Leonard W. Murray

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Leonard Warren Murray
First World War
  • U-boat Campaign

Second World War

Awards
Haakon VII's Freedom Cross
(Norway)

CBE (22 June 1896 – 25 November 1971) was an officer in the Royal Canadian Navy who played a central role in the Battle of the Atlantic, and was the only Canadian to command an Allied theatre of operations during World War II
.

Murray was in the inaugural cohort at the

Royal Naval Staff College in the United Kingdom. He commanded the Canadian destroyer HMCS Saguenay
, as well as naval bases on Canada's east and west coasts.

Murray commenced his World War II service as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, playing a key role in negotiations with the United States and the UK on rapidly expanding the Canadian Navy. He was a founding member of the

Permanent Joint Board on Defence and helped negotiate the destroyers-for-bases deal. In late 1940, Murray was placed in command of a fleet of five Canadian ships dispatched to defend the UK. From there, he was reassigned to command positions on Canada's east coast, initially in command of the Newfoundland Escort Force, then Commanding Officer Atlantic Coast. Following the Atlantic Convoy Conference of March 1943, Murray was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Canadian Northwest Atlantic
, and successfully led Canadian, British, American and other Allied naval and air forces to victory in the Battle of the Atlantic.

Murray was controversially blamed for allowing sailors to take shore leave in

Halifax Riot
of 7–8 May 1945. Following the riot, Murray retired from the Royal Canadian Navy and moved to the UK, where he practiced law and became active in local politics.

Early years

Leonard Warren Murray was born at Granton, Nova Scotia on 22 June 1896. His father, Simon Dickson Murray (1859–1936), was a mid-level manager in various enterprises, and managed the Acadia Coal Company's pier in Pictou Landing from 1903 to the early 1920s.[1] His mother was Jane Falconer (1868–1968)—a direct descendant of the Scottish immigrants who travelled to Pictou County aboard Hector in 1773. At 14 years of age, Murray left Pictou Academy to join the first intake of 21 recruits into the Royal Naval College of Canada in Halifax, which had just been created by the Naval Service Act of 4 May 1910.[2] Life for the recruits was difficult. In his own words:

Group picture of midshipmen at the Royal Naval College
Midshipmen at the Royal Naval College, Murray second from left

"The first winter at the naval college was absolute hell, we had no uniforms, we arrived in what we stood up in and had to send home for further clothing. A case of measles broke out very shortly and we were quarantined, and the only time we got out of the college was when we went to the skating rink to play hockey; and that was a great relief." – Admiral Murray.[3]

Immediately after graduating in January 1913,[4] Murray went to sea as a midshipman on the Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Berwick,[5] protecting British interests in the Mexican Revolution, and then in the armoured cruiser HMS Essex. This was a tense moment for Canada's fledgling navy: the Government of Robert Borden favoured a policy of providing ships and sailors to the British navy, but was blocked by the opposition led by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who advocated for Canada to have its own navy.

World War I

On 14 August 1914, immediately following the outbreak of World War I, Murray was assigned to the protected cruiser HMCS Niobe, the largest ship in the Royal Canadian Navy at that time.[6] Niobe mostly patrolled the coastal waters from New York to Newfoundland, and prevented 38 German merchant ships from leaving the neutral port of New York.[7] Four of Murray's Naval College classmates were sent to the Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Good Hope, and were killed off the coast of South America on 1 November 1914 at the Battle of Coronel—becoming the first Canadian-service casualties of World War I.[8]

After Niobe was decommissioned in July 1915, Murray was promoted to

patrol ship HMCS Margaret, before being transferred as sub-lieutenant to the protected cruiser HMCS Rainbow on Canada's West Coast. This provided Murray with valuable experience on Canada's Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and on three of Canada's six ships in the early years of World War I. He spent the last two years of World War I as Assistant Navigating Officer in the armoured cruiser HMS Leviathan, from January 1917 as lieutenant, where he helped plan troop convoys across the Atlantic that avoided the threat from German U-boats. This proved to be invaluable experience for the Battle of the Atlantic more than 20 years later.[10] Murray ended World War I in the North Sea aboard the battleship HMS Agincourt, and witnessed the surrender of the German fleet at Scapa Flow.[3]

