Leopard attack

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Gunsore man-eater after it was shot by British officer W. A. Conduitt on 21 April 1901. Credited with at least 20 human deaths, the leopard was killed on top of its last victim, a child from Somnapur village in the Seoni district, India.[1]

Leopard attacks are attacks inflicted upon humans, other leopards and other animals by the leopard. The frequency of leopard attacks on humans varies by geographical region and historical period. Despite the leopard's (Panthera pardus) extensive range from sub-Saharan Africa to Southeast Asia, attacks are regularly reported only in India and Nepal.[2][3] Among the five "big cats", leopards are less likely to become man-eaters—only jaguars and snow leopards have a less fearsome reputation.[4][5] However, leopards are established predators of non-human primates, sometimes preying on species as large as the western lowland gorilla.[6] Other primates may make up 80% of the leopard's diet.[7] While leopards generally avoid humans, they tolerate proximity to humans better than lions and tigers, and often come into conflict with humans when raiding livestock.[8]

leopard attacks have been reported in the Caucasus, Turkmenia (present day Turkmenistan), and the Lankaran region of present-day Azerbaijan. Rare attacks have occurred in China.[11]

It is possible for humans to win a fight against a leopard, as in the case of a 56-year-old woman who killed an attacking leopard with a sickle and spade, and survived with heavy injuries,[12] and the case of a 73-year-old man in Kenya who fatally tore the tongue out of a leopard.[13] Globally, attacks on humans—especially nonfatal attacks that result in only minor injury—likely remain under-reported due to the lack of monitoring programs and standardized reporting protocol.[14]

Leopard predation on hominids

Panther attacks a man. Roman fresco in the Sala della Sfinge, Domus Aurea, Rome, 65-68 A.D.

In 1970, South African paleontologist

Orrorin tugenensis femur (BAR 1003'00), recovered from the Tugen Hills in Kenya, preserves puncture damage tentatively identified as leopard bite marks.[19] This fossil evidence, along with modern studies of primate–leopard interaction, has fueled speculation that leopard predation played a major role in primate evolution, particularly on cognitive development.[20]

Human–leopard conflict

Reducing human–leopard conflict has proven difficult. Conflict tends to increase during periods of drought or when the leopard's natural prey becomes scarce. Shrinking leopard habitat and growing human populations also increase conflict. In Uganda, retaliatory attacks on humans increased when starving villagers began expropriating leopards' kills (a feeding strategy known as kleptoparasitism).[21] The economic damage resulting from loss of livestock to carnivores caused villagers in Bhutan's Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park to lose more than two-thirds of their annual cash income in 2000, with leopards blamed for 53% of the losses.[22] Like other large carnivores, leopards are capable of surplus killing. Under normal conditions, prey are too scarce for this behavior, but when the opportunity presents itself leopards may instinctually kill in excess for later consumption.[23] One leopard in Cape Province, South Africa killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident.[24]

Wildlife Protection Act of 1972—only man-eaters can be killed and only when they are considered likely to continue to prey on humans.[30] In Uttarakhand, the state with the most severe human–leopard conflict, 45 leopards were legally declared man-eaters and shot by wildlife officials between 2001 and 2010.[2]

Where legal, herders may shoot at leopards who prey on their livestock. An injured leopard may become an exclusive predator of livestock if it is unable to kill normal prey, since domesticated animals typically lack natural defenses.[31] Frequent livestock-raiding may cause leopards to lose their fear of humans, and shooting injuries may have caused some leopards to become man-eaters. There has been increasing acceptance that the "problem leopard" paradigm may be anthropomorphization of normal carnivore behavior, and that translocations are unlikely to stop livestock depredation.[2][31] In an effort to reduce the shooting of "problem leopards" and lessen the financial burden on herders, some governments provide monetary compensation, although the sum is often less than the value of the lost livestock.[2]

Number of human deaths due to leopard attacks†
Country Region Deaths Year(s) Ref
India Indian subcontinent ‡ 11,909 1875–1912 [32]
Bhagalpur district, Bihar 350 1959–1962 [8]
Uttarakhand 239 2000–2007 [33]
Throughout India (mainly Uttarakhand) 170 1982–1989 [34]
Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand 140 1988–2000 [35]
Garhwal division, Uttarakhand 125 1918–1926 [36]
Gujarat 105 1994–2007 [37]
Uttar Pradesh 95 1988–1998 [18]
Junagadh district, Gujarat 29 1990–2012 [38]
Pune district, Maharashtra 18 2001–2003 [10]
Jammu and Kashmir 17 2004–2007 [39]
Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra 16 1986–1996 [8]
North Bengal 15 1990–2008 [40]
Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh 13 1987–2007 [41]
Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka
 11 1995 [10]
Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh
 8 1961–1965 [42]
Himachal Pradesh 6 2000–2007 [33]
Nepal
Mahakali zone
 15 2010–2012 [43]
Gandaki zone
 12 1987–1989 [44]
Pakistan Ayubia National Park, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 12 1989–2006 [45]
Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir 2 2004–2007 [46]
Somalia Golis Mountains, Togdheer 100 c. 1889 [47]
South Africa Kruger National Park 5 1992–2003 [48]
Sri Lanka
Batticaloa district
 12 1923–1924 [49]
Zambia
Chambezi River
 67 1936–1937 [50]
Luangwa River 8 1938 [50]
† No comprehensive global database of fatal leopard attacks exists, and many countries do not keep official records. Due to the fragmentary nature of the data, the deaths reproduced here should be considered minimum figures only.
‡ The territories forming
Burma
, India, and Pakistan)

