Leo the Lion (MGM)

Leo the Lion
Incumbent Leo since 1957
Amazon MGM Studios
Style	Mascot of MGM Studios
Status	Mascot of MGM
Member of	Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Reports to	Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Residence	Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc, Beverly Hills, California, United States
Seat	Mascot
Appointer	Goldwyn Pictures (1916–1923) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1924–present)
Formation	1917; 107 years ago (1917)
First holder	Unknown (1917–1921)
Website	MGM official site

Leo the Lion is the mascot for the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and one of its predecessors, Goldwyn Pictures. The logo was created by artist Lionel S. Reiss, who served as art director at Paramount Pictures.^[1]

Since 1917, and through the time the studio was formed by the merger of Samuel Goldwyn's studio with Marcus Loew's Metro Pictures and Louis B. Mayer's company in 1924, several different lions have been used for the MGM logo.

Although MGM has referred to all of the lions used in their trademark as "Leo the Lion", only the lion in use since 1957, was actually named "Leo". In 2021, MGM debuted a new CGI logo which features a lion partially based on Leo. This version of the logo remains in use as of 2023 by Amazon MGM Studios, mainly for film productions following their acquisition of the studio in 2022.

History

Goldwyn Pictures lions (1917–1924)

The lion was chosen as the company's mascot in 1916 by publicist Howard Dietz, as a tribute to his alma mater Columbia University, whose mascot is a lion. Dietz was most directly inspired by the university's fight song, "Roar, Lion, Roar".^[2] Names of the first 2 lions used for the Goldwyn Pictures logos are unknown.

Slats (1924–1928)

Slats,^[3] trained by Volney Phifer, was the first lion used in the branding of the newly formed studio. Born at the Dublin Zoo^[4] on March 20, 1919, and originally named Cairbre^[5] (Gaelic for 'charioteer'^[6]), Slats was used on all black-and-white MGM films between 1924 and 1928. The first MGM film that used the logo was He Who Gets Slapped (1924).

Unlike his successors, Slats did nothing but look around in the logo, making him the only MGM lion not to roar. However, it is rumored that Phifer trained the lion to growl on cue, despite the fact that synchronized sound would not be used in motion pictures until 1927.

Slats died in 1936 when he was 17. At that time Phifer retired to his farm in Gillette, New Jersey, where he kept other animals used on Broadway. Upon his death, Phifer buried the lion on his farm and placed a plain block of granite to mark the grave. Later, Phifer planted a pine tree directly above the grave so that the roots would "hold down the lions spirit", replacing the granite block.^[2]

Jackie (1928–1956)

Jackie

logo, where he only roars once with Tanner's roar.

In addition to the MGM logo, Jackie also appeared in over a hundred films, including the

In the early 1930s, MGM reissued some of its earlier, pre-1928 silent films with prerecorded music soundtracks and

sounds; such films included Greed (1924), Ben-Hur (1925), Flesh and the Devil (1926), and The Unknown

(1927). For these sound reissues, the original Slats logo was replaced with Jackie.

In 1931, Jackie went on a farewell tour and subsequently retired to the Philadelphia Zoo. Jackie was reportedly quite tame and gentle and liked people. On February 25, 1935, Jackie was found dead by his zookeeper John McCullen. The cause of his death was attributed to heart issues. What happened to Jackie after his death is unknown. It was once rumored he was flown to Los Angeles and preserved by a taxidermist named Thomas Hodges and then sent to McPherson, Kansas. This theory has been proven false through extensive research by McPherson Museum and Arts Foundation curator, Brett Whitenack.

Bill (c. 1927–1928), Telly (1928–1932), Coffee (1932–1935)

MGM began experiments with two-strip color short subjects in 1927 and animated cartoons in 1930. For these productions, three different lions were used.

Footage of the first lion is very rare, although a few frames of the logo with this lion exist in the public domain. He is known to have appeared in the silent color films Buffalo Bill's Last Fight (1927) and The Heart of General Robert E. Lee (1928). The former gave him the nickname Bill, while the latter is currently being restored by the Library of Congress.

The second lion, Telly, appeared on color MGM movies between 1928 and 1932.^[9] An extended version of the logo featuring Telly appears at the beginning of the film The Viking (1928), featuring the lion having the same roar as Jackie. In current prints of The Mysterious Island (1929), Telly appears in black and white because the color version is lost.