Between the wars

After World War I, Murray served briefly in

Westmount, Quebec on 10 October 1921, Murray considered a civilian career—and in 1924 qualified as master of a foreign-going vessel. In the end, however, Murray decided to remain with the armed forces, and he joined many of his colleagues alternating between shore assignments as a training officer with the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve
, and serving aboard Royal Navy vessels.

Thus it was that, as a Canadian, Murray served on the

Master of the Fleet. Understandably, this provided Murray and his peers, including Percy W. Nelles, with a distinct anglophile and Royal Navy bias.[14][15] In January 1925, Murray was promoted to lieutenant-commander and spent two years at the Royal Canadian Navy's main training base at HMCS Stadacona in Halifax. He returned to the UK in 1927, for a tour aboard the battlecruiser HMS Tiger, and then he spent 1928 studying at the Royal Naval Staff College at Greenwich. During a simulation exercise at the college, Murray broke new ground by planning large convoys—convoys that were regarded by his peers at the time as "almost suicidal".[16] Upon return to Canada in January 1929, Murray was promoted to commander and became the senior naval officer at CFB Esquimalt on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In notes for a 1932 lecture to Royal Military College at Kingston, Ontario
, his continuing interest in the offensive merit of convoys over patrols is evident:

"The institution of a system of convoy requires a reorientation of the protective forces. Instead of patrolling the focal areas [where vessels congregate near ports or narrow passages], the group of ships forming the convoy is escorted by an armed escort capable of dealing with any possible scale of attack. This may mean that an increase in the protective force is necessary, but ... the protective force is more definite and concrete than in the patrolling method. In the convoy method ... it is not possible for an enemy to attack without laying herself open to attack and possible destruction"—Admiral Murray.[17]

Imperial Defence College in 1938, during which time he was promoted to captain. Upon graduation, and on the eve of World War II, Murray returned to Ottawa as a captain, and Director of Naval Operations and Training.[5]

World War II and the Battle of the Atlantic

1939–1942

Murray in formal navy uniform as a commodore circa 1941
Commodore Leonard W Murray. Photo taken c. 1941

At the outbreak of World War II, Murray was appointed Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. From this HQ position, he played a key role in the build-up of the Navy from a starting point of six destroyers,[20] to its eventual wartime strength of approximately 332 vessels. This effort included crossing Canada to recruit retired Royal Navy officers back into the Royal Canadian Navy, and advocating for the "small-ship anti-submarine" investment strategy that was eventually so successful.[21]

Murray was also central to negotiations with the US and the UK. In March 1940 he made a secret visit to the UK to negotiate the construction of destroyers in the UK for the Royal Canadian Navy,[5] and after returning to Canada he attended the first US-Canada Chiefs of Staff meetings leading up to the Ogdensburg Agreement.[5] From there, Murray became a founding member of the Permanent Joint Board on Defence (PJBD). It was while he was working for the PJBD that he renewed his friendship with Commander James "Chummy" Prentice, who was shortly thereafter assigned the position of Senior Officer, Canadian Corvettes under Murray. Both men would work closely together until the spring of 1944.[22]

Immediately after Ogdensburg, Murray traveled back to the UK, where he worked with the

Canadian High Commissioner Vincent Massey to negotiate the Destroyers-for-bases deal, under which 50 US destroyers were provided to the British (and eventually Canadian) navies, in exchange for American land rights to a number of UK naval bases in the Caribbean. In parallel, a 99-lease agreement was signed,[23] not contingent upon the supply of destroyers, providing the US with rights to establish naval bases in Bermuda and Newfoundland, which was at that time a British dominion.[24] Murray signed the agreement for Canada, along with Vincent Massey and Deputy High Commissioner Lester B. Pearson, on 2 September 1940,[25] before returning to Canada and being appointed commodore
.

