Level of support for evolution
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The level of support for evolution among scientists, the public, and other groups is a topic that frequently arises in the
Nearly all (around 97%) of the scientific community accepts evolution as the dominant scientific theory of biological diversity, with 87% accepting that evolution occurs due to natural processes, such as natural selection.[1][2] Scientific associations have strongly rebutted and refuted the challenges to evolution proposed by intelligent design proponents.[3]
There are many religious groups and denominations spread across several countries who reject the theory of evolution because it is in conflict with their central belief of creationism. For example, countries having such groups include the United States,[4][5][6][7][8][9] South Africa,[10] India, the Muslim world, South Korea, Singapore, the Philippines, and Brazil, with smaller followings in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Japan, Italy, Germany, Israel,[11] Australia,[12] New Zealand,[13] and Canada.[14]
Several publications discuss the subject of acceptance,
Scientific
The vast majority of the
Additionally, the
In 1986, an
There are many scientific and scholarly organizations from around the world that have issued statements in support of the theory of evolution.
There is a notable difference between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public in the United States. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center found that "Nearly all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time – 87% say evolution is due to natural processes, such as natural selection. The dominant position among scientists – that living things have evolved due to natural processes – is shared by only about a third (32%) of the public."[1]
Votes, resolutions, and statements of scientists before 1985
One of the earliest resolutions in support of evolution was issued by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1922, and readopted in 1929.[41][42]
Another early effort to express support for evolution by scientists was organized by Nobel Prize–winning American biologist
There are no hypotheses, alternative to the principle of evolution with its "tree of life," that any competent biologist of today takes seriously. Moreover, the principle is so important for an understanding of the world we live in and of ourselves that the public in general, including students taking biology in high school, should be made aware of it, and of the fact that it is firmly established, even as the rotundity of the earth is firmly established.[43]
This manifesto was signed by 177 of the leading American biologists, including
This was followed by the passing of a resolution by the
To date, there are no scientifically peer-reviewed research articles that disclaim evolution listed in the scientific and medical journal search engine PubMed.[49]
Project Steve
The
Religious
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (February 2019) |
Creationists have claimed that they represent the interests of true Christians, and evolution is associated only with atheism.[56][57]
However, not all religious organizations find support for evolution incompatible with their religious faith. For example, 12 of the plaintiffs opposing the teaching of
Michael Shermer argued in Scientific American in October 2006 that evolution supports concepts like family values, avoiding lies, fidelity, moral codes and the rule of law. Shermer also suggests that evolution gives more support to the notion of an omnipotent creator, rather than a tinkerer with limitations based on a human model.[65]
Ahmadiyya
The
Baha'i Faith
A fundamental part of `Abdul-Bahá's teachings on evolution is the belief that all life came from the
[T]he growth and development of all beings is gradual; this is the universal divine organization and the natural system. The seed does not at once become a tree; the embryo does not at once become a man; the mineral does not suddenly become a stone. No, they grow and develop gradually and attain the limit of perfection[68]
Catholic Church
The 1950 encyclical Humani generis advocated scepticism towards evolution without explicitly rejecting it; this was substantially amended by Pope John-Paul II in 1996 in an address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in which he said, "Today, almost half a century after publication of the encyclical, new knowledge has led to the recognition of the theory of evolution as more than a hypothesis."[69] Between 2000 and 2002 the International Theological Commission found that "Converging evidence from many studies in the physical and biological sciences furnishes mounting support for some theory of evolution to account for the development and diversification of life on earth, while controversy continues over the pace and mechanisms of evolution."[70] This statement was published by the Vatican in July 2004 by the authority of Cardinal Ratzinger (who became Pope Benedict XVI) who was the president of the Commission at the time.
The
In the January 16–17 2006 edition of the official
Sikhism
The Sikh
Hinduism
Hindus believe in the concept of evolution of life on Earth.
