Leonids
Leonids | ||
---|---|---|
Zenithal hourly rate 15[3] | | |
The Leonids (
The meteoroids left by the comet are organized in trails in orbits similar to – though different from – that of the comet. They are differentially disturbed by the planets, in particular Jupiter,[8] and to a lesser extent by radiation pressure from the Sun – the Poynting–Robertson effect and the Yarkovsky effect.[9] These trails of meteoroids cause meteor showers when Earth encounters them. Old trails are spatially not dense and compose the meteor shower with a few meteors per minute. In the case of the Leonids, that tends to peak around 18 November, but some are spread through several days on either side and the specific peak changes every year. Conversely, young trails are spatially very dense and the cause of meteor outbursts when the Earth enters one.
The Leonids also produce meteor storms (very large outbursts) about every 33 years, during which activity exceeds 1,000 meteors per hour,[10] with some events exceeding 100,000 meteors per hour,[11] in contrast to the sporadic background (5 to 8 meteors per hour) and the shower background (several meteors per hour).
Size | Apparent Magnitude
|
Comparable in brightness |
---|---|---|
2 mm (0.08 in) | +3.7 (visual) | Delta Ursae Majoris
|
10 mm (0.4 in) | −1.5 (bright) | Sirius |
20 mm (0.8 in) | −3.8 (Fireball) | Venus |
History
1800s
The Leonids are famous because their meteor showers, or storms, can be among the most spectacular. Because of the storm of 1833 and the developments in scientific thought of the time (see for example the identification of Halley's Comet), the Leonids have had a major effect on the scientific study of meteors, which had previously been thought to be atmospheric phenomena. Although it has been suggested the Leonid meteor shower and storms have been noted in ancient times,[12] it was the meteor storm of November 12-13, 1833 that broke into people's modern-day awareness. One estimate of the peak rate is over one hundred thousand meteors an hour,[13] while another, done as the storm abated, estimated in excess of 240,000 meteors during the nine hours of the storm,[1] over the entire region of North America east of the Rocky Mountains.
The event was marked by several nations of
1900s
In 1966, a spectacular meteor storm was seen over the Americas.
Leading up to the 1998 return, an airborne observing campaign was organized to mobilize modern observing techniques by Peter Jenniskens at NASA Ames Research Center.[39] In 1999, there were also efforts to observe impacts of meteoroids on the Moon, as an example of transient lunar phenomenon. A particular reason to observe the Moon is that our vantage from a location on Earth sees only meteors coming into the atmosphere relatively close to us, while impacts on the Moon would be visible from across the Moon in a single view.[40] The sodium tail of the Moon tripled just after the 1998 Leonid shower which was composed of larger meteoroids (which in the case of the Earth was witnessed as fireballs).[41] However, in 1999 the sodium tail of the Moon did not change from the Leonid impacts.
Research by Kondrat'eva, Reznikov and colleagues
2000s
Viewing campaigns resulted in spectacular footage from the 1999, 2001, and 2002 storms which produced up to 3,000 Leonid meteors per hour.[39] Predictions for the Moon's Leonid impacts also noted that in 2000 the side of the Moon facing the stream was away from the Earth, but that impacts should be in number enough to raise a cloud of particles kicked off the Moon which could cause a detectable increase in the sodium tail of the Moon.[41] Research using the explanation of meteor trails/streams have explained the storms of the past. The 1833 storm was not due to the recent passage of the comet, but from a direct impact with the previous 1800 dust trail.[45] The meteoroids from the 1733 passage of Comet Tempel-Tuttle resulted in the 1866 storm[46] and the 1966 storm was from the 1899 passage of the comet.[47] The double spikes in Leonid activity in 2001 and in 2002 were due to the passage of the comet's dust ejected in 1767 and 1866.[48] This ground breaking work was soon applied to other meteor showers – for example the 2004 June Bootids. Peter Jenniskens has published predictions for the next 50 years.[49] However, a close encounter with Jupiter is expected to perturb the comet's path, and many streams, making storms of historic magnitude unlikely for many decades. Recent work tries to take into account the roles of differences in parent bodies and the specifics of their orbits, ejection velocities off the solid mass of the core of a comet, radiation pressure from the Sun, the Poynting–Robertson effect, and the Yarkovsky effect on the particles of different sizes and rates of rotation to explain differences between meteor showers in terms of being predominantly fireballs or small meteors.[9]