In October 1940, Murray went back to sea briefly as Captain of HMCS Assiniboine and Commodore Commanding Halifax Force, effectively in command of the five Canadian warships that were dispatched to the UK in January 1941 to serve on convoy duty in UK coastal waters. While ashore for four months in the UK, Murray was given the unusual title of Commodore Commanding Canadian Ships and Establishments in the United Kingdom, and liaised closely with the Admiralty in the planning of an Atlantic strategy.[26]

Rear Admiral Murray presenting awards to crew members of HMCS St. Croix, which sank the German submarine U-90 on 24 July 1942
Rear Admiral Murray presenting awards to crew members of HMCS St. Croix, which sank the German submarine U-90 on 24 July 1942

On his return to Canada, and at the request of British Admiral Sir Dudley Pound,[27] on 13 June 1941 Murray was put in charge of the Newfoundland Escort Force based out of St John's. This was the most important operational mandate given to a Royal Canadian Navy officer until that point,[28] in full command of 6 Canadian destroyers, 7 British destroyers, and 21 corvettes, and with responsibility for convoy escort from New York out as far as the transfer point to UK escorts south of Iceland.

"Conditions were terrible that winter. Groups worked on a 35-day cycle which entailed 29 days away from St John’s, 27 days away from fresh bread, 25 days away from fresh meat, added to which at the northern end of their beat there was no sunlight to speak of in the winter. We had to revert to the old rations of Nelson’s time, barreled salt beef with lime juice or tomato juice to scare away scurvy"—Admiral Murray[29]

In August 1941, the US assumed command in the Western Atlantic, and the American Rear Admiral Arthur L. Bristol was appointed over Murray, who remained second in command until September 1942. In recognition of this increased role, and in order to retain an appropriate rank in relation to Bristol, Murray was appointed rear admiral on 2 December 1941.[5][30]

The Saint Pierre and Miquelon incident

Main article: Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Free French flag on the islands. This was interpreted as a territorial claim on behalf of General Charles de Gaulle, thereby creating a diplomatic incident between France, Canada and the United States. De Gaulle's seizure of the archipelago was over the opposition of Canada, United Kingdom, and United States, which were concerned about pushing the Vichy government into an openly pro-German stance.[31]

Murray was later asked to account for his role in this adventure—and he steadfastly claimed (as confirmed by Muselier) that he had no part in it.

Legion d'Honneur by the Government of France, for "eminent services rendered to the cause of Free France at the time of the rallying of the inhabitants of St Pierre and Miquelon".[33]

1942–1945

Plaque showing the location of Murray's wartime headquarters in Halifax
Plaque at the location of Admiral Murray's Operational HQs in Halifax[34]

The Newfoundland Escort Force was reorganized in February 1942 as the

Mid-Ocean Escort Force. On 9 September 1942, Murray was appointed to Commanding Officer Atlantic Coast, with his Headquarters in Halifax, and given effective command over 322 armed ships. As a direct result of the Atlantic Convoy Conference of 1–12 March 1943, where it was agreed that the United States Navy would concentrate on the South Atlantic leaving Canada and the UK to cover the North Atlantic,[35][36] on 1 April 1943 Murray was made Commander-in-Chief Canadian Northwest Atlantic, thereby becoming the only Canadian to command an Allied theatre of operations during World War II.[37] Still headquartered in Halifax, Murray commanded all Allied air and naval forces involved in convoy protection between Canada and a point south of Greenland, until the end of the war in Europe in 1945.[5]

About forty ships spread out on the open sea in convoy formation
Atlantic convoy in 1942

