Leonard Wood
Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a
Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, Wood became an army surgeon after earning a Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School. He received the Medal of Honor for his role in the Apache Wars and became the personal physician to the President of the United States. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment. Wood was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the war and fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill and other engagements. After the war, Wood served as the Military Governor of Cuba, where he instituted improvements to medical and sanitary conditions. President William Howard Taft made Wood the Army Chief of Staff in 1910, and Wood held that position until 1914. Several Republican leaders supported Wood for the role of commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, but the Woodrow Wilson administration selected John J. Pershing.
After Roosevelt's death in 1919, many of Roosevelt's former supporters backed Wood for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Republican National Convention. Wood received the most votes on the first four ballots of the convention, but the Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding. Wood retired from the army in 1921 and was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines later that year. He held that position until his death in 1927.
Biographer Jack Lane sums up his importance:
Wood played a significant role in shaping many of the United States's major developments in the early twentieth century: progressivism, expansionism and colonialism, military reform, preparedness and American intervention in World War I, and the election of 1920. He was particularly representative of an era that valued moral and physical strength. Although admired by his generation for his honesty, forthrightness, and his intense and vigorous approach to life, he fell short of greatness.[1]
Early life and education
Wood was born in
Wood was raised in Pocasset, Massachusetts, and educated by a private tutor, then attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts.[8] Wood tried unsuccessfully for an appointment to the United States Naval Academy and considered going to sea on an Arctic expedition or as a commercial fisherman.[9] In 1880, his sister Barbara died, followed soon after by the death of his father.[10] Wood's mother was able to support herself and Wood's brother Jacob by taking in boarders, while Wood moved away to further his education and obtain a profession.[8] With the assistance of a relative, Wood was introduced to wealthy businessman H. H. Hunnewell, a philanthropist who had provided college tuition for other promising young men.[8] Hunnewell agreed to fund Wood's education at Harvard Medical School, and Wood began attending courses in October 1880.[11] According to Hunnewell, who considered his financial support to young men attending college loans and not grants, but did not attempt to obtain repayment, Wood was the only beneficiary who ever paid him back.[8][12] Wood worked diligently and consistently improved his class standing to the point where he earned a scholarship that provided additional financial support for his studies.[13]
In 1884, Wood received his
Early military career
In June 1885, Wood was contracted by the U.S. Army to act as an assistant surgeon without rank, and he was posted to the
Medal of Honor action
In 1898, Wood received the
Citation for Medal of Honor
The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in the Summer of 1886, in action in the Apache Campaigns in Arizona Territory. Assistant Surgeon Wood voluntarily carried dispatches through a region infested with hostile Indians, making a journey of 70 miles in one night and walking 30 miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close pursuit of Geronimo's band and constantly expecting an encounter, commanded a detachment of Infantry, which was then without an officer, and to the command of which he was assigned upon his own request.
Awarded for Actions During: Indian Campaigns Service: Army Unit: 4th U.S. Cavalry Date of Issue: April 8, 1898[24][a]
In late July 1886, Wood's appointment was confirmed and he received his commission as a first lieutenant.[19] In February 1887, he was appointed acting captain and temporary medical director of the Department of Arizona during the illness of his superior.[32][33] At the end of 1887, Wood's medical duties took him to Fort Lowell, Arizona Territory, followed by duty at Fort Selden, Fort Stanton, and Fort Wingate, New Mexico.[34] In 1888, Wood was assigned to surgeon's duties at Fort McDowell, Arizona.[35] In 1889, Wood was reassigned to the Presidio of San Francisco.[36]
Wood was promoted to captain in 1891.[23]: 29 In 1892, he was part of a contingent of Presidio soldiers that traveled to Benicia Barracks to assist units of the California National Guard during the conduct of their annual training encampment.[37]
Georgia Tech football
While stationed at
Spanish–American War
Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898.[40] During his White House service, Wood developed a friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy.[40] At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders.[40] Wood successfully commanded the regiment during the June 24, 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas.[41] When the brigade commander, Samuel B. M. Young, became ill, Wood received a field promotion to brigadier general of volunteers.[42] He assumed command of 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Fifth Army Corps (which included the Rough Riders) and led the brigade to a famous July 1, 1898, victory at Kettle Hill and San Juan Heights.[42]
After San Juan Heights, Wood led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade for the rest of the war.
Philippines
Wood visited several European countries in 1902.
