Leonard Harrison State Park
Leonard Harrison State Park | |
---|---|
Location of Leonard Harrison State Park in Pennsylvania | |
Location | Shippen, Delmar, and Tioga, Counties, Pennsylvania |
Coordinates | 41°41′48″N 77°27′16″W / 41.69667°N 77.45444°W |
Area | 585 acres (237 ha) |
Elevation | 1,821 ft (555 m)[1] |
Established | 1922 |
Named for | Leonard Harrison |
Visitors | 142,716[2] |
Governing body | Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |
Website | www |
Leonard Harrison State Park is a 585-acre (237 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is on the east rim of the Pine Creek Gorge, also known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania, which is 800 feet (240 m) deep and nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) across here. It also serves as headquarters for the adjoining Colton Point State Park, its sister park on the west rim of the gorge. Leonard Harrison State Park is known for its views of the Pine Creek Gorge, and offers hiking, fishing and hunting, whitewater boating, and camping. The park is in Shippen and Delmar Townships, 10 miles (16 km) west of Wellsboro at the western terminus of Pennsylvania Route 660.
Pine Creek flows through the park and has carved the gorge through five major rock formations from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. Native Americans once used the Pine Creek Path along the creek. The path was later used by lumbermen, and then became the course of a railroad from 1883 to 1988. Since 1996, the 63.4-mile (102.0 km) Pine Creek Rail Trail has followed the creek through the park. The Pine Creek Gorge was named a National Natural Landmark in 1968 and is also protected as a Pennsylvania State Natural Area and Important Bird Area, while Pine Creek is a Pennsylvania Scenic and Wild River. The gorge is home to many species of plants and animals, some of which have been reintroduced to the area.
Although the Pine Creek Gorge was
History
Native Americans
Humans have lived in what is now Pennsylvania since at least 10,000 BC. The first settlers were
Leonard Harrison State Park is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin, the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannocks.[6] They were a matriarchal society that lived in stockaded villages of large longhouses,[5] and "occasionally inhabited" the mountains surrounding the Pine Creek Gorge.[7] Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois, and by 1675 they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes.[5][8]
After this, the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois. The Iroquois lived in long houses, primarily in what is now
The
Lumber era
Prior to the arrival of
By the early 19th century the demand for lumber reached the Pine Creek Gorge, where the surrounding mountainsides were covered with eastern white pine 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 1.8 m) in diameter and 150 feet (46 m) or more tall, eastern hemlock 9 feet (2.7 m) in circumference, and huge hardwoods.
As the 19th century progressed, fewer pines were left and more hemlocks and hardwoods were cut and processed locally.
In 1883 the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway opened, following the creek through the gorge. The new railroad used the relatively level route along Pine Creek to link the New York Central Railroad with the Clearfield Coalfield. In the surrounding forests, log drives gave way to logging railroads, which transported lumber to local sawmills. There were 13 companies operating logging railroads along Pine Creek and its tributaries between 1886 and 1921, while the last log drive in the Pine Creek watershed started on Little Pine Creek in 1905. The west rim, which became Colton Point State Park, had a logging railroad by 1903, which was able to harvest lumber on Fourmile Run that had been previously inaccessible.[15] The old-growth forests were clearcut by the early 20th century and the gorge was stripped bare. Nothing was left except the dried-out tree tops, which became a fire hazard, so much of the land burned and was left barren.[13] On May 6, 1903, the Wellsboro newspaper had the headline "Wild Lands Aflame" and reported landslides through the gorge. The soil was depleted of nutrients, fires baked the ground hard, and jungles of blueberries, blackberries, and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land, which became known as the "Pennsylvania Desert". Disastrous floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out.[15]
Nessmuk and Leonard Harrison
A huge tannery ... poisons and blackens the stream with chemicals, bark and ooze. ... The once fine covers and thickets are converted into fields thickly dotted with blackened stumps. And, to crown the desolation, heavy laden trains of 'The Pine Creek and Jersey Shore R.R.' go thundering [by] almost hourly ... Of course, this is progress; but, whether backward or forward, had better be decided sixty years hence.[17]
Nessmuk's words went mostly unheeded in his lifetime and did not prevent the clearcutting of almost all of the virgin forests in Pennsylvania.[16]