"In order to encourage the captains of the merchant ships of all countries which carry the lifeblood of the U.K., I made it a point to attend the briefing conference of all captains and chief engineers before their departure. During the winter of '42–'43, when sinkings were at their worst, I could see when I told them of the measures by escort and air cover that were being taken for their protection and safety; I could see that they knew very well and that they knew I knew in spite of my brave words, that anything up to 25 percent of them would probably not arrive in the U.K. in their own ships, and that probably half of that number would not arrive in the U.K. at all. But there was never a waver in their resolve"—Admiral Murray.[38]

A personal highlight of this period occurred on 14 September 1943, when Murray gave an impromptu guided tour of Halifax to the British Prime Minister

Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1944.[41]

As the Allies gained the upper hand in the Battle of the Atlantic throughout 1943 and 1944, attacks on convoys diminished and the amount of escort cover was reduced, but the hard work of planning and organizing convoys never ceased. By May 1944, British participation in convoy escorts was withdrawn entirely,[42] and Canada was left with sole responsibility until September 1944. Murray's moment of singular pride came in this period, when the largest convoy of World War II, HX 300 sailed for the UK via New York on 17 July 1944, with 167 merchant ships in 19 columns. This huge convoy arrived in the UK, without incident, on 3 August 1944.[43]

VE Day and early retirement

Main article:
Halifax Riot

Admiral Murray was controversially blamed for allowing sailors shore leave in Halifax on

Royal Commission into the disorders. On 12 May, Murray was abruptly removed from his command, and he was replaced by Vice Admiral George Jones, who had been Murray's career-long rival since they were students in the first cohort of the Royal Naval College of Canada in 1911.[45] The next day, a separate Naval Board of Inquiry under Rear Admiral Victor Brodeur was appointed to investigate naval participation in the disorders. The Kellock Commission placed considerable blame upon the Navy, and on Murray himself, for not having exercised better control over the sailors' celebrations ashore.[46] The Naval Inquiry's findings were more balanced, finding that the riot was caused by several factors, including a failure in the naval command.[47] Murray himself felt that responsibility lay mainly with the civil authorities of Halifax,[32] and he was frustrated that the Kellock Commission effectively placed the Navy on trial without providing him or his officers with an opportunity to defend themselves. He asked for a court martial to clear his name,[48]
but this was not agreed. The Government made an attempt to leave the Admiral with his honour intact:

"It would be a regrettable thing if, resultant upon the Halifax disturbances, the truly great services of this officer and those under his command were to be forgotten by the people of Canada."—Canadian Government press release[49]

However, Murray was never assigned another command. He received a letter on 6 September 1945 informing him that "the recent developments which have taken place in relation to the state of the war have materially changed the situation of the Armed Forces. As a result, there is no suitable appointment in which, having regard to your rank, you can be employed."[50] Murray later said that, rather than fight the decision, "I thought it best to withdraw quietly. For the good of the service, I went into voluntary exile."[51] Murray left Canada for the United Kingdom in September 1945, and officially retired from the Navy on 14 March 1946.[5]

Later years

Plaque in St Paul's Church Halifax, showing where Murray's ashes were placed alongside four other admirals
Ashes of Leonard Warren Murray Plaque, St. Paul's Church (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

Murray initially settled in East Grinstead, Sussex. He remained active in his retirement, qualifying as a lawyer at the Middle Temple on 17 November 1949,[52] and, with his specialty in maritime law, he represented the British government at the 1950 enquiry into the accidental sinking of SS Hopestar.[53]

Murray with full medals after he retired
Rear Admiral (ret.) Murray in his retirement years, approximately 1965

He was a member of the West Hoathly Parish Council, and served as Vice-Chair of the Cuckfield Rural Council as well as on school boards. His love of the sea was kept alive by keen membership in the Bar Yacht Club where he was Racing Captain for ten years, and he also played a leadership role with the Sea Scouts, as well as serving as President of the West Hoathly Royal British Legion. Murray stopped practising law in 1960 to care for his ailing wife, who died in 1962. Following a chance meeting on a Greek cruise, Murray remarried on 23 August 1963, to a Russian exile and ophthalmic surgeon Antonina Schcheyteenin.[54]