Man-eaters

Characteristics

The leopard is largely a nocturnal hunter. For its size, it is the most powerful large felid after the jaguar, able to drag a carcass larger than itself up a tree.[51] Leopards can run more than 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph), leap more than 6 metres (20 ft) horizontally and 3 metres (9.8 ft) vertically, and have a more developed sense of smell than tigers.[51] They are strong climbers and can descend down a tree headfirst.[51] Man-eating leopards have earned a reputation as being particularly bold and difficult to track. British hunters Jim Corbett (1875–1955) and Kenneth Anderson (1910–1974) wrote that hunting leopards presented more challenges than any other animal.[52][53] Indian naturalist J. C. Daniel (1927–2011), former curator of the Bombay Natural History Society, reprinted many early twentieth-century accounts of man-eating leopards in his book The Leopard in India: A Natural History (Dehradun: Natraj Publishers, 2009). One such account in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society describes the unique danger posed by leopards:

Like the tiger, the panther [leopard] sometimes takes to man-eating, and a man-eating panther is even more to be dreaded than a tiger with similar tastes, on account of its greater agility, and also its greater stealthiness and silence. It can stalk and jump, and...can climb better than a tiger, and it can also conceal itself in astonishingly meager cover, often displaying uncanny intelligence in this act. A man-eating panther frequently breaks through the frail walls of village huts and carries away children and even adults as they lie asleep.[8]

One study concluded that only 9 of 152 documented man-eating leopards were female.

1918 influenza epidemic which was particularly deadly in India.[55] Corbett wrote that the Rudraprayag man-eater
once broke into a pen holding 40 goats, but instead of attacking the livestock it killed and ate the sleeping 14-year-old boy who had been assigned to guard them.

Leopard attacks on humans tend to occur at night, and often close to villages. There have been documented incidents of leopards forcing their way into human dwellings at night and attacking the inhabitants in their sleep.

carotid arteries, causing rapid exsanguination. The spine may be crushed and the skull perforated, exposing the brain.[39][56][57] Survivors of attacks typically suffer extensive trauma to the head, neck, and face. Multibacterial infection resulting from the contamination of wounds by leopard oral flora occurs in 5–30% of attack survivors, complicating recovery.[56] Before the advent of antibiotics, 75% of attack survivors died from infection.[60]

Notable man-eaters

The Panar Leopard killed by Jim Corbett
British hunter Jim Corbett poses after shooting the Rudraprayag leopard on 2 May 1926
  • Leopard of Panar : The Leopard of Panar was a male leopard reported as being responsible for at least 400 fatal attacks on humans in the Panar region of the
    Champawat tiger in 1907, and in 1910 he set out to kill it. Although it apparently claimed significantly more lives than the Rudraprayag man-eater, the Panar man-eater received less attention from the British Indian press, which Corbett attributed to the remoteness of Almora.[61]
  • Leopard of the Central Provinces
  • Leopard of Rudraprayag
  • Leopard of Gummalapur
  • Leopard of the Yellagiri Hills
  • Leopard of the Golis Range: In 1899 British officer
    Henry Bryden (1854–1937):

    In 1889 there was a leopard, said to be a panther, which had haunted the Mirso ledge of the Golis range for some years, and was supposed to have killed over a hundred people. It was in the habit of lying in wait at a corner of a very dark, rough jungle path, where huge rocks overlooked the track; and the Somalis used to show a boulder, some 6 feet high, a yard from the path, in the flat top of which was a depression shaped like a panther's body, from which the beast was said to spring upon travellers.[47]