The third lion, Coffee, appeared on color films between 1932 and 1934^[9] or 1935 for the Happy Harmonies shorts, until production was switched to full three-strip Technicolor filming. The Cat and the Fiddle, released in 1934, had brief color sequences, but was otherwise in black-and-white including its opening credits, so it used Jackie instead of Coffee. The Cat and the Fiddle however, showed its "The End" title card against a Technicolor background. An extended version of the logo featuring Coffee appears at the beginning of the short Wild People (1932), featuring the lion roaring three times, rather than just twice.

Tanner (1934–1956, 1963–1967)

The first full three-strip

Traveltalks

color shorts, with two additional roars from the lion.

Tanner was MGM's third longest-used lion, for a total of 22 years. His first feature film appearance was before Sweethearts four years later, in 1938. He featured after Jackie, who was used for a total of 28 years, and the current lion, who has been retained for 67 years. It is this version of the logo that was the most frequently used version throughout the Golden Age of Hollywood, although color did not really become the norm until the 1960s, and even then, many movies were still being made in black-and-white.

In addition to being used as MGM's lion mascot, Tanner also made an appearance in

would use Tanner's roar as a sound effect for many of their animated shorts.

Tanner and Jackie were both kept in the change from Academy ratio films to widescreen CinemaScope movies in 1953, with Tanner for color films and Jackie for black-and-white films. The logo was modified for this change; the marquee below the ribbon design was removed, and the company name was thus placed in a semi-circle above the ribbon.

George (1956–1957)

George, the seventh lion

).

Leo (1957–present)

Leo, the eighth and current lion, is by far MGM's longest-used, having appeared on most MGM films since 1957. Leo was born in 1956 in Dublin Zoo, Ireland, the same as Slats. He was also the youngest at the time MGM filmed him roaring, hence his much smaller mane. Leo made his debut for the film Tip on a Dead Jockey.

Leo was purchased from animal dealer Henry Trefflich, and trained by Ralph Helfer. In addition to being used as the MGM lion, Leo also appeared in other productions such as the religious epic King of Kings (1961), The Lion (1962), Zebra in the Kitchen (1965), Fluffy (1965), and Napoleon and Samantha (1972); as well as a memorable TV commercial for Dreyfus Investments in 1961. Leo also made several appearances on the 1971–72 TV series The Pet Set, proving himself gentle enough to let a blind teenage girl pet him in one episode (his extremely gentle temperament was one of the reasons Leo got into the MGM logo with a short, thin mane that had not yet finished growing).

An "extended" version, with the lion roaring three times was used from 1957 to 1960, and the "standard" version, with the lion roaring twice (though the "extended version" with three roars was occasionally used after 1960, including before Nothing Lasts Forever in 1984), has been used since 1960. In the Chuck Jones-directed Tom and Jerry cartoons released by MGM Animation/Visual Arts between 1963 and 1967 (as with cartoons from the same series made after the original MGM cartoon studio shut down), Tanner appeared in the openings instead of Leo, though the former's roar was also used de facto for the latter. Three MGM films, Raintree County (1957), Ben-Hur (1959) and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) utilized a still-frame variation of this logo on Raintree County and Mutiny of the Bounty also had the lion's roar played along with their opening scores. For Ben-Hur, the reason for this was because the film's director, William Wyler, thought that the roar would feel out of place for the opening nativity scene. This logo also appeared on black-and-white films, such as Jailhouse Rock (1957) and A Patch of Blue (1965). Some television prints of the 1943 film Cabin in the Sky, have replaced the Jackie logo with Leo for unknown reasons.

The logo was modified for MGM's 50th anniversary in 1974. The usual film ribbon appeared on screen with the sound of Leo roaring and the phrase "BEGINNING OUR NEXT 50 YEARS..." on a black background within the film circle; the phrase dissolves as "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" (above the ribbon) and "GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY" (in place of the usual "TRADE MARK") both rendered in gold fade in along with Leo, who continues to roar. The 50th anniversary logo appeared on several MGM films released during 1974–75 including That's Entertainment! (1974), The Passenger (1975) and The Wind and the Lion (1975).