He dabbled in British politics, becoming a member of the

stained-glass window in the chapel at CFB Halifax, and took the salute in the 25th-anniversary celebrations of the Battle of the Atlantic in Halifax.[57][58]

Murray died peacefully in Buxton on 25 November 1971. He was survived by his second wife, and two sons from his first marriage, who both served as officers in the Royal Navy. His ashes were placed in

St Paul's Church in Halifax on 17 September 1972, and his second wife's ashes were placed there alongside his on 10 July 2015.[citation needed
]

Legacy

The heritage building named after Murray in the Halifax navy base
Murray Building at CFB Halifax
Plaque at the site of the Murray memorial in Pictou Landing, Nova Scotia
Admiral Murray memorial at Pictou Landing, Nova Scotia

He continued to be recognised in the Royal Canadian Navy, where the Admiral L.W. Murray Trophy for Gunnery Proficiency was awarded annually at least until the early 1970s. Since Murray's death, a number of commemorative steps have been taken, including the ceremonial naming in his honour of the Canadian Naval Operations School (CFNOS) building at CFB Halifax on 6 September 1985.[59] A collection of his medals and related naval artifacts are displayed in the Murray Building in Halifax,[60] and he is featured in standing exhibitions on the Battle of the Atlantic at the Juno Beach Centre and the Canadian War Museum, as well as highlighted on the official website of the Canadian Armed Forces.[61] A statue of Murray was unveiled at the Battle of the Atlantic ceremonies in Ottawa in 2013.[62]

On the civilian side, a Maritimes Branch of the Royal Canadian Naval Association was named after Admiral Murray, as well as the New Glasgow Branch of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps (disbanded in 2020). Admiral Murray was designated a National Historic Person in 1977,[63] and on 26 July 1980 was commemorated with a Parks Canada plaque in Pictou Landing, where he grew up.[64]

Another memorial was placed in his honour in Pictou on 14 October 2004.

World of Warships: Legends.[67]

Quote

"Except for the few months at sea in Assiniboine, my war work was a solid slog, mostly at a desk, averaging 15 hours a day with frequently a full 24. My job was to obtain the greatest possible result from relatively inexperienced personnel. There was little opportunity for anyone to step on another’s toes. They were spread too thinly and there was a more responsible job for each as soon as he felt confident of his ability to take it on. In the autumn of 1941 young volunteer reserve officers who had never seen salt water before the war took command of corvettes manned by 88 men—the number of white and black keys on a piano and each with his own peculiar note—and took their full part in the Battle of the Atlantic. Experience had taught me this: to find out what you’re capable of, it is only necessary to get a chance to do it—and someone else must have enough confidence in you to provide that chance. In my dealings with the young RCNVR captains I did my best to give them the opportunity to find their own feet and they did it. Once having tasted success they never looked back. What a blessing that we had bright young people to accept this kind of responsibility"—Admiral Murray.[68]

Awards and decorations

The arrangement of medals replicated from his uniform, which is held in the collections of the Canadian War Museum.[69][70]