US religious denominations
In the United States, many Protestant denominations promote creationism, preach against evolution, and sponsor lectures and debates on the subject. Denominations that explicitly advocate creationism instead of evolution or "Darwinism" include the
Medicine and industry
A common complaint of
In fact, evolution is being put to practical use in industry and widely used on a daily basis by researchers in medicine, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics to both formulate hypotheses about biological systems for the purposes of experimental design, as well as to rationalise observed data and prepare applications.[54][91][92][93] As of May 2019 there are 554,965 scientific papers in PubMed that mention 'evolution'.[94] Pharmaceutical companies utilize biological evolution in their development of new products, and also use these medicines to combat evolving bacteria and viruses.[92]
Because of the perceived value of evolution in applications, there have been some expressions of support for evolution on the part of
James McCarter of Divergence Incorporated stated that the work of 2001 Nobel Prize winner
Public support
There does not appear to be significant correlation between believing in evolution and understanding evolutionary science.[100][101] In some countries, creationist beliefs (or a lack of support for evolutionary theory) are relatively widespread, even garnering a majority of public opinion. A study published in Science compared attitudes about evolution in the United States, 32 European countries, and Japan. The only country where acceptance of evolution was lower than in the United States was Turkey (25%). Public acceptance of evolution was most widespread (at over 80% of the population) in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden.[99]
Afghanistan
According to the Pew Research Center, Afghanistan has the lowest acceptance of evolution in the Muslim countries. Only 26% of people in Afghanistan accept evolution. 62% deny human evolution and believe that humans have always existed in their present form.[102]
Argentina
According to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center, 71% of people in Argentina believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 23% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Armenia
According to the Pew Research Center, 56 percent of Armenians deny human evolution and claim that humans have always existed in their present and only 34 percent of Armenians accept human evolution.[104]
Australia
A 2009 Nielsen poll showed that 23% of Australians believe "the biblical account of human origins," 42% believe in a "wholly scientific" explanation for the origins of life, while 32% believe in an evolutionary process "guided by God".[105][106]
A 2013 survey conducted by Auspoll and the Australian Academy of Science found that 80% of Australians believe in evolution (70% believe it is currently occurring, 10% believe in evolution but do not think it is currently occurring), 12% were not sure and 9% stated they do not believe in evolution.[107]
Belarus
According to the Pew Research Center, 63 percent of respondents in Belarus accept the theory of evolution while 23 percent of them deny evolution and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."[104]
Bolivia
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 44% of people in Bolivia believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 39% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Brazil
In a 2010 poll, 59% of respondents said they believe in theistic evolution, or evolution guided by God. A further 8% believe in evolution without divine intervention, while 25% were creationists. Support for creationism was stronger among the poor and the least educated.[108] According to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center, 66% of Brazilians agree that humans evolved over time and 29% think they have always existed in the present form.[103]
Canada
In a 2019 nationwide poll, 61% of Canadians believe that humans evolved from less advanced life forms over millions of years, while 23% believe that God created human beings in their present form within the last 10,000 years.[109]
Chile
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 69% of people in Chile believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 26% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Colombia
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 59% of people in Colombia believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 35% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Costa Rica
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 56% of people in Costa Rica believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 38% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Czech Republic
According to the Pew Research Center, the Czech Republic has the highest acceptance of evolution in Eastern Europe. 83 percent people in the Czech Republic believe that humans evolved over time.
Dominican Republic
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 41% of people in Dominican Republic believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 56% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Ecuador
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 50% of people in Ecuador believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 44% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
El Salvador
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 46% of people in El Salvador believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 45% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Estonia
According to the Pew Research Center, 74% of Estonians accept the theory of evolution while 21% deny it and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."