Sears lived in Wellsboro from 1844 until his death in 1890, and was the first to describe the Pine Creek Gorge.[18] He also described a trip to what became Leonard Harrison State Park: after a 6-mile (9.7 km) buggy ride, he then had to hike 7 miles (11 km) through tangles of fallen trees and branches, down ravines, and over banks for five hours. At least he reached "The Point", which he wrote was "the jutting terminus of a high ridge which not only commands a capital view of the opposite mountain, but also of the Pine Creek Valley, up and down for miles".[19] A Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) state historical marker commemorating Nessmuk was dedicated in the park in 1972.[18]
The creation of the park was the work of
Although the park was donated to the state, the Wellsboro Chamber of Commerce made initial improvements there and operated it for the first two decades.[21] Elsewhere in the gorge the state bought land abandoned by lumber companies, sometimes for less than $2 per acre ($4.94/ha).[15] Except for the adjoining Colton Point State Park, this land became the Tioga State Forest, which was officially established in 1925 and lies just north and south of the park. As of 2008 the state forest encompasses 160,000 acres (65,000 ha), mostly in Tioga County.[22][23]
Modern era
Despite its status as Leonard Harrison State Forest Park, it took time for the park to become more well known. Access to the park over small roads was still difficult. An elderly woman who had lived nearby all her life visited the park for the first time in 1932 and asked, on seeing the gorge, "How long has this been here?"[22]
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) improved access and constructed many of the amenities at Leonard Harrison park from 1933 to 1936, during the Great Depression. Leonard Harrison State Park is one of many examples of the work of the CCC throughout north-central Pennsylvania. The CCC built picnic and comfort facilities, made roads and trails (often following old logging roads), and planted stands of white pine, spruce and larch.[24] Some of the CCC-constructed facilities remain and are still used,[25] and the park has hosted a reunion of former CCC workers each summer since 1990.[26][27]
In 1936 Larry Woodin of Wellsboro and other Tioga County business owners began a tourism campaign to promote the Pine Creek Gorge as "The Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania".
After the Second World War the state took over operation of the park,[22] and expanded its size beyond the original land donated by Harrison: six purchases between 1946 and 1949 increased the park's area from 128 acres (52 ha) to 585 acres (237 ha) at a cost of $26,328.[24] The Pennsylvania Geographic Board dropped the word Forest and officially named it Leonard Harrison State Park on November 11, 1954.[20] The park was improved in the following decade with the completion of new latrines (1963) and a new concession stand and visitor center (1968).[24] Pine Creek was named a state scenic river on December 4, 1992, which ensured further protection of Pine Creek Gorge in its natural state.[30] In 1997 the park's Important Bird Area (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania.[31] In 2000 the park became part of the Hills Creek State Park complex, an administrative grouping of eight state parks in Potter and Tioga counties.[32] In 2005 the state began a $1.2 million upgrade of park facilities, including a new maintenance building, the replacement of three pit latrines at the overlook and campground, the addition of showers at the campground, and the conversion of all restrooms to flush toilets.[33]
The second half of the 20th century saw great changes in the rail line through the park. Regular passenger service on the canyon line ended after the Second World War, and in 1960 the second set of train tracks was removed.[34] Conrail abandoned the section of the railroad passing through the gorge on September 21, 1988. The right-of-way eventually became the Pine Creek Rail Trail, which follows the path of the former Pine Creek Path.[24][34] The first section of the rail trail opened in 1996 and included the 1 mile (1.6 km) section in the park: as of 2008 the Pine Creek Rail Trail is 63.5 miles (102.2 km) long.[23]
Leonard Harrison State Park continued to attract national attention in the post-war era. The New York Times featured the park and its "breath-taking views of the gorge" as well as its trails and picnic groves in a 1950 article,[35] and in 1966 praised the whitewater boating on Pine Creek and the park's "outstanding look-out points".[36] The Pine Creek Gorge, including Leonard Harrison and Colton Point State Parks and a 12-mile (19 km) section of Tioga State Forest, was named a National Natural Landmark (NNL) in April 1968. The plaque for the entire NNL is on the lookout terrace of Leonard Harrison State Park.[37] Another New York Times article on whitewater canoeing in 1973 noted the damage along the creek done by Hurricane Agnes the year before, and Leonard Harrison's waterfalls.[38]