In 1981, MGM acquired United Artists which had been the domestic distributor for MGM films since 1974. Beginning in 1983, the MGM logo was modified to read "MGM/UA Entertainment Co." in place of "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"; this logo would appear on all MGM/UA films from 1983 until 1986 and again in 1987 on the film O.C. and Stiggs, which was originally produced in 1985. It was also at this time that the original lion roar sound which actually sampled Tanner's roar was replaced with a remade stereophonic one, redone by Mark Mangini. This later version featured tiger sounds; as Mangini would later explain, "Lions don't make that kind of ferocious noises, and the logo needed to be ferocious and majestic.".^[11] The first film to use the new roar sound was Poltergeist (1982). Incidentally, the sound effect was also used for the "door ghost" near the end of the film.

From 1984 to 1985, MGM used a variation of its main studio logo for its 60th anniversary based on the print logo, with the ribbons in a golden color. Above the ribbons were the words "Diamond Jubilee", replacing the standard company name, and its font color was silver and below the ribboning was the phrase "Sixty Years of Great Entertainment". The "Ars Gratia Artis" motto was removed from inside the circle and replaced with the text "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists". The drama mask from the bottom had its surrounding

had both the original and 1982 roar effects mixed together.

When the company began using MGM and UA as separate brands in 1986, a new logo for MGM was introduced; the same gold ribbons used for the "Diamond Jubilee" variant was retained, and the text was redone in exactly the same color. The following year, a new "MGM/UA Communications Co." logo was introduced, and would precede both the MGM and UA logos until it was dropped in 1990. However, both logos would maintain the byline "An MGM/UA Communications Company" until 1992. Mangini remixed Leo's 1982 roar in 1995, using digital audio technology to blend it in with several other roar sounds; the remixed sound effect debuted with the release of Cutthroat Island (1995). This was done to give the roar more "muscle" which an MGM executive reportedly had found the iconic sound to be lacking beforehand, as well as fit it into films with 5.1 surround sound. There was one time where the reef and the text were flashed out by the sparkle of dust, with Leo and the drama mask gold so the text on the bottom of the ribbons fade in to represent the MGM/UA Home Video brand for videos from 1993. In 2001, MGM's website address, "www.mgm.com", was added to the bottom of the logo; the website address debuted with the release of Antitrust (2001).

The logo was revised again in 2008, with the ribbons, text, and drama mask given a more lustrous gold color since the 1993 MGM/UA home video logo. Leo's image was digitally restored and enhanced by staff at Pacific Title. This included a three-dimensional model of a new mane being designed, and then composited and blended onto Leo's actual mane. Additionally, the tips of his ears were digitally remodeled, so that the tip of his left ear would now cross in front of the film ribbon, in an effort to give the logo more depth.^[2] For the restoration process, the extended "three-roar" version of Leo's footage was used, sourced from the master negative print of 1958's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, as the original, raw footage of the lion, which was originally going to be used for the restoration, had been considered lost by this point.^[2] For MGM's upcoming feature films, it would have to be shortened to show the lion roaring just twice. The new logo's design was based on that of MGM's then-current print logo, which had been introduced in 1992. The website address was also shortened to "MGM.COM". The lion's roar was remixed once again by sound editor Eric Martel,^[2] maintaining most of the original 1982 sound elements. However, beginning with The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009), the 1995 roar was reused. The newly-done logo debuted with the release of the James Bond film Quantum of Solace.

In 2012, Shine Studio was chosen to redesign and animate the logo in stereoscopic 3-D (three-dimensional). A lion's eye irises in and zooms out to reveal Leo the Lion encircled in a digital moving golden filmstrip. Shine re-built all the elements of the logo in 3-D and then placed on different planes to add dimensional layers and drama, including the words "Ars Gratia Artis" moving from right to left. The 1995 roar and the digitally restored and enhanced 1957 footage is reused once again as Leo roars and the company name is brought in from above to center the top screen, which completes the logo sequence. MGM's website address was removed, as MGM is no longer as of 2012 a self-distribution entity, but rather a production company. The newly-done logo debuted with the release of the James Bond film Skyfall.