Georgia
According to the Pew Research Center, 58 percent of Georgians accept the theory of evolution while 34 percent of Georgians deny the theory of evolution.[104]
Guatemala
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 55% of people in Guatemala believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 38% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Honduras
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 49% of people in Honduras believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 45% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Hungary
According to the Pew Research Center, 69 percent of Hungarians accept the theory of evolution and 21 percent of Hungarians deny human evolution.[104]
Kazakhstan
According to the Pew Research Center, Kazakhstan has the highest acceptance of evolution in the Muslim countries. 79% of people in Kazakhstan accept the theory of evolution.[102]
India
According to a 2009 survey conducted by the British Council, 77% of people in India agree that enough scientific evidence exists to support evolution.[110][111] Also, 85% of God believing Indians who know about evolution agree that life on earth evolved over time as a result of natural selection.[110]
In the same 2009 survey carried among 10 major nations, the highest proportion that agreed that evolutionary theories alone should be taught in schools was in India, at 49%.[112][113]
In a survey conducted across 12 states in India, public acceptance of evolution stood at 68.5%.[114][115]
In 2023, NCERT, under the rationalization scheme, removed Darwin's theory of evolution from class 10th school textbooks. Only students who take opt for biology in class 11th will be taught Darwin's theory of evolution.[116][117]
Indonesia
A 2009 survey conducted by the McGill researchers and their international collaborators found that 85% of Indonesian high school students agreed with the statement, "Millions of fossils show that life has existed for billions of years and changed over time."[118]
Israel
The theory of evolution is a 'hard sell' in schools in Israel. More than half of Israeli Jews accept the human evolution while more than 40% deny human evolution & claim that humans have always existed in their present form.[119][120]
Latvia
According to the Pew Research Center, 66 percent of Latvians accept the theory of evolution while 25 percent of Latvians deny evolution and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."[104]
Lithuania
According to the Pew Research Center 54 percent of Lithuanians accept the theory of evolution while 34 percent of them deny evolution and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."[104]
Mexico
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 64% of people in Mexico believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 32% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Moldova
According to the Pew Research Center, 49 percent of Moldovans accept the theory of evolution while 42 percent of Moldovan deny the theory of evolution and claim that "humans have always existed in the present form."[104]
Nicaragua
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 47% of people in Nicaragua believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 48% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Norway
According to a 2008 Norstat poll for NRK, 59% of the Norwegian population fully accept evolution, 24% somewhat agree with the theory, 4% somewhat disagree with the theory while 8% do not accept evolution. 4% did not know.[121]
Pakistan
A 2009 survey conducted by the McGill researchers and their international collaborators found that 86% of Pakistani high school students agreed with the statement, "Millions of fossils show that life has existed for billions of years and changed over time."[118]
Panama
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 61% of people in Panama believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 34% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Paraguay
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 59% of people in Paraguay believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 30% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Peru
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 51% of people in Peru believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 39% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Poland
According to the Pew Research Center, 61 percent of Poles accept the theory of evolution while 23 percent of Poles deny the theory of evolution and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."[104]
Russia
According to the Pew Research Center, 65 percent of Russians accept the theory of evolution while 26 percent of Russians deny the theory of evolution and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."[104]
Serbia
According to the Pew Research Center, 61 percent of Serbians accept the theory of evolution while 29 percent of respondents in Serbia deny the theory of evolution while and claim that "humans have always existed in their present form."[104]
Turkey
In 2017, the government removed the theory of evolution from the school curriculum.[122]
United Kingdom
A 2006 United Kingdom poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants to choose between three different explanations for the origin of life: 22% chose (Young Earth) creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design ("certain features of living things are best explained by the intervention of a supernatural being, e.g. God"), 48% selected evolution theory (with a divine role explicitly excluded) and the rest did not know.[123][124] A 2009 poll found that only 38% of Britons believe God played no role in evolution.[125] In a 2012 poll, 69% of Britons believe that humans evolved from less advanced life forms, while 17% believe that God created human beings in their present forms within the last 10,000 years.[126]
United States
United States courts have ruled in favor of teaching evolution in science classrooms, and against teaching creationism, in numerous cases such as Edwards v. Aguillard, Hendren v. Campbell, McLean v. Arkansas and Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.
