Leonidas Polk
Leonidas Polk | |
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Commands held | First Corps, Army of Tennessee Army of Mississippi Third Corps, Army of Tennessee |
Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Signature |
The Right Reverend Leonidas Polk D.D. | |
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Bishop of Louisiana | |
Church | Episcopal Church |
Diocese | Louisiana |
Elected | October 16, 1841 |
In office | 1841–1864 |
Successor | Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer |
Orders | |
Ordination | May 22, 1831 by Richard Channing Moore |
Consecration | December 8, 1838 by William Meade |
Polk was one of the war's more notable, yet controversial,
Early life and education
Leonidas Polk was born in
Polk briefly attended the
Polk resigned his commission on December 1, 1827, to enter the Virginia Theological Seminary. He became an assistant to Bishop Richard Channing Moore at Monumental Church in Richmond, Virginia. Moore agreed to ordain Polk as a deacon in April 1830; however, on a visit to Raleigh in March, it was discovered that he had never been confirmed as an Episcopalian. To remedy the fact, before his ordination, he was hastily confirmed at St. John's Episcopal Church in Fayetteville, NC. He was then ordained a deacon as planned and a priest the following year.[1] On May 6, 1830, Polk married Frances Ann Devereux, daughter of John Devereux and Frances Pollock; her mother was the granddaughter of Puritan theologian Jonathan Edwards. The Polks had eight children who survived to adulthood.[3]
In 1832, Polk moved his family to the vast Polk
Polk was the leading founder of the
American Civil War
Kentucky
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Polk pulled the Louisiana Convention out of the
During this period, Polk argued about strategy with his subordinate,
Army of Mississippi
Besides being a basically incompetent general, Polk had the added fault of hating to take orders.
Steven E. Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals[13]
In April 1862, Polk commanded the First Corps of Albert Sidney Johnston's Army of Mississippi at the Battle of Shiloh. He continued in that role for much of the year under Beauregard, who assumed command following the death of Johnston at Shiloh and then under Gen. Braxton Bragg. At various times his command was considered a corps and, at other times, the "Right Wing" of the army. In the fall, during the invasion of Kentucky by Bragg and Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, Polk was in temporary command of the Army of Mississippi while Bragg visited Frankfort to preside over the inauguration of a Confederate governor for the state. Polk disregarded an order from Bragg to attack the flank of the pursuing U.S. army near Frankfort.[14]
Bragg thoroughly despised ... the genial but pompous and often incompetent Bishop Polk. Bragg considered Polk "an old woman, utterly worthless", especially at disciplining men. Unfortunately for Bragg and for the Confederacy as a whole, Polk remained a great favorite of Jefferson Davis despite carefully couched hints from Bragg, which protected the irritatingly self-righteous Polk from the increasingly sycophantic Bragg and made his appointment to wing command a political necessity.
Kenneth W. Noe, Perryville[15]
At the Battle of Perryville, Polk's right wing constituted the main attacking force against Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio, but Polk was reluctant to attack the small portion of Buell's army that faced him until Bragg arrived at the battlefield. One enduring legend of the Civil War is when Polk observed his subordinate, Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham, advancing his division, and Cheatham allegedly shouted, "Give 'em hell, boys!" Polk seconded the cheer while retaining the sensibility of a clergyman: "Give it to 'em, boys; give 'em what General Cheatham says!"[16]
Army of Tennessee
After Perryville, Polk began a year-long campaign to get Bragg relieved of command, hoping to use his close relationship with President Davis to accomplish his goal.