On March 8, 2021, MGM unveiled an updated logo, with Leo now being CGI-animated, while being based on its 1957 footage, the first major re-design for the mascot in over six decades. The latest rendition leans into the company's traditional gold design, filtering out sepia tones and modernizing the logo by sharpening the film roll, mask and lettering. The biggest change is evident in the brand's new monogram, which uses the classic font of the MGM logo rather than the blocky lettering associated with MGM Resorts. Furthermore, the motto now shows its English translation, "Art for Art's Sake", then changing to its original Latin motto. It also had a proper fanfare composed by Sounds Red, alongside the re-used 1995 roar. MGM worked with Culver City, Calif.-based Baked Studios on the new look. While the new logo, similar to the previous logos, was set to be unveiled with the James Bond film

On March 21, 2024, beginning with the remake of Road House, a variant was unveiled to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the founding of MGM, with a giant golden "100" flying into the middle of the filmstrip circle before dissolving to reveal Leo roaring as a byline appears below the Amazon byline, reading "100 Years of Entertainment." This version will appear on all titles produced by MGM throughout 2024, including Challengers, The Fire Inside and Blink Twice.

Stylized Lion (1968)

In 1965, in an attempt to update its image, MGM recruited

. Afterwards, Leo was reinstated for the opening logo.

The Stylized Lion, however, was retained by the studio, shown at the end of credit rolls of most MGM movie releases until 1982. MGM also used the Stylized Lion as its print logo, on theatrical posters, studio advertising and by the MGM Records division. This logo was later used by the MGM Grand casinos. A refined version of the Stylized Lion is currently used as the logo for their parent company, MGM Resorts International, no longer affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Secondary MGM logo

MGM also used a secondary logo, seen in the opening and closing credits of most classic MGM movies. This design originated as the Metro-Goldwyn Pictures logo from 1923 to 1925. The logo features a graphic of a reclining lion (from a side view) on a pedestal that has the text "A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Picture" inscribed on it. Behind the lion is a semi-circular film ribbon with the "Ars Gratia Artis" motto ("Art for art's sake"), much like the film ribboning of the company's primary logo. On either side of the pedestal are torches. This secondary logo was used in the opening title and end titles of most MGM films from the late 1920s until the early 1960s, then moved to the main film credits until c. 1983. This logo was last seen in the 1994 film That's Entertainment! III.^{[citation needed]}

Many of the

featured a variation of the secondary logo in their closing titles. This variation had a lion cub on the pedestal, looking straight at the viewer.

In addition, several MGM films made in the late 1930s and early '40s set their opening credits against a background of a relief carving of an outline of the reclining lion image, similar to the one seen on the secondary logo. Among the many films that include this kind of credits sequence are Ninotchka (1939), starring Greta Garbo and This Man's Navy (1945) with Wallace Beery. This reclining lion image was later used as the logo for MGM Television in the late 1950s.^{[citation needed]}

Puppet

Little Leo the Lion, "son of" the "real" Leo, appears as an elaborate hand puppet on MGM Parade, a 1955–1956 television show. In the second episode, he reclines on a bookcase in the "MGM Trophy Room" set, wearing full evening dress (but no shoes). Leo interrupts host George Murphy to speak for all the cartoon animals who want to appear on MGM Parade. He introduces the animals' pitch reel, a 7-minute Tex Avery cartoon. Leo promises more acts for next week, but Murphy replies with a variation on the cliché, "Don't call me, I'll call you."

Parodies

The Leo the Lion logo had been parodied in many films and television programs.

respectively taking the lion's place.

The logo for MTM Enterprises used on its television shows, including The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Bob Newhart Show, "WKRP in Cincinnati" and others, parodied the Leo the Lion logo with its colophon, at the very end of the program. In place of Leo was Mimsie the Cat, who meowed at the end of each show. The ribbon over the kitten's head read "MTM" instead of "Ars Gratia Artis."

MGM made their first of several spoofs of their own logo for the first Marx Brothers MGM film, A Night at the Opera (1935). Jackie appears in the opening credits for the actual film, but the re-release trailer for the movie shows a lion that is probably Tanner, followed by Groucho, then Chico, roaring inside of the film circle, with the sound of the actual lion being heard, and then Harpo doing the same, but silently. (Harpo then honks his horn instead of roaring again.) The parody was originally created to open the actual film but was vetoed by MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer who felt the spoof would "cheapen" MGM's respected trademark.