In the new millennium, the two state parks on either side of the Pine Creek Gorge are frequently treated as one. A 2002 New York Times article called Leonard Harrison and Colton Point state parks "Two State Parks, Divided by a Canyon" and noted their "overlooks offer the most spectacular views".[39] Leonard Harrison and Colton Point were each included in the list of state parks chosen by the DCNR Pennsylvania Bureau of Parks for its "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks" list. The DCNR describes how they "offer spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of Pine Creek Gorge, also known as Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon".[3] It goes on to praise their inclusion in a National Natural Landmark and State Park Natural Area, hiking and trails, and the Pine Creek Rail Trail and bicycling.[3]
Pine Creek Gorge
Leonard Harrison State Park lies on the east side of the Pine Creek Gorge, also known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania.[40] A sister park, Colton Point State Park, is on the west side, and the two parks combined form essentially one large park that includes parts of the gorge and creek and parts of the plateau dissected by the gorge. Pine Creek has carved the gorge nearly 47 miles (76 km) through the dissected Allegheny Plateau in northcentral Pennsylvania. The canyon begins in southwestern Tioga County, just south of the village of Ansonia, and continues south to near the village of Waterville in Lycoming County. The depth of the gorge in Colton Point State Park is about 800 feet (240 m) and it measures nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) across.[41][42]
The Pine Creek Gorge National Natural Landmark includes Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks and parts of the Tioga State Forest along 12 miles (19 km) of Pine Creek between Ansonia and Blackwell. This federal program does not provide any extra protection beyond that offered by the land owner. The National Park Service's designation of the gorge as a National Natural Landmark notes that it "contains superlative scenery, geological and ecological value, and is one of the finest examples of a deep gorge in the eastern United States."[37]
The gorge is also protected by the state of Pennsylvania as the 12,163-acre (4,922 ha) Pine Creek Gorge Natural Area, which is the second largest State Natural Area in Pennsylvania.[43][44] Within this area, 699 acres (283 ha) of Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks are designated a State Park Natural Area.[45] The state Natural Area runs along Pine Creek from Darling Run in the north (just below Ansonia) to Jerry Run in the south (just above Blackwell). It is approximately 12 miles (19 km) long and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, with state forest roads providing all of the western border and part of the eastern border.[46]
Within the park, Pine Creek and the walls of the gorge "visible from the opposite shoreline"
Geology and climate
Although the rock formations exposed in Leonard Harrison State Park and the Pine Creek Gorge are at least 300 million years old, the gorge itself formed only about 20,000 years ago, in the
The park is at an elevation of 1,821 feet (555 m) on the
The land on which Leonard Harrison State Park sits has undergone tremendous change over the last 400 million years. It was once part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now North America. The high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded, causing a buildup of sediment made up primarily of clay, sand and gravel. Tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found today in the Pine Creek drainage basin: sandstone, shale, conglomerates, limestone, and coal.[49][52]
Five major rock formations are present in Leonard Harrison State Park, from the
Next below these is the late
The dominant soil in Leonard Harrison State Park is somewhat excessively drained Oquaga channery loam, which is often associated with well drained Lordstown channery loam. Much of the campground near the eastern boundary is supported by Morris gravelly silt loam, which is somewhat poorly drained due to a subsoil fragipan. The Oquaga tends to be very strongly acidic (pH 4.8), Morris is strongly acidic (pH 5.3) and Lordstown is moderately acidic (pH 5.5). All of these soils belong to the Inceptisol soil order.[55]
The Allegheny Plateau has a
Climate data for Leonard Harrison State Park | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 30 (−1) |
33 (1) |
41 (5) |
54 (12) |
65 (18) |
73 (23) |
77 (25) |
76 (24) |
68 (20) |
58 (14) |
45 (7) |
34 (1) |
55 (12) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 13 (−11) |
15 (−9) |
23 (−5) |
33 (1) |
43 (6) |
52 (11) |
56 (13) |
54 (12) |
48 (9) |
38 (3) |
30 (−1) |
19 (−7) |
35 (2) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.88 (48) |
1.72 (44) |
2.40 (61) |
2.52 (64) |
3.05 (77) |
4.56 (116) |
3.66 (93) |
2.92 (74) |
3.23 (82) |
2.60 (66) |
2.77 (70) |
2.12 (54) |
33.43 (849) |
Source: The Weather Channel[57] |
Ecology
Descriptions from early explorers and settlers give some idea of what the Pine Creek Gorge was like before it was clearcut. The forest was up to 85 percent hemlock and white pine, with the rest hardwoods.