Wood received criticism for his command of U.S. Marines during the First Battle of Bud Dajo in March 1906, during which hundreds of women and children were killed.[43][50] Though Wood did not directly command the assault, he took full responsibility for the resulting massacre, claiming that the high civilian casualties were the result of Moro men using women and children as human shields, as well as some Moro women dressing as men to join the fight.[51] At Wood's instigation, Governor-General Henry Clay Ide reported that the women and children killed were the result of collateral damage from artillery fire, but that there had been no massacre.[52] Some of Wood's critics accused him of being a "glory hound" for ordering Marines to storm the dormant volcano crater where the battle took place instead of besieging the Moro encampment.[50][53][54]
Due to the backlash over Bud Dajo, Wood resigned as governor of Moro Province in April 1906 and was succeeded by brigadier general Tasker H. Bliss.[55] He returned to the United States in 1908 and was assigned to command the Department of the East, with headquarters in New York City.[56] He remained in this post until 1910, when he was appointed Army Chief of Staff.[57]
Army Chief of Staff
Wood was named Army Chief of Staff in 1910 by President William Howard Taft, whom he had met while both were in the Philippines; he is the only medical officer to have held the position.[58] As Chief of Staff, Wood implemented several programs, among which were the forerunner of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program, and the Preparedness Movement, a campaign for universal military training and wartime conscription.[59] The Preparedness Movement led to implementation of the Selective Service System shortly before World War I.[59] As chief of staff, Wood reorganized the general staff into three divisions – Mobile Army, Coast Artillery, and War College – each headed by an assistant chief of staff.[60] The three divisions he created did not last, but the overall result of his reorganization was the recognition that decentralization, which continued under his successors, enabled streamlined planning and decision making, which facilitated operations and training as the army began to prepare for U.S. entry into the war.[60]
Commander of Army Eastern Department
In 1914, Wood completed his term as chief of staff and was succeeded by William Wallace Wotherspoon.[61] As commander of the army's Eastern Department for the second time, Wood was a strong advocate of the Preparedness Movement, led by Republicans, which alienated him from President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat who pursued an isolationist and pacifist foreign policy.[62] Wood made speeches and wrote articles to advocate preparedness and in 1915 a collection of these works were published as a pro-preparedness book, The Military Obligation of Citizenship.[63] In 1916 he was elected as an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.[64] He served as a member of Harvard University's board of overseers from 1917 to 1923.[14]
World War I
With American entry into World War I looming in early 1917, the most likely choice to lead American forces in France was Major General Frederick Funston.[65] Funston died of a heart attack in February, leaving President Woodrow Wilson to choose from among the army's six other major generals.[65] Wood was recommended by several prominent Republicans, including Henry Cabot Lodge.[65] Despite this support, when the U.S. entered the war in April, Wood's prior criticism of the Wilson administration led Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to recommend John J. Pershing, the most junior of the serving major generals and a Republican, but one who had been less vocal than Wood.[65]
During the war Wood was relegated to stateside roles, including command of the Southern Department in 1917.[48] He then commanded the 89th and 10th Divisions, which he organized and trained at Camp Funston, Kansas.[31]: 371 While on an inspection tour of the Western Front in January 1918, Wood was slightly injured by shrapnel from a US mortar round that exploded during a test.[31]: 371 Wood was preparing to travel to France with the 89th Division in May 1918 when he was relieved by Wilson.[66] He was disappointed at being continued in stateside service, but effectively organized and trained the 10th Division.[66] During most of the war, Wood's aide-de-camp was John C. H. Lee, who attained the rank of lieutenant general during World War II.[58]
Wood received the
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General Leonard Wood, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As a Department, Division, and Camp Commander during the war, General Wood has displayed qualities of leadership and professional attainments of a high order in the administration and training of his various commands, and has furthered in every way during the war the system of officers' training schools.[68]
After the war, Wood was appointed to command the Sixth Corps Area, which he led from 1919 to 1921.[48]
1920 presidential campaign