MGM's compilation film The Big Parade of Comedy (1964) opens with Leo "out to lunch", munching on a cartoon protestor. Another parody MGM used for its own logo appeared in Roman Polanski's 1967 film, The Fearless Vampire Killers. Here, the lion morphs into a creepy-looking cartoon vampire with blood dripping from its mouth; in the European version, after a short introductory cartoon, Leo zooms in and roars as the cartoon's two main characters cower in fear, then grows saber-teeth (like the extinct cat Smilodon) as they run off.

The 1981 film Tarzan, the Ape Man has the classic Tarzan yell in place of Leo's roar.

The 1983 comedy film Strange Brew opens with a one-off version of the MGM logo where the lion belches within one second of the fade-in. Then the lion grunts and the camera begins a sweeping dolly move to the right and then the rear of the logo. Behind the logo, Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas as Bob and Doug McKenzie are trying to goad the sedated lion into roaring. Thomas (as Doug) says, "Maybe I oughta crank his tail, eh? That oughta start him up." He then begins cranking the lion's tail, yelling "start up, eh!" When the lion stirs, Moranis (as Bob) says "Oh, jeez, he's getting mad, eh?" Then, in a breaking of the fourth wall, they both notice the camera and run to their Great White North set to begin the movie. The lion also growled during that scene, where Doug exclaims "Now that hoser's growling!" The 1981 roar was reused.

In the 2001 film Josie and the Pussycats, the lion roars and turns into a screaming female fan.

In the 2014 film

, the lion's roars are changed with the sound of talk show host Pat Novak doing his vocal warmups.

In The Pink Panther (2006), starring Steve Martin, Leo starts roaring, but is then interrupted as Inspector Clouseau opens the circle like a door, looking around the place before leaving. The Pink Panther character appears behind him unnoticed, cleverly smirking, and closes the door immediately afterwards, leaving Leo confused.

In The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course (2002), Leo is replaced with a saltwater crocodile, with actual crocodile roars being used. A trailer for the film features a lion different from the standard lion; Steve Irwin also appears and breaks the fourth wall by briefly addressing the viewers.

In an episode of Sidekick called "Trevor the Hero", the title card has Eric as the drama mask and Trevor in the logo acting like the MGM Lion.

The Steven Universe episode "Lion 2: the Movie" ends with Steven's pet lion, Lion, appearing in a spoof of the MGM logo. MGM parodied their logo in several of their cartoons.

In The Addams Family (2019), Leo roars and a flash of light turns him into the Addams family's pet lion Kitty Cat who roars and finds a red ball and jumps out of the logo and plays with it as the logo falls over, revealing the family's interior, as if it was made of cardboard.

In the 1961

-directed Tom and Jerry cartoons from 1963 to 1967 begin with a cartoon variation of the MGM logo using Tanner instead of Leo. Tanner from the early Tom and Jerry cartoon intros from MGM roars at the beginning, and is then replaced by Tom, who yowls and hisses; the logo then transitions to the cartoon series' title sequence. Also, in the episode "Sorry Safari", there is a lion in the jungle sitting down and roaring while the company's name is on the top of the screen. The same lion appears later in the episode.

In the 1933 Looney Tunes cartoon Bosko's Picture Show, the feature film shown in Bosko's theater is produced by the "TNT Pictures" company, whose logo is a roaring and burping lion with the motto Eenie Meanie Minie Moe. Other Warner Bros. cartoons, such as She Was an Acrobat's Daughter and Bacall to Arms also poke fun at their cross-town rival studio. (Ironically, MGM would obtain the rights to these two cartoons in 1981 through United Artists and UA's purchase of Associated Artists Productions and its library in 1958, which included all pre-August 1948 color Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies.)

In

(1978), the motto of the Delta House is "Ars Gratia Artis".

The Soviet animated film Ograblenie po... (1978/1988) parodied the logo with Cheburashka replacing the lion.

The animated television series

, who began by roaring at the screen like a lion before covering his mouth and letting out an apologetic mew.

The Muppets parodied the logo in two of their productions in 1981. It was spoofed by Animal in the role of Leo in The Great Muppet Caper, and by Fozzie Bear in the same role in The Muppets Go to the Movies. Also, in one Muppet Babies episode ("The Daily Muppet", which first aired on CBS on Saturday, November 1, 1986), Baby Animal roars as Gonzo's face replaces the mask usually seen under the lion.