Medal Ribbon of the Order of the Bath





Ribbon Description Notes
Medal Ribbon of the Order of the Bath Order of the Bath (CB)
  • Appointed Companion of the Order on 8 June 1944 (Citation)[71]
Order of the British Empire (CBE)
  • Military
  • Appointed Commander on 2 June 1943 (Citation)[72]
1914–15 Star
  • Decoration awarded on 31 December 1921[70]
British War Medal
  • 1914–1918, WWI Decoration award date unknown[70]
Victory Medal
  • 1914–1918, WWI Decoration award date unknown[70]
Defence Medal (United Kingdom)
  • Decoration awarded 10 February 1950[70]
WWII War Medal 1939–1945
  • Decoration awarded 10 February 1950[70]
Canadian Volunteer Service Medal
  • with Overseas Service bar Decoration awarded 10 February 1950 [70]
King George VI Coronation Medal
  • Decoration awarded on 12 May 1937[70]
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
  • Decoration awarded on 6 May 1935[70]
Legion of Honour
  • Decoration awarded on 7 November 1945[70]
  • Commander level
  • France France award
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 with palm
  • Decoration awarded on 7 November 1945 (Citation) [73]
  • France France award
Legion of Merit
  • Decoration awarded on 6 May 1946 (Citation)[74]
  • Commander level
  • United States United States award
King Haakon VII Freedom Cross
  • Decoration awarded in 1948 (Citation)[75]
  • Norway Norway award