A prominent organization in the United States behind the
US Group | Young-Earth Creationism |
Belief in evolution guided by supreme being | Belief in evolution due to natural processes | NA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Public | 31% | 22% | 32% | 15% |
Scientists | 2% | 8% | 87% | 3% |
Religious Institution Attendance | Young-Earth Creationism |
Belief in God-guided evolution | Belief in evolution without God |
---|---|---|---|
Attend church weekly | 69% | 24% | 1% |
Attend church nearly weekly/monthly | 47% | 39% | 9% |
Seldom/never attend church | 23% | 32% | 34% |
The US has one of the highest levels of public belief in biblical or other religious accounts of the origins of life on Earth among industrialized countries.[129] However, according to the Pew Research Center, 62 percent of adults in the United States accept human evolution while 34 percent of adults believe that humans have always existed in their present form. The poll involved over 35,000 adults in the United States. However acceptance of evolution varies per state. For example, the State of Vermont has the highest acceptance of evolution of any other State in the United States. 79% people in Vermont accept human evolution. While Mississippi with 43% has the lowest acceptance of evolution of any US state.[130] [131]
According to a 2021 study, in 2019, 54% of Americans agreed with the statement: "Human beings, as we know them today, developed from earlier species of animals".
Political identification | Do not believe in evolution | Believe in evolution | NA |
---|---|---|---|
Republican | 68% | 30% | 2% |
Democrat | 40% | 57% | 3% |
Independent | 37% | 61% | 2% |
Political identification | Creationist | Believe in evolution | NA |
---|---|---|---|
Republican | 60% | 11% | 29% |
Democrat | 29% | 44% | 27% |
According to a 2021 study, in 2019, 34% of conservative Republicans and 83% of liberal Democrats accepted evolution.[132] A 2005 Pew Research Center poll found that 70% of evangelical Christians believed that living organisms have not changed since their creation, but only 31% of Catholics and 32% of mainline Protestants shared this opinion. A 2005 Harris Poll[139] estimated that 63% of liberals and 37% of conservatives agreed that humans and other primates have a common ancestry.[65]
Ukraine
According to the Pew Research Center, 54 percent of respondents in Ukraine accept the theory of evolution while 34 percent deny the theory of evolution and claim that "humans have always existed their present form."[104]
Uruguay
According to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center, 74% of people in Uruguay believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 20% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Venezuela
According to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 63% of people in Venezuela believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 33% believe they have "always existed in the present form."[103]
Other support for evolution
There are also many educational organizations that have issued statements in support of the theory of evolution.[140]
Repeatedly, creationists and intelligent design advocates have lost suits in US courts.[141] Here is a list of important court cases in which creationists have suffered setbacks:
- 1968 United States Supreme Court[142]
- 1981 Segraves v. State of California, Supreme Court of California[143]
- 1982 McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education, U.S. Federal Court[144]
- 1987 United States Supreme Court[145]
- 1990 Webster v. New Lenox School District, Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals[146]
- 1994 Peloza v. Capistrano Unified School District, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals[147]
- 1997 Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana[148]
- 2000 Rodney LeVake v Independent School District 656, et al., District Court for the Third Judicial District of the State of Minnesota[149]
- 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, US Federal Court[150]
- 2006 Hurst v. NewmanUS District Court Eastern District of California
Trends
The level of assent that evolution garners has changed with time. The trends in acceptance of evolution can be estimated.
Early impact of Darwin's theory
The level of support for evolution in different communities has varied with time and social context.[151] Darwin's theory had convinced almost every naturalist within 20 years of its publication in 1858, and was making serious inroads with the public and the more liberal clergy. It had reached such extremes, that by 1880, one American religious weekly publication estimated that "perhaps a quarter, perhaps a half of the educated ministers in our leading Evangelical denominations" thought "that the story of the creation and fall of man, told in Genesis, is no more the record of actual occurrences than is the parable of the Prodigal Son."[152]
By the late 19th century, many of the most conservative Christians accepted an ancient Earth, and life on Earth before Eden.
In the decades of the 20th century,
]Recent public beliefs
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2010) |
In a 1991 Gallup poll, 47% of the US population, and 25% of college graduates agreed with the statement, "God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last 10,000 years."
