Leopold I of Belgium
Leopold I | |||||
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King of the Belgians | |||||
Reign | 21 July 1831 – 10 December 1865 | ||||
Predecessor | Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier (as Regent of Belgium) | ||||
Successor | Leopold II | ||||
Prime Ministers | |||||
Born | Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 16 December 1790 Castle of Laeken, Brussels, Belgium | ||||
Burial | |||||
Spouses | |||||
Issue |
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Father | Lutheran | ||||
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Military career | |||||
Allegiance |
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Leopold I (French: Léopold; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was the first
The youngest son of
After the
Leopold took his
Early life
Leopold was born in Coburg in the tiny German duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in modern-day Bavaria on 16 December 1790.[1] He was the youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf. In 1826, Saxe-Coburg acquired the city of Gotha from the neighboring Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and gave up Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen, becoming Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Military career
In 1797, at just six years old, Leopold was given an honorary commission of the rank of
When French troops occupied the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, Leopold went to Paris where he became part of the Imperial Court of Napoleon. Napoleon offered him the position of adjutant, but Leopold refused. Instead, he went to Russia to take up a military career in the Imperial Russian cavalry, which was at war with France at the time. He campaigned against Napoleon and distinguished himself at the Battle of Kulm at the head of his cuirassier division. By 1815, the time of the final defeat of Napoleon, he had reached the rank of lieutenant general at only 25 years of age.[1]
Marriage to Charlotte
Naturalization of Prince Leopold Act 1816 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 28 March 1816 |
Other legislation | |
Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1873 |
Status: Repealed |
Naturalization of Prince Leopold (No. 2) Act 1816 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 29 March 1816 |
Other legislation | |
Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1873 |
Status: Repealed |
Leopold received
After already having suffered a miscarriage the previous year, Princess Charlotte gave birth to a
Had Charlotte survived, she would have become
From 1828 to 1829, Leopold had an affair with the actress
Refusal of the Greek throne
Following a Greek rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, Leopold was offered the throne of an independent Greece as part of the London Protocol of February 1830. Though initially showing interest in the position, Leopold eventually turned down the offer on 17 May 1830.[9] The role would subsequently be accepted by Otto of Wittelsbach in May 1832 who ruled until he was finally deposed in October 1862.[10]
Acceptance of the Belgian throne
At the end of August 1830, rebels in the Southern provinces (modern-day Belgium) of the United Netherlands rose up against Dutch rule. The rising, which began in Brussels, pushed the Dutch army back, and the rebels defended themselves against a Dutch attack. International powers meeting in London agreed to support the independence of Belgium, even though the Dutch refused to recognize the new state.[11]
In November 1830, a
Search for a monarch
The choice of candidates for the position was one of the most controversial issues faced by the revolutionaries. The Congress refused to consider any candidate from the Dutch ruling
Eventually the Congress was able to draw up a shortlist. The viable possibilities were felt to be
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg had been proposed at an early stage, but had been dropped because of French opposition.[14] The problems caused by the French candidates and the increased international pressure for a solution led to his reconsideration. On 22 April, he was finally approached by a Belgian delegation at Marlborough House to officially offer him the throne.[17] Leopold, however, was reluctant to accept.[18]
Accession
On 17 July 1831, Leopold travelled from Calais to Belgium, entering the country at De Panne. Travelling to Brussels, he was greeted with patriotic enthusiasm along his route.[19] The accession ceremony took place on 21 July on the Place Royale/Koningsplein in Brussels. A stand had been erected on the steps of the Church of St. James on Coudenberg, surrounded by the names of revolutionaries fallen during the fighting in 1830. After a ceremony of resignation by the regent, Leopold, dressed in the uniform of a Belgian lieutenant-general, swore loyalty to the constitution and became king.[20]
The enthronement is generally used to mark the end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium and is celebrated each year as the Belgian national holiday.[21]
Reign
Consolidation of independence
Less than two weeks after Leopold's accession, on 2 August, the Netherlands invaded Belgium, starting the
Leopold was generally unsatisfied with the amount of power allocated to the monarch in the Constitution, and sought to extend it wherever the Constitution was ambiguous or unclear while generally avoiding involvement in routine politics.[23]
Subsequent reign
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
Leopold I's reign was also marked by an economic crisis which lasted until the late 1850s. In the aftermath of the revolution, the Dutch had closed the Scheldt to Belgian shipping, meaning that the port of Antwerp was effectively useless. The Netherlands and the Dutch colonies in particular, which had been profitable markets for Belgian manufacturers before 1830, were totally closed to Belgian goods. The period between 1845 and 1849 was particularly hard in Flanders, where harvests failed and a third of the population became dependent on poor relief, and have been described as the "worst years of Flemish history". The economic situation in Flanders also increased the internal migration to Brussels and the industrial areas of Wallonia, which continued throughout the period.[24]
Politics in Belgium under Leopold I were polarized between liberal and
Revolution of 1848
The success of economic reforms partially mitigated the effects of the economic downturn and meant that Belgium was not as badly affected as its neighbors by the Revolutions of 1848. Nevertheless, in early 1848, a large number of radical publications appeared. The most serious threat of the 1848 revolutions in Belgium was posed by Belgian émigré groups. Shortly after the revolution in France, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Around 6,000 armed émigrés of the "Belgian Legion" attempted to cross the Belgian frontier. The first group, travelling by train, was stopped and quickly disarmed at Quiévrain on 26 March 1848.[25] The second group crossed the border on 29 March and headed for Brussels. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of Risquons-Tout and, during fighting, seven émigrés were killed and most of the rest were captured.[27] To defuse tension, Leopold theatrically offered his abdication, if this was the wish of the majority of his people.