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Cameron, pp. 10–13
  2. ^ Tucker p. 140
  3. ^ a b Taped interview with Murray at National Defence HQ in May 1970, transcribed in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207.
  4. ^ Original graduation certificate in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Naval Personnel records of Leonard Murray in Library and Archives Canada AE42-14-29 and 60-M-11 Vol 3.
  6. ^ "Canadian Navy List for November 1914" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  7. ^ Ronald p. 57
  8. ^ Tucker, p. 221
  9. ^ "Canadian Navy List for April 1916" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  10. ^ Personal correspondence between Murray and Lt Commander (USN) Robert Born, 18 November 1969
  11. ^ Although this does not appear in his RCN service record, the Murray papers at LAC contain his navigation notes from a voyage in late 1919, and a period of service from 31 October to 1 December 1919 is quoted in a letter of 1924 applying for a civilian Master's license. According to his RCN service record, Murray was assigned to HMS Hercules from 1 April 1919 to 30 June 1919, to HMS Calcutta from 1 July 1919 to 15 September 1919, and to HMS Crescent from 16 September 1919 to 1 December 1919
  12. ^ By 1922 the RCN was reduced to 366 men and two destroyers, see Schull p. 7
  13. ^ Cameron, p. 34.
  14. ^ Glover, pp. 82–83
  15. ^ Close ties to the Royal Navy were important for gaining the trust that, eventually, persuaded the UK to hand over convoy responsibility to Canada, and ultimately to Murray. See German, p. 90
  16. ^ Edwards, p. 168.
  17. ^ Lecture notes from 1932, in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207.
  18. ^ Murray's Standing Orders and navigation records for this command are held in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207.
  19. ^ The orders and arrangements for the Coronation Fleet review are in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207.
  20. ^ Sarty, p. 166
  21. ^ Lund (1982), p. 140
  22. ^ Milner, p. 104
  23. ^ "The Anglo-American Leased Bases Agreement". Government of Newfoundland and Labroador. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  24. ^ On the basis of this agreement, the US established Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland, which remained a US naval base until 1994.
  25. ^ Cameron, p. 60.
  26. ^ Cameron, pp. 61–62
  27. ^ Lund (2001), p. 299
  28. ^ German, p. 92
  29. ^ Notes prepared by Murray for CBC interview in 1967, Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207.
  30. ^ Ronald, p. 38
  31. ^ Cameron, p. 72
  32. ^ a b c Personal correspondence in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207
  33. ^ Cameron, p. 75
  34. ^ "Halifax Military Heritage Preservation Society". Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  35. ^ "Administrative History of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet in World War II – Commander Task Force Twenty-Four". Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  36. ^ Barnett, pp. 9–10
  37. ^ "Rear-Admiral Leonard Murray one of Canada's most important wartime commanders". 10 November 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  38. ^ "The Merchant Navy of Canada". Juno Beach Centre. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  39. ^ Full account of the Renown's voyage to the UK and of the arrangements for Churchill and family are found in a telex in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207.
  40. ^ "No. 36034". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 May 1943. p. 2478.
  41. ^ "No. 36545". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1944. p. 2653.
  42. ^ Douglas, p. 184.
  43. ^ "Item details ADM 199/2192/25—Convoy Lists—Convoy number HXS300 from Halifax (later New York) to UK" (includes list of all cargo-carrying vessels in the convoy). The Catalogue. The National Archives. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  44. ^ Redman, Stanley R., pp. 10, 37, 167
  45. ^ Mayne, pp. 130–131
  46. ^ "Report of the Kellock Commission" (PDF). Library and Archives of Canada. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  47. ^ Board of Enquiry held in HMCS Stadacona 15–21 May 1945 to investigate the circumstances leading up to Naval Participation in the Recent Disorders in Halifax and the extent and nature of any breaches of discipline by Naval Personnel, 21 May 1945, Canadian National Archives reference RG24 vol. 11208
  48. ^ Letter of 29 May 1945 to Vice Admiral Jones, Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207
  49. ^ Department of National Defence Press Release, 18 August 1945
  50. ^ Letter of 6 September 1945 from the Secretary of the Navy Board, in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207
  51. ^ Ronald, p. 58
  52. ^ Original documentation in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207
  53. ^ Copy of the full legal brief is in Library and Archives of Canada, Admiral Murray papers, Collection MG30 E207
  54. ISBN 0-7618-3791-4
  55. ^ Cameron, p. 300.
  56. ^ The Maritime Command of the Canadian Armed Forces was renamed back to the Royal Canadian Navy on 16 August 2011
  57. ^ Cameron, p. 294
  58. ^ Ronald, p. 58
  59. ^ "The Murray Building". Parks Canada. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  60. ^ "The Maple Leaf" (PDF). Department of National Defence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  61. ^ "Canadian Naval Heroes". 10 November 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  62. ^ "Murray Statue". Government of Canada. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  63. ^ "Murray Designation". Parks Canada. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  64. ^ "Murray Memorial". Nova Scotia History Digital Preservation Initiative. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  65. ^ "Murray Memorial". Guide to New Scotland memorials. Retrieved 12 August 2009. This memorial was temporarily removed and placed in storage in 2020, as the road was being widened
  66. ^ "Decisions of Halifax Regional Council". Halifax Regional Council. 16 July 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  67. ^ "Leonard Murray". World of Warships: Legends. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  68. ^ "Admiral L.W. Murray". Juno Beach Centre. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  69. ^ "Uniform of Admiral L. W. Murray". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Royal Canadian Navy service records of Leonard Murray, obtained through access to information from Canada's Department of National Defence in 2014
  71. ^ Citation gazetted on 6 June 1944: "For outstanding service as Commander in Chief of the Northwestern Atlantic"
  72. ^ Citation gazetted on 2 June 1943: "For outstanding services in connection with the Royal Canadian Navy's contribution to the waging of the Battle of the Atlantic. This officer, who is now Commander in Chief, Canadian North West Atlantic, was the first Flag Officer Commanding Newfoundland Force, and, as such, under conditions of the most difficult nature, organised and operated the first purely Canadian Escort Forces with a marked degree of efficiency. During a long period, when the endurance and patience of personnel under his command were being tried to the limit, his quiet, imperturbable manner continuously inspired the greatest confidence, and was a great factor in maintaining morale"
  73. ^ "Pour reconnaître les éminents services rendus à la cause de la France libre au moment du ralliement de St. Pierre et Miquelon"
  74. ^ "For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States ... Thoroughly understanding the many complex problems involved, Rear Admiral Murray vigorously and efficiently executed the order of Task Force Commander, valiantly escorting Atlantic shipping and assuring the safe delivery of munitions of war vitally needed in the European Theatre. His consummate skill and expert professional ability aided materially in the successful prosecution of the war."
  75. ^ "Bestowed by His Majesty, King Haakon of Norway."

References

External links

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