Fourteen years later, in 2005, Gallup found that 53% of Americans expressed the belief that "God created human beings in their present form exactly the way the Bible describes it." About 2/3 (65.5%) of those surveyed thought that creationism was definitely or probably true. In 2005 a Newsweek poll discovered that 80 percent of the American public thought that "God created the universe." and the Pew Research Center reported that "nearly two-thirds of Americans say that creationism should be taught alongside evolution in public schools." Ronald Numbers commented on that with "Most surprising of all was the discovery that large numbers of high-school biology teachers — from 30% in Illinois and 38% in Ohio to a whopping 69% in Kentucky — supported the teaching of creationism."[152]
The National Center for Science Education reports that from 1985 to 2005, the number of Americans unsure about evolution increased from 7% to 21%, while the number rejecting evolution declined from 48% to 39%.[99][153] Jon Miller of Michigan State University has found in his polls that the number of Americans who accept evolution has declined from 45% to 40% from 1985 to 2005.[154]
In light of these somewhat contradictory results, it is difficult to know for sure what is happening to public opinion on evolution in the US. It does not appear that either side is making unequivocal progress. It does appear that uncertainty about the issue is increasing, however.
A Pew Research Center poll in 2018 found that the way the question is asked changes the results, for instance among U.S. adults the number of people who believe humans have evolved over time varies from 68% to 81% based on the question format.[155]
Anecdotal evidence suggests that creationism is gaining ground in the UK as well. One report in 2006 stated that UK students are increasingly arriving ill-prepared to participate in medical studies or other advanced education.[156]
Recent scientific trends
The level of support for
The United States National Science Foundation statistics on US yearly science graduates demonstrate that from 1987 to 2001, the number of biological science graduates increased by 59% while the number of geological science graduates decreased by 20.5%. However, the number of geology graduates in 2001 was only 5.4% of the number of graduates in the biological sciences, while it was 10.7% of the number of biological science graduates in 1987.[160] The Science Resources Statistics Division of the National Science Foundation estimated that in 1999, there were 955,300 biological scientists in the US (about 1/3 of who hold graduate degrees). There were also 152,800 earth scientists in the US as well.[161]
A large fraction of the Darwin Dissenters have specialties unrelated to research on evolution; of the dissenters, three-quarters are not biologists.[162] As of 2006, the dissenter list was expanded to include non-US scientists.[163]
Some researchers are attempting to understand the factors that affect people's acceptance of evolution. Studies have yielded inconsistent results, explains associate professor of education at Ohio State University, David Haury. He recently performed a study that found people are likely to reject evolution if they have feelings of uncertainty, regardless of how well they understand evolutionary theory. Haury believes that teachers need to show students that their intuitive feelings may be misleading (for example, using the Wason selection task), and thus to exercise caution when relying on them as they judge the rational merits of ideas.[164][165]
See also
- History of creationism
- List of scientific societies rejecting intelligent design
Footnotes
- ^ a b Pew Research Center: "Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media" July 9, 2009.
- ^ Delgado, Cynthia (2006-07-28). "Finding evolution in medicine". NIH Record. 58 (15). Archived from the original (hmtl) on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
- ^ Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover page 83: "an overwhelming number of scientists, as reflected by every scientific association that has spoken on the matter, have rejected the ID proponents’ challenge to evolution."
- ^ Noah, Timothy (2000-10-31). "George W. Bush, The Last Relativist". Slate. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Pyke, Nicholas (2004-06-13). "Revealed: Tony Blair's link to schools that take the Creation literally". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.; full article at Ohanian, Susan. "Outrages". Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Meinert, Peer. "Wir drehen die Uhr um 1000 Jahre zurück ("We put the clock back a 1000 years")" (in German). Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ "Serbia reverses Darwin suspension" (stm). BBC News. 2004-09-09. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ "And finally." Warsaw Business Journal. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- S2CID 153515231.
- ^ "Worldwide creationism, Shotgun stunner, and more". New Scientist. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ISBN 978-0-674-03327-6.
