was renamed Leo in order to avoid association with the usurper who rose against Zeno.[26]

Zeno was vastly unpopular due to a lack of dynastic prestige, with his only familial ties to the imperial throne being his marriage to Ariadne, the daughter of Leo I, and through his now-dead son Leo II. Additionally, because he was an Isaurian, he was seen as a foreigner by the Byzantine elite, and the treasury was empty on his ascension.

House of Leo, with Verina, the widow of Leo I, proclaiming her brother Basiliscus as emperor in January 475. Zeno fled, and Basiliscus ruled for 20 months before Zeno returned and retook the throne.[6][28] Zeno's rule was marked by constant unrest, and it was only through cunning and bribery that he managed to rule for 17 years until his death on 9 April 491.[6][27][28]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Some modern authors, relying on a passage of the Life of Daniel the Stylite (c. 495), date his birth to 469.[4]
  2. Kedrenos in linking Leo II's elevation to caesar with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. However, modern scholars date the event to 472.[10]
  3. ^ Some authors have argued that the date given refers not to Leo II's elevation, but to his death.[15] This, however, would necessitate labeling the entire document as fake, which is highly unlikely.[16]
  4. ^ John Malalas gives Leo I's death and Zeno's coronation as 3 and 9 February respectively, while the Auctarium Prosperi Havniense gives 18 and 29 January. The latter source is often thought to be more accurate,[19] hence why Leo's death is usually given as 18 January.[20] However, and contradictorily, scholars often used 9 February for Zeno's coronation.[19][8]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Grant 1985, p. 328.
  2. ^ Vasiliev 1952, p. 67.
  3. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 154.
  4. ^ a b Croke 2021, pp. 146–148.
  5. ^ a b c d e Carr 2015, p. 55.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Lee 2013, p. 100.
  7. ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 153.
  8. ^ a b c Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980, pp. 664–665.
  9. ^ Cooley 2012, p. 508.
  10. ^ Croke 2021, pp. 149–151.
  11. ^ a b c Adkins & Adkins 2004, p. 38.
  12. ^ Dagron 2003, pp. 81–82.
  13. ^ Croke 2021, pp. 153–159.
  14. ^ Dagron 2003, p. 69.
  15. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 158.
  16. ^ Croke 2021, pp. 156–157.
  17. ^ James 2013, p. 110.
  18. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 159.
  19. ^ a b c Croke 2021, pp. 159–160.
  20. ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980, pp. 663–664.
  21. ^ Kosinski 2016, p. 148.
  22. ^ Grant 1985, pp. 327–328.
  23. ^ a b Gregory 2010, p. 117.
  24. ^ Croke 2021, pp. 160–162.
  25. ^ a b Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 62.
  26. ^ Shalev-Hurvitz 2015, p. 231.
  27. ^ a b Jones 2014, p. 91.
  28. ^ a b Freely 2010, p. 108.

Primary sources

Bibliography

Leo II (emperor)
Born: 467 Died: November 474
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Eastern Roman emperor

474
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Roman consul
474
Succeeded by