After having considered a presidential candidacy in 1916,
Governor-General of the Philippines
Wood retired from the U.S. Army in 1921, after which he was chosen to serve as provost of the
His tenure in the Philippines was characterized by marked tension between him and key Filipino officials.[72] In his first year, Wood vetoed 16 measures passed by the Philippine Legislature, an act denounced by critics as a "misuse of the veto power" when they noted that his predecessor, Francis Burton Harrison, had vetoed only five measures during his entire seven and a half year governorship.[73]
The tension between Wood and Filipino members of the government became more heightened in 1923, precipitated by Wood's actions with respect to Ray Conley, a Manila Police detective who was accused of immorality and misconduct in office.[72] Interior Secretary Jose P. Laurel sought Conley's removal but Wood ordered Laurel to reinstate him.[72] Laurel then tendered his resignation.[74] The Filipino members of the Wood cabinet, including the entire Council of State, tendered their resignations to protest Wood's actions.[72] These events, the "Cabinet Crisis of 1923", strained relations between the U.S. colonial government under Wood and Filipino leaders, which lasted until his death in 1927.[72]
Death and burial
Wood was diagnosed in 1910 with a benign meningioma, which was successfully resected by Harvey Cushing.[75] He made a full recovery, but the tumor later recurred.[75] Wood died in Boston on August 7, 1927, during surgery on the brain tumor.[31]: 371 He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 21, Grave S-10.[76][77]
The successful removal of Wood's first brain tumor represented an important milestone, indicating to the public the advances that had been made in the nascent field of neurosurgery and extending Wood's life by almost two decades.[78] His brain is held at the Yale University School of Medicine as part of an historic collection of Harvey Cushing's patients' preserved brains.[75]
Family
Wood was serving in Monterey, California, in 1888 when he met Louise Adriana Condit Smith (1869–1943), who was vacationing with her uncle and legal guardian, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field.[79] They married in Washington, DC on November 18, 1890, with the entire Supreme Court in attendance.[80][81]
The Woods had three children:[82]
- Leonard Wood Jr. (1892–1931) was a Cornell University graduate who attained the rank of captain while serving in the Army during World War I, but was plagued by financial difficulties and ill health afterwards.[83]
- Osborne Cutler Wood (1897–1950) left Harvard University to serve in World War I, and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel after the war.[84] After leaving the Army he relocated to New Mexico, where he was commissioned as a brigadier general and appointed as adjutant general of the New Mexico National Guard.[84]
- Louise Barbara Wood (1900–1960) served with Anne Morgan's American Friends in France relief organization during World War I.[85] Louise Wood took an interest in preserving her father's legacy.[86] In 1952, she attended the opening of a park in Cuba which included a plaque commemorating her father's Spanish-American War service and the shack in which Walter Reed conducted the research that proved mosquitoes are the cause of malaria.[86]
Legacy
In 1925, Dorothy Wade, wife of the head doctor at the Culion leper colony, and fundraiser Perry Burgess created a charitable committee that after Wood's death became the Leonard Wood Memorial for the Eradication of Leprosy.[87] The Wood Memorial supported leper colonies in Culion and Cebu, held the first international conference on leprosy in Manila in 1931, and helped support the International Leprosy Foundation.[87] A statue of Wood was erected at Culion in 1931.[88]
In January 1941, the newly constructed
One of the U.S. Navy's World War II-era Harris-class attack transports, USS Leonard Wood (APA-12), was named for Wood.[91]
Numerous streets are named after Wood, including roads in Baguio and Zamboanga City, Philippines.[70] An elementary school in Mandaue, Philippines (inside the Eversley Childs Sanitarium compound) was also named after him.[92] There are streets named for Wood at current and former military posts, including Fort Meade, Maryland and Sheridan Reserve Center (formerly Fort Sheridan), Illinois.[93][94]
Wood was a
In popular culture
- Lee Philips was cast as Lieutenant Wood in the 1960 episode, "The White Healer," of the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days.[96]
- Wood is portrayed by Dale Dye in the 1997 Rough Riders miniseries.[97]
- In 2018, the Manila Bulletin reported on Mark Twain's unfavorable depiction of Wood for his role in the massacre known as the First Battle of Bud Dajo in 1906.[98]
Honors
Honorary degrees
Wood received honorary degrees from many institutions of higher learning, including:[14][99]
- Harvard University (Doctor of Laws, LL.D., 1899)
- Williams College (LL.D., 1902)
- University of Pennsylvania (LL.D., 1903)
- Pennsylvania Military College (Doctor of Military Science, 1913)