Year | Leonids active between | Peak of shower | ZHRmax
|
---|---|---|---|
2006 | 19 Nov. Outburst of ZHR=35–40 was predicted from the 1932 trail.[50] | 78[51] | |
2007 | 19 Nov. Outburst of ZHR=~30 from the 1932 trail was predicted for 18 Nov.[50] | 35[52] | |
2008 | 14–22 November | 17 Nov.[39] Considerable outburst of ZHR=130 from the 1466 trail was predicted for 17 Nov.[50] | 99[53] |
2009 | 10–21 November | ZHRmax ranging from 100[54][55] to over 500[39][56][57] on 17 Nov. The peak was observed at predicted time.[58] | 79[58] |
2010 | 10–23 November | 18 Nov | 32±4[59][60] |
2011 | 6–30 November | 18 Nov | 22±3[59][61] |
2012 | 6–30 November | 20 Nov. Nov 17 ZHR=5–10 (predicted) / 20 Nov ZHR=10–15 (predicted from 1400 trail)[50] | 47±11[59][62] |
2013 | 15–20 November | 17 Nov but was washed out by a Full moon on 17 Nov | – |
2014 | 6–30 November | 18 Nov | 15±4[59][63] |
2015 | 6–30 November | 18 Nov[59] | 15[64] |
2016 | 6–30 November | 17 Nov[65] | 10–15[66] |
2017 | 6–30 November | 17 Nov[67] | ~17[68] |
2018 | 6–30 November | 17 Nov[69] | 15–20[70] |
2019 | 6–30 November | 17 Nov | 10–15[71] |
2020 | 6–30 November | 17 Nov | 10–15[72] |
2021 | 6–30 November | 17 Nov[73] | 10–15[74] |
2022 | 17-21 November | 17 Nov (there was a low possibility of an outburst from the 1733 meteoroid stream on 19 November) | 15 (predicted) - 300 (unlikely)[6] |
2023 | 3 Nov - 2 Dec | 17 Nov (a modest increase is possible from the 1767 meteoroid stream on 21 November)[6] | 15 (predicted)[6] |
2024 | 17 Nov | 15–20 (predicted)[6] | |
2025 | 17 Nov (any outburst is likely to be from the 1699 meteoroid stream) | 10–15 (predicted)[6] | |
2026 | 17 Nov | 15 (predicted)[6] | |
2027 | 17 Nov (possible activity from 1167 meteoroid stream on 20 November) | 40–50 (predicted)[6] | |
2028 | 17 Nov | 30–40 (predicted)[6] | |
2029 | 17 Nov (possible activity from 1998 meteoroid stream) | 30–40 (predicted)[6] | |
2030 | 17 Nov | 15-20 (predicted)[6] | |
2031 | 17 Nov | <10 (predicted)[75] | |
2032 | 17 Nov | <10 (predicted)[75] | |
2033 | 17 Nov (Outburst likely from 1899 meteoroid stream. Encountering a younger stream typically generates more activity.) | 35-400 (predicted)[75] | |
2034 | 17–18 Nov (probable outburst from the young 1932 meteoroid stream on 18 November) | 40–500 (predicted)[75] | |
2061 | (Possible outburst from the young 1998 meteoroid stream on 19 November) | 50 (predicted) – 5100 (unlikely)[75] | |
2099 | (Possible outburst from dense stream)[76] | 1000+? |
Predictions until the end of the 21st century have been published by Mikhail Maslov.[50]
See also
- List of meteor showers
- "Stars Fell on Alabama", based on the 1833 Leonid shower
- Perseids, associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle
References
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Further reading
- Steven J. Dick (June 1998). "Observation and interpretation of the Leonid meteors over the last millennium". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 1 (1): 1–20. ISSN 1440-2807.
- Mark Littmann (9 September 1999). The Heavens on Fire: The Great Leonid Meteor Storms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77979-1.
External links
- The Discovery of the Perseid Meteors (after the Leonids and) Prior to 1837, nobody realized the Perseids were an annual event, by Mark Littmann
- Lunar Leonids: Encounters of the Moon with Leonid dust trails by Robert H. McNaught
- NASA: Background facts on meteors and meteor showers
- NASA: Estimate the best viewing times for your part of the world
- How to hear the Leonid Meteor Shower
- Observatorio ARVAL – The Leonid Meteors
- Animation of the Leonid Meteor Shower at shadow&substance.com