The virgin forests cooled the land and streams. Centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into the creeks and runs, so they flowed more evenly year-round.
State Natural Area and wildlife
While Leonard Harrison and Colton Point State Parks and parts of the surrounding Tioga State Forest are now the Pine Creek Gorge National Natural Landmark, it is their status as part of a Pennsylvania State Natural Area that provides the strongest protection for them.[43] Within this Natural Area, all logging, mining, and oil and gas drilling are prohibited, and only foot trail access is allowed.[61] In 1988 the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, precursor to the DCNR, described it as
about 95% State owned, unroaded, and designated the Pine Creek Gorge Natural Area. It is a place of unique geologic history and contains some rare plant communities, an old growth hemlock stand, ... active bald eagle nest[s] ... and is a major site of river otter reintroduction. Departmental policy is protection of the natural values of the Canyon from development and overuse, and restoration of the area to as near a natural condition as possible.[34]
The gorge has over 225 species of wildflowers, plants and trees,[62] with scattered stands of old growth forest on some of its steepest walls. The rest of the gorge is covered with thriving second growth forest that can be over one hundred years old.[15] However, since clearcutting, nearly 90 percent of the forest land has burnt at least once. Typical south-facing slopes here have mountain laurel below oak and hickory trees, while north-facing slopes tend to have ferns below hemlocks and hardwoods. Large chestnuts and black cherry can also be found.[62]
The Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania is known for its fall foliage, and Leonard Harrison State Park is a popular place to observe the colors, with the first three weeks of October as the best time to see the leaves in their full color. Red leaves are found on
There are over 40 species of mammals in the Pine Creek Gorge.
Several species have been reintroduced to the gorge. White-tailed deer were imported from Michigan and released throughout Pennsylvania to reestablish what had once been a thriving population. The current population of deer in Pennsylvania are descended from the original stock introduced beginning in 1906, after the lumberman had moved out of the area.[64] The deer population has grown so much that today they exceed their carrying capacity in many areas. River otters were successfully reintroduced in 1983 and now breed in the gorge. Despite the fears of anglers, their diet is only 5 percent trout.[62]
Fishers, medium-sized
Important Bird Area
Leonard Harrison State Park is part of
In addition to bald eagles, which live in the IBA year round and have successfully established a breeding population there,[62][67] the IBA is home to belted kingfishers, scarlet tanagers, black-throated blue warblers, common mergansers, blue and green heron, hermit thrushes, and wood ducks. Large numbers of ospreys use the gorge during spring and fall migration periods. The woodlands are inhabited by the ruffed grouse, Pennsylvania's state bird, and wild turkeys. Swainson's thrush breeds in the IBA and the northern harrier breeds and overwinters in Pine Creek Gorge.[67]
A variety of warblers is found in Leonard Harrison State Park. The Pennsylvania Audubon Society states that Pine Creek Gorge is "especially rich in warbler species, including Pine, Black-throated Blue, Black-throated Green, Blackburnian, and Black-and-white."[63] Many of these smaller birds are more often heard than seen as they keep away from the trails and overlooks.[63]
Recreation
Trails
Leonard Harrison State Park is a destination for avid hikers, with some challenging hikes in and around the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania. The park has 4.6 miles (7.4 km) of trails that feature very rugged terrain, pass close to steep cliffs, and can be slick in some areas.[10] In 2003, the DCNR reported that 37,775 people used the trails in the park, and another 24,407 bicycled in it.[2]