One of the episode title cards for the animated

Buster walking into the circle and roaring like the MGM lion (subsequent episodes with the title card would feature Buster making other noises such as an elephant trumpeting or simply belching). The titular character

then walks up behind him and laughs.

The animated sitcom Family Guy parodied Leo in the Season 12 episode "Brian's a Bad Father".

The

Meowth, and a Pikachu

parodying Leo.

In the 1997

Turner Feature Animation feature film Cats Don't Dance, the story takes place at Mammoth Pictures in Hollywood. Mammoth's logo is also a spoof of MGM's, with a trumpeting elephant seen in the filmstrip circle and a Latin motto in the filmstrip above the elephant's head reading, "Optimum Est Maximum," which translates to "Bigger is better."^[19]

A "film" called Sonia Honey (a spoof of skater/actress

CBS-TV on Wednesday, October 13, 1971, at 8:00 P.M. Eastern time. The "film" was produced by "Metro-Goldwyn-Mouth," with Ms. Burnett seen in the filmstrip circle in a sequined dress and heard doing a variation on her famous "Tarzan

yell," with the "studio"'s name seen in a Wide Latin chiseled font on the top of the circle (a la the MGM logo of the 1950s).

In the Netflix film Cat Burglar, features a parody of the MGM logo with an elephant trumpeting and the slogan "Logo Parodis Spoofus".

In an episode of Punky Brewster entitled "Punky Brewster's Workout", Punky, Margeaux, and Alan make a Jane Fonda-style workout video. The "video" is produced by "P.B.P." (Punky Brewster Productions), with an MGM logo parody at the end of the video, in which Punky's dog, Brandon, is seen and heard barking in the filmstrip circle, drawn and colored in by the kids.

In an episode of the PBS Kids series Zoom, which aired Monday, January 9, 1978, "Zoomer" Shona parodies Leo for the opening of the "Cinema ZOOM" segment.

Other parodies, in Malaysian cartoon Upin & Ipin character, Kak Ros parody MGM logo old version with the gold logo sign in a special episode of Upin & Ipin.

See also

• Amazon MGM Studios
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
• MGM Television
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio
• The Lionhearts
• Art for art's sake
• List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films

References

1. ^ "Reiss, Lionel".
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} https://garycoates.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/logo-history-restoration-article.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
3. ^ ^{a b c} "TV ACRES: Advertising Mascots – Animals – Leo the MGM Lion (MGM Studios)". TV Acres. Archived from the original on 2012-12-05.
4. ^ "The life and times of the MGM Lion". MentalFloss.com. 21 October 2012.
5. ^ "MGM lion born in Dublin, and other curiosities". The Irish Independent. 18 July 2004. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
6. ^ "Behind The Name Cairbre". BehindTheName.com.
7. ^ Joseph, Albright (2018-06-13). "Original MGM lion rests in N.J. & other historical tidbits". Newjersey.com. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
8. ISBN 9781459732544
   . Retrieved 29 November 2017.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Vignol, Christian (2017). Les animaux les plus célèbres: Anecdotes sur nos héros à poils et à plumes. Jourdan. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
10. ^ "MGM Logo History and the 2008 Restoration Process" (PDF).
11. ^ "'Sound helps filmmakers achieve narrative value for their films'". The Navhind Times. 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
12. ^ Lundstrom, Kathryn (March 8, 2021). "MGM Studios Unveils New Brand Evolution". Retrieved 2021-07-01.
13. ^ "James Bond 60th Anniversary Logo | MGM Studios - YouTube". YouTube.
14. ^ "MGM & EON Productions Celebrate 60 Years of Bond".
15. ^ "MGM+ Logo and Graphic System".
16. ^ "Saltburn | Official Teaser Trailer". YouTube.
17. ^ de la Fuente, Anne Marie (October 3, 2023). "Amazon Studios Now Called Amazon MGM Studios, Exec Pablo Iacoviello Reveals in Iberseries Keynote". Variety. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
18. ^ "MGM | Lippincott". Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
19. ^ "Cats Don't Dance (1997) - IMDb". IMDb.

External links

• MGM official site
• MGM page at Hollywood Lost and Found
• Lion roar (MP3 format), as trademarked by MGM, at the United States Patent and Trademark Office website
• Video compilation MGM Logo History (1916–2021)

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