- ISBN 978-0-674-03327-6. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Antievolutionists in Australia celebrated in August 2005, when the minister of education, a Christian physician named Brendan Nelson, came out in favor of exposing students both to evollution and ID...
- surprised many of its readers by announcing that "God and Darwin are still battling it out in New Zealand schools."
- ISBN 978-0-674-03327-6. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Writing in 2000, one observer claimed that "there are possibly more creationists per capita in Canada than in any other Western country apart from US."
- ISBN 978-0-939873-51-7.
- ISBN 978-0-939873-53-1.
- ISBN 978-0-309-06364-7. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Myers, PZ (2006-06-18). "Ann Coulter: No evidence for evolution?". Pharyngula. scienceblogs.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-22. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
- National Science Teachers Association's position statement on the teaching of evolution.
- ^ IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Joint statement issued by the national science academies of 67 countries, including the United Kingdom's Royal Society (PDF file)
- ^ a b From the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world's largest general scientific society: 2006 Statement on the Teaching of Evolution (PDF file), AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws
- ^ a b Fact, Fancy, and Myth on Human Evolution, Alan J. Almquist, John E. Cronin, Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jun., 1988), pp. 520–522
- ^ Public beliefs about evolution and creation, Robinson, B. A. 1995.
- ^ Many scientists see God's hand in evolution, Witham, Larry, Reports of the National Center for Science Education 17(6): 33, 1997
- A Scientific Support For Darwinism petition gained 7733 signatories from scientists opposing ID. The AAAS, the largest association of scientists in the U.S., has 120,000 members, and firmly rejects ID Archived 2002-11-13 at the Wayback Machine. More than 70,000 Australian scientists and educators condemn teaching of intelligent design in school science classes Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. List of statements from scientific professional organizationson the status intelligent design and other forms of creationism.
- ^ National Science Teachers Association, a professional association of 55,000 science teachers and administrators in a 2005 press release: "We stand with the nation's leading scientific organizations and scientists, including Dr. John Marburger, the president's top science advisor, in stating that intelligent design is not science.…It is simply not fair to present pseudoscience to students in the science classroom." National Science Teachers Association Disappointed About Intelligent Design Comments Made by President Bush Archived 2011-02-12 at the Wayback Machine National Science Teachers Association Press Release August 3, 2005
- ^ Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action Journal of Clinical Investigation 116:1134–1138 American Society for Clinical Investigation, 2006.
- ^ Orr, H. Allen (2005-05-23). "Devolution". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
Biologists aren't alarmed by intelligent design's arrival in Dover and elsewhere because they have all sworn allegiance to atheistic materialism; they're alarmed because intelligent design is junk science.
- OCLC 44966044.
- ^ National Academy of Sciences, 1999 Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition
- ^ The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity Nobel Laureates Initiative. Intelligent design cannot be tested as a scientific theory "because its central conclusion is based on belief in the intervention of a supernatural agent." Nobel Laureates Initiative Archived December 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (PDF file)
- ^ Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales. 20 October 2005. Intelligent Design is not Science - Scientists and teachers speak out Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Amicus Curiae brief in Edwards v. Aguillard, 85-1513 (United States Supreme Court 1986-08-18)., available at "Edwards v. Aguillard: Amicus Curiae Brief of 72 Nobel Laureates". From TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- .
- ^ List of numerous US scientific societies that support evolution and their statements about evolution
- ^ "List of 68 international scientific societies on the Interacademy Panel (IAP) that endorse a resolution supporting evolution and a multibillion year old earth, June 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ National Science Board letter in support of evolution 1999
- ^ "Royal Society statement on evolution, creationism and intelligent design, 11 Apr 2006". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
- ^ Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1999.
- ^ Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science (1998), National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1998.
- ^ AAAS Resolution: Present Scientific Status of the Theory of Evolution, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Adopted by the AAAS Council, December 26, 1922. AAAS Executive Committee readopts this resolution on April 21, 1929.
