Letter of credence
A letter of credence (
Letters of credence are traditionally written in French, the lingua franca of diplomacy.[1] However, they may also be written in the official language of the sending state.[2][3]
Language of letters
Letters of credence between two monarchs of equal rank will typically begin with the salutation "Sir My Brother" (or "Madame My Sister", in the case of a female monarch) and close with the valediction "Your Good Brother" (or Sister, in the case of a female monarch).
Presentation of credentials
Upon arrival at their post, the ambassador-designate meets with the foreign minister to arrange for an audience with the head of state.[4] They bring both a sealed original and an unsealed copy of his credentials. The unsealed copy is given to the foreign minister upon arrival, and the original is presented personally to the head of state in a formal ceremony.[5]: 550 Ambassadors do not begin their duties until their credentials are accepted, and their precedence within the diplomatic corps is determined by the date on which the credentials were presented.[6] They are, however, entitled to diplomatic immunity as soon as they enter the country.[7]: 32 [8]: 261
The ambassador-designate travels to the presentation ceremony in an official vehicle provided by the receiving state, accompanied by a military escort. In
Chargé-level relations
When two countries maintain relations at the chargé d'affaires level, the letter of credence will be written by the foreign minister of the sending state and addressed to the foreign minister of the receiving state. The chargé will present their credentials to the foreign minister.[11] The head of state is neither addressed nor presented with the credentials, symbolizing the lower level of diplomatic relations between the countries. The chargé is not entitled to a military escort or an official car.
Commonwealth
References
- ^ "10th Anniversary of Poland's Accession to the EU". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Poland. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Letters of Credence (translated from French) of Jan Kułakowski, 26 February 1990 (AMFA).
- ^ Ahren, Raphael (October 17, 2012). "New Egyptian ambassador brings Israel 'message of peace'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
- ^ "Diplomatic Credential Presented by the Great Qing Empire". National Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
- ^ "2 FAM 330 Ceremonies and Protocol Upon Assignment as Chief of Mission" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. February 28, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
The new chief of mission requests, through the officer who has been acting as chargé d'affaires ad interim, an informal conference with the minister of foreign affairs or such other appropriate officer of the government in order to arrange to be received by the chief of state.
- ^ Oppenheim, Lassa (1905). International Law: A Treatise. Vol. I.
- ^ "Diplomatic List: Order of Precedence and Date of Presentation of Credentials". Office of the Chief of Protocol, U.S. Department of State. 11 March 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ISBN 9789046606865.
- ISBN 9780198739104.
- ^ "Presentation of Credentials". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original on November 15, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
The President of the Republic invites the Ambassador in his Office, for an audience. The Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Director of the Office of the President, also attend.
- ^ "Procedure for Presenting the Letters of Credence by the Head of Diplomatic Mission in Montenegro". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Montenegro). Archived from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
Then he/she approaches the President of Montenegro and formally (with both hands) presents to him the Letter of Credence and the Letter of Recall of his/her predecessor. The President of Montenegro formally accepts the letters and shakes hands with the Head of Diplomatic Mission.
- ^ U.S. Department of State (1897). Instructions to the Diplomatic Officers of the United States. Washington, DC. pp. 1–5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Alison Quentin-Baxter and Janet McLean, This Realm of New Zealand: The Sovereign, the Governor-General, the Crown, 2017
- ISBN 9780230302990.
- ISBN 9780230302990.
- ISBN 9789047420590.