The defeat at Risquons-Tout effectively ended the revolutionary threat to Belgium, as the situation in Belgium began to recover that summer after a good harvest, and fresh elections returned a strong Liberal majority.[27]
Role in international relations
Because of his family connections and position at the head of a neutral and unthreatening power, Leopold was able to act as an important intermediary in
Leopold was particularly known as a political
In foreign policy, Leopold's principal object was the maintenance of
Second marriage and family
Leopold married
- Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium (24 July 1833 – 16 May 1834) who died in infancy.
- Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria on 22 August 1853. They had three daughters and one son who died young. He religiously but not civilly remarried Caroline Lacroix, which made the marriage unrecognized by law, on 12 December 1909 on his deathbed. They already had two illegitimate sons.
- King Albert I of Belgium
- Empress of Mexico. They had no issue. She adopted two sons, the grandsons of the first Emperor of Mexico.
Queen Louise-Marie died of tuberculosis on 11 October 1850, aged 38.[1]
Other descendants
Leopold had two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress
Death and succession
Leopold died in Laeken near Brussels on 10 December 1865.[33] His funeral was held on 16 December, on what would have been his 75th birthday. He is interred in the Royal Crypt at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken, next to Louise-Marie.
Leopold was succeeded by his son, Leopold II, aged 30, who would rule until 1909.
Commemoration
A monument in his memory was erected in Brussels at the initiative of Leopold II.[34]
Belgian naval vessels named in his honour include the
Ancestry
Ancestors of Leopold I of Belgium Countess Ferdinande Henriette of Stolberg-Gedern | |||||||||||||
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Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f Monarchie website.
- ^ ISBN 9781526736444.
- ^ Sheppard, F. H. W. "Park Lane Pages 264-289 Survey of London: Volume 40, the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings). Originally published by London County Council, London, 1980". British History Online. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Walford, Edward. "Pall Mall Pages 123-139 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878". British History Online. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Holme, Thea (1976), Prinny's Daughter, p.241 London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-89298-5. OCLC 2357829.
- ^ "Royal Styles and Titles of Great Britain: Documents". www.heraldica.org.
- ^ K. BAUER, Aus meinem Bühnenleben. Erinnerungen von Karoline Bauer, Berlin, 1876–1877.
- ^ E. VON STOCKMAR, Denkwürdigkeiten aus den Papiere des Freihernn Christian Friedrich von Stockmar, Brunswick, 1873 ; R. VON WANGENHEIM, Baron Stockmar. Eine coburgisch-englische Geschichte, Coburg, 1996.
- ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, p. 575.
- ISBN 9780241312841.
- ^ Schroeder, Paul W., The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) pp. 716–718
- ISBN 9789054875178
- ^ Pirenne 1948, p. 11.
- ^ a b Pirenne 1948, p. 12.
- ^ Pirenne 1948, p. 14.
- ^ Pirenne 1948, p. 20.
- ^ Pirenne 1948, p. 26.
- ^ Pirenne 1948, pp. 26–7.
- ^ Pirenne 1948, p. 29.
- ^ Pirenne 1948, p. 30.
- VRT News. 21 July 2019.
- ISBN 9789004149526.
- ^ a b Chastain 1999.
- ^ Carson 1974, p. 225.
- ^ a b Ascherson 1999, pp. 20–1.
- ^ Wolmar 2010, p. 19.
- ^ a b Chastain 1997.
- ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Leopold I". Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9854603-3-4
- ^ Goddyn, Reinout (2002). De kinderen van de koning: Alle erfgenamen van Leopold I (in Dutch). House of Books. p. 96.
- ^ a b
Capron, Victor (2006). Sur les traces d'Arcadie Claret: le Grand Amour de Léopold Ier (in French). Brussels.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels [Genealogical Handbook of the Nobility]. Freiherrlichen Häuser (in German). Vol. Band XXI. C. A. Starke. 1999. pp. 101–3.
- ^ "Belgium – Last moments of King Leopold". The New York Times. 28 December 1865. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ "Monument à la Dynastie – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 4 December 2023.
Bibliography
- ISBN 1862072906.
- Carson, Patricia (1974). The Fair Face of Flanders (Rev. ed.). Ghent: E.Story-Scientia. OCLC 463182600.
- Chastain, James. "Leopold I". Encyclopedia of 1848. Ohio University.
- Chastain, James. "Belgium in 1848". Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Ohio University. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K., eds. (1975). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ΄: Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821 - 1832) [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution (1821 - 1832)] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. ISBN 978-960-213-108-4.
- "Léopold Ier". La Monarchie Belge. Monarchie.be. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- Pirenne, Henri (1948). Histoire de Belgique (in French). Vol. VII: De la Révolution de 1830 à la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin.
- Richardson, Joanna (1961). My Dearest Uncle: A Life of Leopold First King of the Belgians. London: Jonathan Cape.
- ISBN 9781848871717.
- Polasky, Janet L. (2004). "Leopold I (1790-1865)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/41227. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
External links
- Media related to Leopold I of Belgium at Wikimedia Commons
- Leopold I: Un Roi Protestant at the Chapelle royale
- Portraits of Leopold I, King of the Belgians at the National Portrait Gallery, London