Polk fought under Bragg at the
Rosecrans eventually maneuvered Bragg out of Chattanooga, and the Army of Tennessee withdrew into the mountains of northwestern Georgia with the Army of the Cumberland in hot pursuit. Bragg planned to attack and destroy at least one of Rosecrans's corps, advancing separately over mountainous roads. He was infuriated when Polk's division under Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman failed to attack an isolated U.S. Army corps at Davis's Cross Roads as ordered on September 11. Two days later, Polk disregarded orders from Bragg to attack another isolated corps, the second failed opportunity. At the Battle of Chickamauga, Polk was given command of the Right Wing and the responsibility for initiating the attack on the second day of battle (September 20). He failed to inform his subordinates of the plan, and his wing was late in attacking, allowing the U.S. defenders time to complete their field fortifications. Bragg wrote after the war that if it were not for the loss of these hours, "our independence might have been won."[21]
Chickamauga was a great tactical victory for Bragg. Still, instead of pursuing and destroying the U.S. army as it retreated, he laid siege to it in Chattanooga, concentrating his effort against the enemies inside his army instead of his enemies from the North. Bragg demanded an explanation from Polk on his failure to attack in time on September 20, and Polk placed the blame entirely on one of his subordinates, Maj. Gen.
Mississippi
President Davis transferred his friend Polk to command the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana (December 23, 1863 – January 28, 1864) and then the Department of Alabama and East Mississippi (January 28 – May 4, 1864), giving him effective command of the state of Mississippi following the departure of Gen.
Atlanta Campaign and death
Polk brought more than 20,000 men with him to Georgia. Because of his elevated rank, he became the army's second in command under Johnston. By using successive flanking maneuvers, Sherman forced Johnston to withdraw his army from strong defensive positions to protect the Confederate line of communication. This forced Johnston ever closer to the critically important city of Atlanta.[24]
On June 14, 1864, Polk was scouting enemy positions near
The army had suffered a severe loss. It was not that Polk had been a spectacular corps officer. His deficiencies as a commander and his personal traits of stubbornness and childishness had played no small role in several of the army's disasters in earlier times. The loss was one of morale and experience. Polk was the army's most beloved general, a representative of that intangible identification of the army with Tennessee.
—Thomas L. Connelly, Autumn of Glory[27]
Legacy
My pen and ability is inadequate to the task of doing his memory justice. Every private soldier loved him. Second to Stonewall Jackson, his loss was the greatest the South ever sustained. When I saw him there dead, I felt that I had lost a friend whom I had ever loved and respected, and that the South had lost one of her best and greatest Generals.
—Private Sam Watkins, Co. Aytch[28]
Although his record as a field commander was poor, Polk was immensely popular with his troops, and his death was deeply mourned in the Army of Tennessee. Polk's funeral service at
Polk's nephew,
Polk's portrait, done by Cornelius Hankins, was donated to Christ Church Cathedral in Nashville, Tennessee, by his grandson W. Dudley Gate, in 1963.[34]
Military historian Steven E. Woodworth described the shell that killed Polk as "one of the worst shots fired for the Union cause during the entire course of the war", as Polk's incompetence made him far more valuable alive than dead: "Polk's incompetence and willful disobedience had consistently hamstrung Confederate operations west of the Appalachians, while his special relationship with the president made the bishop-general untouchable."[35][36]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Robins, p. 1537.
- ^ a b c Dupuy, p. 601.
- ^ a b Robins, p. 1538.
- Battle of Franklinand was buried for six years at St. John's.
- ^ Rogers, Lou (1949). Tar Heel Women. Raleigh, North Carolina: Warren Publishing Company. pp. 106–113.
- ^ Polk, William Mecklenberg (1893). Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General, Volume 1. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 209 also available on Google books.
- ^ National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee (December 21, 2007). "Tennessee Portrait Project. Sewanee: The University of the South — Sewanee, Tennessee". Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ "Introductory Hermeneutics of Sword Over the Gown". Leonidas Polk Memorial Society. 2014.
- ^ McWhiney, p. 205.
- ^ Eicher, pp. 432-33.
- ^ Woodworth, Jefferson Davis, pp. 34-38; Noe, p. 8; Eicher, p. 432.
- ^ Woodworth, Jefferson Davis, pp. 58-60; Eicher, p. 432; Connelly, p. 21.
- ^ Woodworth, Jefferson Davis, p. 156.
- ^ McWhiney, pp. 230, 300-08.
- ^ Noe, p. 57.
- ^ McWhiney, pp. 314-16, McDonough, pp. 243-45.