- ^ The Imminent Demise of Evolution: The Longest Running Falsehood in Creationism Archived 2009-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, G. R. Morton, Copyright 2002 G.R. Morton
- ^ Bales, James D., Forty-Two Years on the Firing Line, Lambert, Shreveport, LA, p.71-72, no date.
- ^ The Day the Scientists Voted, Bert Thompson, Apologetics Press: Sensible Science, 2001, originally published in Reason & Revelation, 2(3):9-11, March 1982.
- ^ a b American Biology Teacher, January 1973.
- ^ A Statement Affirming Evolution as a Principle of Science, The Humanist, January/February, 1977, p. 4-6.
- ^ AAPG Explorer, January, 1982.
- ^ "Creation-Science" Law Is Struck Down, Raloff, J., Science News, 121[2]:20, January 9, 1982.
- PMID 16670753.
- ^ (Few Biologists but Many Evangelicals Sign Anti-Evolution Petition, Panda's Thumb, February 21, 2006) Archived December 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ National Center for Science Education "Project Steve"
- ^ List of living scientists who accept the biblical account of creation from Answers in Genesis
- ^ The List of Steves
- ^ a b Finding the Evolution in Medicine Archived November 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Cynthia Delgado, NIH Record, July 28, 2006.
- Pew Forum(conducted in 2007, released in 2008)
- ^ Princeton theologian Charles Hodge, in his book Systematic Theology Archived 2007-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, Charles Hodge, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 1975, vol. 2, p. 15, argues that "First, it shocks the common sense of unsophisticated men to be told that the whale and the humming-bird, man and the mosquito, are derived from the same source... the system is thoroughly atheistic, and therefore cannot possibly stand."
- ^ Evolution and Christianity are opposites Archived 2006-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, p. 36 of Evolution and Society, Volume 2 of Scientific Facts Against Evolution-Origin of the Universe: 3 Volume Encyclopedia states, of evolution and Christianity, "there can be no reconciliation between the two. One view stands for fighting, warfare against the supposed weaker ones, and atheism; the other is for peace, self-sacrifice for the good of others, and belief and trust in the Creator God...Even evolutionists and atheists have declared that their creeds are totally different than those of Christianity." Also in the article Evolution and the churches on pages 39-41 of the same volume, "In spite of clear-cut statements by evolutionists that "evolution IS atheism," many denominations today accept one form or another of evolutionary theory."
- ^ McLean v Arkansas, Encyclopedia of Arkansas
- ^ Defending the teaching of evolution in public education, Statements from Religious Organizations
- ^ Archbishop of Canterbury backs evolution: Well, he is a Primate, Chris Williams, The Register, Tuesday 21 March 2006
- McLean v Arkansas and might take a different position now, the percentage those in denominations supporting evolution is still a substantial 77%. Furthermore, many other Christian and non-Christian denominations, including the United Church of Christ and the National Sikh Center, have shown some degree of support for evolution education (as defined by inclusion in 'Voices' or the "Joint Statement")." Matsumura produced her table from a June, 1998 article titled Believers: Dynamic Dozen put out by Religion News Services which in turn cites the 1998 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches. Matsurmura's calculations include the SBC based on a brief they filed in McLean v. Arkansas, where the SBC took a position it has since changed, according to Matsurmura. See also NCSE 2002.
- ^ Christianity, Evolution Not in Conflict, John Richard Schrock, Wichita Eagle May 17, 2005 page 17A Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Matsumura 1998, p. 9
- ^ The Bible: Is it a True and Accurate Account of Creation? (Part 2): The Position of Major Christian Denominations on Creation and Inerrancy Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Walter B. Murfin, David F. Beck, 13 April 1998, hosted on Coalition for Excellence in Science and Math Education Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine website
- ^ a b Darwin on the Right: Why Christians and conservatives should accept evolution, Michael Shermer, Scientific American, October 2006.
- ^ Effendi 1912, p. 350
- ^ ʻAbdu'l-Bahá 1912, pp. 51–52
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- ^ [2] Finding Design in Nature by Christoph Schönborn
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- ^ ISBN 0-674-02339-0
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References
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