    According to Swayne, leopards were more abundant in the Golis Mountains than anywhere else in British Somaliland, and were responsible for 90% of all attacks on sheep and goats. The rocky terrain of the Golis made tracking and killing leopards next to impossible.[47]
    At the time of the attacks, this remote territory remained largely unexplored by the British, and little else is known of the Golis Range man-eater.
  • Leopard of the Mulher Valley: In 1903 L. S. Osmaston (1870–1969), a conservator employed by the
    Dang and Dhule districts, but did not know the exact number of fatalities.[62]
  • Leopard of Kahani: Robert A. Sterndale (1839–1902) and James Forsyth (1838–1871) gave accounts of a man-eating leopard that killed "nearly a hundred persons" in the Seoni district between 1857 and 1860. When Sterndale received word of the attacks he pursued the man-eater with his brother-in-law, W. Brooke Thomson, but their efforts proved fruitless.[63] The breakout of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 sent Sterndale away for two years and ended his chance to capture the man-eater. The leopard evaded all attempts by locals to kill it and terrorized the villages of Dhuma and Kahani, sometimes killing three humans in a single night. According to Sterndale, the leopard preferred to consume blood rather than flesh, and most bodies showed few injuries other than telltale bite marks to the throat. A large reward was offered for the leopard's capture, and it was then unexpectedly killed one night by an inexperienced native hunter.[63] When Forsyth passed through Seoni several years later, the leopard's story had become legendary. He later recounted a myth he had heard from the locals:

    A man and his wife were travelling back to their home from a pilgrimage to Benares, when they met on the road a panther. The woman was terrified; but the man said, "Fear not, I possess a charm by which I can transform myself into any shape. I will now become a panther, and remove this obstacle from the road, and on my return you must place this powder in my mouth, when I will recover my proper shape." He then swallowed his own portion of the magic powder, and assuming the likeness of the panther, persuaded him to leave the path. Returning to the woman, he opened his mouth to receive the transposing charm; but she, terrified by his dreadful appearance and open jaws, dropped it in the mire, and it was lost. Then, in despair, he killed the author of his misfortune, and ever after revenged himself on the race whose form he could never resume.[64]

  • Leopard of Punanai: The leopard called "man-eater of Punanai" is the only officially accounted for man-eating leopard of Sri Lanka, where leopard attacks rarely happen.[65][66] It killed at least 12 people on a jungle road near the hamlet of Punanai, not far from Batticaloa in the east of Sri Lanka. Its first victim was a child. Roper Shelton Agar, the hunter who killed it in August 1924, made a detailed record of the leopard and his killing of it. Agar relates that the man-eater was very bold and stealthy:[67]

"attacking even gangs of three or four people and carts. The beast never appears on the road, but stalks them through the jungle and at a suitable opportunity springs out upon one of the unfortunate stragglers."

After a failed attempt the previous day, Agar was successful in killing it when waiting for it in a tree hut that he got made near the corpse of a man that had been killed by the leopard, knowing that it would return to eat the remainder of the corpse:[67]

"It was about 3 p.m. after a heavy shower, that the leopard came out. ... "licking" his chops, looking at his kill a few yards away, and looking at me. ... My 4790 was ready on my lap, the safety catch slipped up. I knew at that range I could place the bullet where I liked, and I chose the neck shot, as I knew at that angle the explosive bullet would rake the creature's vital organs. At the shot the leopard rolled over-stone-dead-never to do any more dirty work. ... At the sound of the shot, all my people and others who had collected round my car to wait for the result came running back. ... I wished to get out of the cursed place with its ugly sights as soon as possible. Corpse smells were suffocating me. ... The man-eater was not a very large leopard. ... He stood high off the ground, was in fine condition, and showed abnormal development for its size in respect of pads, neck muscles and head. The canine teeth were very long. He had a great number of knife wounds, old and new, showing that some of his victims had fought for their lives. ... I heard that his first victim was a young Moor boy, and that may possibly have been the beginning of his notorious career."

The leopard was stuffed and is now in the National Museum of Sri Lanka in Colombo.[65] The leopard features in one of the books of Michael Ondaatje: The Man-eater of Punanai — a Journey of Discovery to the Jungles of Old Ceylon (1992).

Recent attacks

  • On January 6, 2015, an Indian leopard injured a boy in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh.[68] Another leopard killed 2 men in Kolar district, Karnataka.[69] On January 13, 2015, a leopard injured a woman's neck with its paw in Jiuni Valley of Mandi district, while she had gone to collect fodder for household animals.[70] On January 25, 2015, a leopard killed a girl in Galyat, Pakistan. This was one of a number of attacks that were reported in the area for over a year and a half.[71] The next day, a leopard mauled 5 people, seriously injuring 3, before being killed in Jalpaiguri district.[72]
  • On February 14, 2015, a leopard injured 2 villagers in Sagar district.[73] Four days later, a leopard injured 6 people in Shravasti district.[74] On February 22, 2015, a girl was injured on the head when a leopard attacked her in Dingore village (approximately 20 km (12 mi) from Junnar).[75] On March 5, 2015, a leopardess critically injured 4 people before being stabbed to death in a forest of Jorhat district.[76]
  • In the night of Friday the 4th of May, 2018, a leopard consumed a toddler in an unfenced part of a safari lodge in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. The 3-year-old toddler, whose mother was a ranger at the park, had been following a nanny outdoors without the latter's knowledge when he was attacked.[77]

See also

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