Lesser yellow-headed vulture

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Lesser yellow-headed vulture
C. b. urubtinga
in the Pantanal, Brazil

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Cathartiformes
Family: Cathartidae
Genus: Cathartes
Species:
C. burrovianus
Binomial name
Cathartes burrovianus
Cassin, 1845
Breeding range of C. burrovianus
C. b. burrovianus, Colombia

The lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus) also known as the savannah vulture,

vocalizations
are limited to grunts or low hisses.

The lesser yellow-headed vulture feeds on

eggs on flat surfaces, such as the floors of caves, or in the hollows of stumps. It feeds its young by regurgitation
.

Taxonomy

The lesser yellow-headed vulture was first described in 1845 by

ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1851, is the larger of the two and is found from Argentina north to Colombia, while the nominate subspecies, Cathartes burrovianus burrovianus, is smaller and found from northwestern South America through Central America to Mexico.[5] The lesser yellow-headed vulture's genus, Cathartes, means "purifier" and is from the Latinized form of the Greek kathartēs/καθαρτης.[6] The common name, vulture, is derived from the Latin word vulturus, which means "tearer" and is a reference to its feeding habits.[7]

The exact

Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.[8] Like other New World vultures, the lesser yellow-headed vulture has a diploid chromosome number of 80.[12]

Description

Natura Artis Magistra

This is the lightest and smallest of the extant New World vultures despite sometimes measuring at least as long and longer winged than black vultures.[13] The lesser yellow-headed vulture is 53–66 cm (21–26 in) in length, with a wingspan of 150–165 cm (59–65 in) and a tail length of 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in). Its weight ranges from 0.95 to 1.55 kg (2.1 to 3.4 lb).[14] Its plumage is black with a green sheen. The throat and the sides of the head are featherless. The head and neck are bare of feathers, and the skin is yellow, with a reddish forehead and nape and a gray-blue crown. The irises of its eyes are red, its legs are white, and its beak is flesh-colored.[15] The eye has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid.[16] The tail is rounded and relatively short for a vulture; the tip of the closed wing extends beyond the tail.[17] Immature lesser yellow-headed vultures have browner plumage, a dusky head, and a white nape.[18]

The beak is thick, rounded, and hooked at the tip.[19] The front toes are long with small webs at their bases and are not adapted to grasping. The opening of the nostril is longitudinal, and the nostrils lack a

syrinx, and is therefore unable to make any sound other than a low hiss.[20]

It differs in appearance from the similar greater yellow-headed vulture in several ways. It is smaller and is less heavily built than the greater yellow-headed vulture and has a shorter, thinner tail. The plumage is browner than the greater yellow-headed vulture's dark, glossy black plumage. Its legs are lighter in color, and its head is more orange-tinged than the more yellow head of the greater yellow-headed vulture. Its flight is also less steady than that of the greater yellow-headed vulture.[14] The lesser yellow-headed vulture also prefers to live in savannas, as opposed to the preferred forest habitat of the greater yellow-headed vulture.

Besides the greater yellow-headed vulture, it is similar to the turkey vulture.[5]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, swamps, mangroves, and heavily degraded former forest.[1] It may wander over dry fields and clearings.[18] It is not generally found in high-altitude regions.[14]

This bird with its somehow crow-like aspect gave foot to the naming of the Quebrada de los Cuervos (Crows Ravine) in Uruguay, where they dwell together with the black vulture and the turkey vulture.[21]

Ecology and behavior

In the Pantanal, Brazil

The lesser yellow-headed vulture flies solitarily, with wings held in a

evaporation.[23]

Breeding

Lesser yellow-headed vultures do not build nests, but rather lay

altricial—they are blind, naked and relatively immobile upon hatching. The chicks do not grow their down feathers until later. The parents feed their young by regurgitating pre-digested food into their beak, where the chicks then drink it.[19] The young fledge after two to three months.[22]

Feeding

The lesser yellow-headed vulture is a scavenger and subsists almost entirely on carrion.[15] It will eat roadkill or the carcass of any animal, but is also known to hunt for food, especially small aquatic animals in marshes.[22] It is not usually attracted to larger carcasses and may swallow live invertebates and larvae, possibly also frogs, as much as smaller items of carrion.[24] Carrion records include smallish mammals, snakes and other reptiles and, especially, rotting fish.[24] It prefers fresh meat, but often cannot make the first cut into the carcass of a larger animal because its beak is not strong enough to tear into the tough hide. The lesser yellow-headed vulture will no longer feed on a piece of carrion once the meat is in a state of extreme decay, as it becomes contaminated with microbial toxins.[25] Like other vultures, it plays an important role in its ecosystem by disposing of carrion which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease.[26]

The lesser yellow-headed vulture forages using its keen eyesight to locate carrion on the ground, but also uses its sense of smell, an ability which is uncommon in the avian world. It locates carrion by detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan, a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals. The

olfactory lobe of its brain responsible for processing smells is particularly large compared to other animals.[25] This characteristic of New World vultures has been used by humans: ethyl mercaptan is injected into pipelines, and engineers looking for leaks then follow the foraging vultures.[27]

mutual dependence between species.[28] It is generally displaced from carcasses by both turkey vultures and king vultures, due to their larger size.[26]

Conservation

The lesser yellow-headed vulture is a bird of

range of 7,800,000 km2 (3,000,000 sq mi) and a population of between 100,000 and 1,000,000 individuals.[29] Its population trend appears to be stable.[1]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697630A163511443.en
    . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Species account: Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus". Global Raptor Information Network. 2014-05-08. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  3. ^ Wetmore, Alexander (1964). "A revision of the American vultures of the genus Cathartes". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 146 (6): 15.
  4. ^ Cassin, John. "[untitled]". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2 (8): 212. Near Veracruz, Mexico.
  5. ^
    JSTOR 1367720
    .
  6. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
    .
  7. ISBN 0-88192-600-0
    .
  8. ^ a b Remsen, J. V. Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on 2007-10-15
  9. ISBN 0-300-04969-2
    . Accessed 2007-04-11.
  10. ISBN 0-300-04085-7
    . Accessed 2007-04-11.
  11. PMID 17148284. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  12. S2CID 22786201
    .
  13. ^ Clark, W. S., & Schmitt, N. J. (2017). Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture. In Raptors of Mexico and Central America (pp. 94-96). Princeton University Press.
  14. ^
    ISBN 0-618-12762-3
    .
  15. ^ a b Channing, Keith. "Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture". The Hawk Conservancy. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  16. JSTOR 1364195
    .
  17. ISBN 0-226-05641-4
    .
  18. ^
    ISBN 0-691-08372-X
    .
  19. ^
    ISBN 0-394-46651-9
    .
  20. ISBN 0-226-05641-4
    .
  21. ^ Quebrada de los Cuervos Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  22. ^
    ISBN 0-19-854012-4
    .
  23. ISBN 0-300-04085-7
    .
  24. ^ a b Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.
  25. ^
    ISBN 0-7603-2582-0
    .
  26. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01084.x
    .
  27. ^ "Avian Olfaction". Cornell University. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  28. ISBN 0-521-36377-2
    .
  29. ^ BirdLife International (2007) Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathartes burrovianus.
Wikispecies has information related to Cathartes burrovianus.
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