- Overlook Trail is a 0.6-mile (0.97 km) path to Otter View, a vista looking to the south.red pines and an old incinerator.[23]
- Turkey Path is a difficult trail, 2 miles (3.2 km) long (down and back), that follows Little Fourmile Run down the side of the canyon, descending over 800 feet (240 m) to Pine Creek and the rail trail at the bottom of the gorge.[10] It was originally a mule drag used to haul timber to the creek.[21] There are several waterfalls on the trail, which passes through an environmentally sensitive area and is on a steep slope. Hikers are encouraged to remain on the path to reduce erosion and protect fragile plant life along the trail.[10] In 2006 a hiker who had left the path slipped near a waterfall and fell to his death.[68]
A vista at the halfway point on Turkey Path was constructed in 1978 by the Youth Conservation Corps. Hand rails, steps and observation decks were added to the path in 1993 by the Pennsylvania Conservation Corps. The park website classifies it as a "down and back trail" since there is no bridge across Pine Creek.[10] However, there is also a Turkey Path from Colton Point State Park on the west rim of the gorge down to a point on Pine Creek just upstream of the end of this trail. According to Owlett and the DCNR Pine Creek Rail Trail map, the creek can be forded with care when the water is low, and the Turkey Path connects the two parks.[21][23]
- Pine Creek Rail Trail is a 63.4-mile (102.0 km) rail trail from Wellsboro Junction, just north of Wellsboro, south through the Pine Creek Gorge to Jersey Shore: 1 mile (1.6 km) of this trail is in Leonard Harrison and Colton Point State Parks.[10][23] A 2001 article in USA Today said the scenic beauty of the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania made the trail one of "10 great places to take a bike tour" in the world.[69][70]
Camping and picnics
Camping is a popular pastime at Leonard Harrison State Park, with 3,511 persons using the rustic camping facilities in 2003.[2] The DCNR classifies camping facilities as "rustic" if they do not have flush toilets or showers. The state has renovated the park camping area since 2003, building modern bathrooms with flush toilets and hot showers, and no longer considers it "rustic".[33] The park has updated electric sites for RV campers as well. The campground has picnic tables and fire rings. The park has almost 100 picnic tables for use; seven of these tables are in shelters.[10] The park hosted some 29,150 picnickers in 2003.[2]
Hunting, fishing, and whitewater
Hunting is permitted on about 250 acres (100 ha) of Leonard Harrison State Park: hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania State Game Commission. The common game species are ruffed grouse, eastern gray squirrel, wild turkey, white-tailed deer, and black bear; however, hunting groundhog is prohibited. Additional acres of forested woodlands are available for hunting on the grounds of the adjacent Tioga State Forest.[10]
Fishing is permitted at the state park, though anglers must descend the Turkey Path to reach Pine Creek. This has been designated as approved trout waters by the
Edward Gertler writes in Keystone Canoeing that Pine Creek "is possibly Pennsylvania's most famous canoe stream" and attributes this partly to the thousands who decide to boat on it after they "peer into Pine Creek's spectacular abyss from the overlooks of Leonard Harrison and Colton Point state parks".
Nearby state parks
Leonard Harrison State Park is mostly in
|
|
References
- ^ a b "Leonard Harrison State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. August 30, 1990. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f Fermata Inc. of Austin, Texas (August 2005). "Pine Creek Valley Early Action Recommendations" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Find a Park: 25 Must-see Parks". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
- ^ OCLC 2696039.