- ^ McWhiney, pp. 328-29.
- full general.
- ^ Eicher, pp. 433, 890.
- ^ Woodworth, Six Armies, pp. 38-40; Connelly, pp. 130-32; McWhiney, pp. 377-79; Hallock, pp. 13-20.
- ^ Woodworth, Six Armies, pp. 103, 106; Hallock, pp. 54-62, 71-74.
- ^ Hallock, pp. 89-92; Woodworth, Jefferson Davis, pp. 239-40; Connelly, pp. 247-48.
- ^ Woodworth, Jefferson Davis, pp. 260, 274-75; Connelly, pp. 246-48, 294-95; Eicher, pp. 433, 891.
- ^ McMurray, p. 62; Woodworth, Jefferson Davis, p. 281.
- ^ Welsh, p. 174.
- ^ Smith, pp. 253-54. Foote, p. 356, credits Battery I, 1st Ohio Light Battery, commanded by Capt. Hubert Dilger. Polk's biographer, Joseph Parks, describes his death (pp. 382-83) without identifying the U.S. artillery responsible.
- ^ Connelly, p. 358.
- ^ Watkins, p. 139.
- ^ Robins, p. 1538; Eicher, p. 433.
- ^ Thayer, Rose (June 13, 2023). "Fort Polk renamed Fort Johnson in honor of Black WWI hero". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
- ^ "Obituary Dean W. M. Polk" (PDF). Cornell Alumni News. July 1918. p. 448. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Polk IV, Francis Devereux. "Confederate officer becomes officer in WWI". Confederate Veteran. March/April 2017. Page 53
- New York Times. February 7, 1943. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
- ^ "Christ Church Cathedral - Nashville, Tennessee: Polk, Bishop Leonidas". Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
- ISBN 9780230618442.
- ISBN 9780393242126.
References
- Connelly, Thomas L. Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8071-2738-8.
- Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5.
- Eicher, John H., and ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
- ISBN 0-394-74913-8.
- Hallock, Judith Lee. Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat. Vol. 2. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8173-0543-2.
- McDonough, James Lee. Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. ISBN 0-87049-425-2.
- McMurry, Richard M. Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8032-8278-8.
- ISBN 0-8173-0545-9.
- Noe, Kenneth W. Perryville: This Grand Havoc of Battle. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8131-2209-0.
- Parks, Joseph H. General Leonidas Polk, C.S.A.: The Fighting Bishop (Southern Biography Series). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1801-6.
- Robins, Glenn. "Leonidas Polk." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5.
- Robins, Glenn. The Bishop of the Old South: The Ministry And Civil War Legacy of Leonidas Polk. Mercer Univ Pr, 2006. ISBN 978-0881460384
- Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
- Smith, Derek. The Gallant Dead: Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005. ISBN 0-8117-0132-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
- OCLC 43511251.
- Welsh, Jack D. Medical Histories of Confederate Generals. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-87338-853-5.
- ISBN 0-7006-0461-8.
- ISBN 0-8032-9813-7.
External links
- Leonidas Polk at Find a Grave
- Leonidas Polk Memorial Society, retrieved December 12, 2017.
- Bush, Bryan S. "Confederate General Leonidas Polk and the collapse of the Confederate command structure in the Western Theater". NU XI Student Historical Journal, Phi Alpha Theta History Honor Society, University of Louisville chapter, Fall 2004.
- The Leonidas Polk Registry Research Project
- Biography at Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
- Biography at Louisiana Historical Association's Dictionary of Louisiana Biography (Scroll down.)
- Biography at Know Southern History
- Biography at About North Georgia
- CivilWarAlbum.com — Historical marker, monument, and article
- DeMar, Gary, Article on University of the South and Bishop Polk
- The Funeral Services for Bishop Polk, led by the Right Reverend Stephen Elliott
- A detailed description of the burial service, with photos of the original burial site.
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .
- Leonidas Polk Family Papers at The Historic New Orleans Collection
- Leonidas Polk family papers (MS 468). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. [1]