- Norwich University (Master of Military Science, 1916)[100]
- Princeton University (LL.D., 1916)
- University of Georgia (LL.D., 1917)
- University of the South (Doctor of Civil Law, 1917)
- University of Michigan (LL.D., 1918)
- Union College (LL.D., 1919)
- George Washington University (LL.D., 1919)
- Wesleyan University (LL.D., 1919)
- Lincoln Memorial University (LL.D., 1919)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Doctor of Science, 1920)
- University of the Philippines (LL.D., 1922)
Civilian awards
Wood received the Theodore Roosevelt Association's Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal in 1923.[99]
Military decorations and medals
- Medal of Honor[99]
- Distinguished Service Medal[67][99]
- Indian Campaign Medal[61]
- Spanish Campaign Medal[b]
- Army of Cuban Occupation Medal (first recipient)[102]
- Philippine Campaign Medal[c]
- World War I Victory Medal[d]
- Grand Officer of the
- Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)[67][99]
- Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)[67][99]
- Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain (China)[67][99]
Dates of rank
Insignia | Rank | Date | Component |
---|---|---|---|
Assistant surgeon |
5 January 1886 | Regular Army | |
Surgeon | 5 January 1891 | Regular Army | |
Colonel | 8 May 1898 | Volunteers | |
Brigadier general | 8 July 1898 | Volunteers | |
Major general | 7 December 1898 | Volunteers | |
Brigadier general | 13 April 1899 | Volunteers | |
Major general |
5 December 1899 | Volunteers | |
Brigadier general |
1 June 1901 | Regular Army | |
Major general | 8 August 1903 | Regular Army | |
Major general | October 15, 1921 | Retired list |
Head coaching record
Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Georgia Tech (Independent) (1893) | |||||||||
1893 | Georgia Tech | 2–1–1 | |||||||
Georgia Tech: | 2–1–1 | ||||||||
Total: | 2–1–1 |
See also
- Adventurers' Club of New York
- List of Medal of Honor recipients
- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
- List of members of the American Legion
- List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s)—19 April 1926
Notes
- Medal of Honor Legion and other interested parties that advocated revoking many Medals of Honor they believed had been improperly awarded.[26]Wood was eligible based on records showing that when he received his commission as a first lieutenant on July 27, 1886,Adjutant General of the Army opinion that civilians were ineligible and at the time of his cited action, Wood was a civilian, so his award was not lawful.[28] The Judge Advocate General of the Army had also previously ruled that "a medal of honor could not legally . . . be awarded to a person for alleged distinguished service rendered while serving in the field as an acting assistant surgeon."[28][29] In addition, Wood had received his award for distinguished service under arduous conditions, but not heroism while in actual combat, which was a requirement for eligibility.[30]A panel headed by Nelson Miles, who had originally recommended Wood for the Medal of Honor, reviewed the disputed awards, including Wood's.[28] In keeping with the Adjutant General and Judge Advocate General opinions, Wood's Medal of Honor could have been rescinded, as the Miles board did for 911 others, including Dr. Mary Edwards Walker and "Buffalo Bill" Cody.[31] Instead, the panel recommended that Wood retain his award, which one historian has called a "a clear conflict of interest" on Miles' part.[28]
- ^ The Spanish Campaign Medal was awarded to military members who served in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines between May 11 and August 16, 1898.[101] Wood was eligible for his service in Cuba during the summer of 1898, including July's Battle of San Juan Hill.
- ^ The Philippine Campaign Medal was awarded for qualifying service between February 4, 1899 and December 31, 1913.[103] Wood was eligible for his service in the Philippines between 1903 and 1908.
- ^ The World War I Victory Medal was awarded for qualifying service between April 6, 1917, and April 1, 1920.[104] Wood was eligible for his Army service in that period, including command of two divisions during their organization and training and an inspection tour of the Western Front in 1918.
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Bibliography
- Eisenhower, John S.D.(2014). Teddy Roosevelt and Leonard Wood: Partners in Command. University of Missouri Press.
- Hagedorn, Hermann (1931). Leonard Wood: A Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 495.
- Lane, Jack C. (2009). Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2658-6.
- Pruitt, James Herman II (2011). Leonard Wood and the American Empire (PDF). PhD dissertation Texas A&M University.
- McCallum, Jack (2006). Leonard Wood: Rough Rider, Surgeon, Architect of American Imperialism. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5699-7 – via Google Books.
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Additional sources
- Bacevich, A. J. Diplomat in Khaki: Major General Frank Ross McCoy and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1949 (1989), biography of Wood's principal aide.