- ^ ISBN 0-7884-0428-8. Archived from the original on July 20, 2006. Retrieved June 17, 2008. Note: ISBN refers to the Heritage Books July 1996 reprint. URL is to a scan of the 1892 version with some OCRtypos.
- John Smith of Jamestown, who met members of the tribe near the mouth of the Susquehanna River on Chesapeake Bay in 1608. The tribe controlled the Susquehanna drainage basin and are believed to have lived there for at least a few centuries prior to this contact.
- ^ a b c d e f
Owlett, Steven E. (1993). "The Land That Was". Seasons Along The Tiadaghton: An Environmental History of the Pine Creek Gorge (1st ed.). Petaluma, California: Interprint. pp. 39, 40, 43, 46, 49, 50. ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ ISBN 1-889037-11-7. Archived from the original(PDF) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2008.Note: ISBN refers to a 1999 reprint edition, URL is for the Susquehanna River Basin Commission's web page of Native American Place names, quoting and citing the book.
- ^ a b c Morey, Tim. "Park Spotlight: Leonard Harrison and Colton Point state parks". Resource: The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on May 24, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Leonard Harrison State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ ISBN 0-89271-090-X. Note: ISBN refers to 1998 impression
- ^ a b c Sexton Jr., John L. (1883). "Shippen Township". History of Tioga County, Pennsylvania with Illustrations, Portraits and Sketches. New York, New York: W. W. Munsell & Co. pp. 313–326. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "The Pennsylvania Lumber Museum – History". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- ^ OCLC 35920715.
- ^ ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ a b Dillon, Chuck (2006). "Nessmuk: The Voice for Conservation". Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon: A Natural & Human History (2nd ed.). Wellsboro, Pennsylvania: Pine Creek Press. pp. 31–32. (No ISBN)
- ^ Nessmuk (Sears, George Washington) (1884). "CHAPTER VI Camp Cookery—How It Is Usually Done, With A Few Simple Hints On Plain Cooking—Cooking Fire And Outdoor Range". Woodcraft (1920 ed.). New York: Forest and Stream. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
- ^ a b c "PHMC: Historical Markers Program (Tioga County)". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
- ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ OCLC 17824084.
- ^ a b c
Owlett, Steven E. (1993). "A Pine Creek Odyssey". Seasons Along The Tiadaghton: An Environmental History of the Pine Creek Gorge (1st ed.). Petaluma, California: Interprint. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ a b c d e A Public Use Map For Pine Creek Rail Trail (Map). 1 in (0.025 m)iles. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. December 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Morey, Tim. "Park Spotlight: Leonard Harrison and Colton Point state parks (Part 2)". Resource: The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and natural resources. Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-89271-056-X.
- ^ a b Thomas II, Lee Ed (August 18, 1999). "Statue unveiled at park honoring work of CCC". The Marketplace. Wellsboro, Pennsylvania: The Gazette and Free Press Courier. pp. 1, 16. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "Calendar of Event: CCC Reunion Picnic". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "Pennsylvania State Parks: The CCC Years". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
- ^ "CCC Statues". National New Deal Preservation Association. November 2007. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Dillon, Chuck (2006). "Protection for Pine Creek". Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon: A Natural & Human History (2nd ed.). Wellsboro, Pennsylvania: Pine Creek Press. pp. 51–52. (No ISBN)
- ^ "Audubon names 73 important bird areas in state". Resource: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. January 7, 1997. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ "Manager named at Hills Creek Lake". Wellsboro Gazette. February 2, 2000. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2009. Note: the eight parks in the Hills Creek State Park Complex are Cherry Springs, Colton Point, Denton Hill, Hills Creek, Leonard Harrison, Lyman Run, Patterson, and Prouty Place.
- ^ a b "Governor Rendell Says PA. Investing in the Future with Environmental Grants; Safeguarding Communities, Attracting Business Investment: 140 Critical Projects in 50 Counties First to Receive Funding". Press Release. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. November 2, 2005. Archived from the original on April 4, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ Bryan, Curtis Townley (July 16, 1950). "Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon: Camps and Picnic Areas Abound in Wilds Along Pine Creek Gorge". The New York Times. p. X19.
- ^ Van Dyne, Ed (March 13, 1966). "Spring Means 'White Water' in Pennsylvania". The New York Times. p. 458.
- ^ a b "National Natural Landmark: Pine Creek Gorge". National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ Ingram, George (June 10, 1973). "Running the Rapids 'Deliverance'-Style in Pennsylvania". The New York Times. p. 542.
- ^ "If You Go: Two State Parks, Divided by a Canyon". The New York Times. November 22, 2002. p. F4.
- ^ "51 Great Places to Hike". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ "Colton Point State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ a b McGlade, William G. "Pennsylvania Trail of Geology, Leonard Harrison and Colton Point State Parks, The Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania, Geologic Features of Interest (Park Guide 5)" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ a b "Pine Creek Gorge". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ISBN 0-8117-2038-1.
- ^ "Natural Areas". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ Tioga State Forest (PDF) (Map). 1 inch is 2 miles. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2008. Retrieved on September 30, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Scenic Rivers Program: Location Map". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-87842-227-7.
- ISBN 0-8182-0227-0.
- ^ OCLC 17150333.
- ^ a b Berg, T. M. (1981). "Atlas of Preliminary Geologic Quadrangle Maps of Pennsylvania: Tiadaghton" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ a b "Map 67: Tabloid Edition Explanation" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
- ^ "Web Soil Survey". websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Climate of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State Climatologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Leonard Harrison State Park". The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
- ^ a b Dillon, Chuck (2006). "Wealth of the Forests: Lumber". Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon: A Natural & Human History (2nd ed.). Wellsboro, Pennsylvania: Pine Creek Press. pp. 23–24. (No ISBN)
- ^ a b Dillon, Chuck (2006). "Human Issues Affecting the Stream". Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon: A Natural & Human History (2nd ed.). Wellsboro, Pennsylvania: Pine Creek Press. p. 46. (No ISBN)
- shad.
- ISBN 0-9635905-0-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dillon, Chuck (2006). "The Forest Today". Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon: A Natural & Human History (2nd ed.). Wellsboro, Pennsylvania: Pine Creek Press. pp. 34–36. (No ISBN)
- ^ Audubon Pennsylvania; Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (2004). Susquehanna River Birding and Wildlife Trail. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. p. 26. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2008.) Note: This guide is available both as a book (page number given) and website (URL given).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ "Abbreviated History of Pennsylvania's White-Tailed Deer Management". Pennsylvania Game Commission. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Serfass, Tom; Mitcheltree, Denise. "Fisher" (PDF). Pennsylvania Game Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2006. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
- ^ "From the Wild Bunch: The Fisher". Predator Conservation Alliance. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Doug Kibbe (May 2004). "Pennsylvania Important Bird Area #28" (PDF). Pennsylvania Audubon Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
- ^ Robinson, Bryan G. (June 23, 2006). "Marine dies at Pennsylvania Grand Canyon". The Wellsboro Gazette. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ Bly, Laura (July 27, 2001). "10 great places to take a bike tour". USA Today. p. 3D.
- ^ "The Wellsboro Area Chamber of Commerce: Pennsylvania Grand Canyon". Wellsboro Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
- ^ Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC). "2008 PFBC County Maps – Tioga County". Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-9605908-2-X.
- ^ Wayne T. Fletcher (November 2002). Leonard Harrison & Colton Point State Parks (PDF) (Map). 1" = 800 feet. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ^ "Find a Park by Region (interactive map)". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ Michels, Chris (1997). "Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation". Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
- ^ 2020 General Highway Map Tioga County Pennsylvania (PDF) (Map). 1:65,000. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division. Retrieved March 13, 2022. Note: shows Leonard Harrison State Park
External links
- "Leonard Harrison State Park official map" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2012. (280 KB)
- "Leonard Harrison State Park official campground map" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 18, 2016. (143 KB)
- Pine Creek Rail Trail