Lhotshampa

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Lhotshampa
ल्होत्साम्पा
ལྷོ་མཚམས་པ་
Tibeto-Burman:
Newar people, Kirati people

The Lhotshampa or Lhotsampa (

Nepalese descent.[5] "Lhotshampa", which means "southern borderlanders" in Dzongkha, began to be used by the Bhutanese state in the second half of the twentieth century to refer to the population of Nepali origin in the south of the country.[6] After being displaced as a result of the state-run ethnic cleansing and living in refugee camps in eastern parts of Nepal, starting in 2007 most of the Bhutanese Refugees were resettled to various countries, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. As of 2021 the number of Lhotshampa in Nepal is significantly lower than that in the United States and other countries where they have resettled.[7][failed verification] People of Nepalese origin started to settle in uninhabited areas of southern Bhutan in the 19th century.[8]

History

The first small groups of Nepalese emigrated primarily from eastern Nepal under British auspices in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck consolidated power after a period of civil unrest and cultivated closer ties with the British in India. In 1910, the government of Bhutan signed a treaty with the British in India, granting them control over Bhutan's foreign relations.[10] The actual immigrants registered and settled through the agent from Kalimpong
, Raja Ugen Dorji and (son) Raja Sonam Togbay Dorji started in the reigns of the second and third kings. Immigrants from Nepal and India continued to enter Bhutan with an increase from the 1960s when Bhutan's first modern five-year plan began, many arriving as construction workers.

The government traditionally attempted to limit immigration and restrict residence and employment of Nepalese to the southern region.

Hindu minority.[9]

In 1988, the government census recategorized people with Nepali heritage as illegal immigrants. Local Lhotshampa leaders responded with antigovernmental protests demanding citizenship and damaged government institutions.[11]

In 1989, the Bhutanese government enacted reforms that directly impacted the Lhotshampa. First, it elevated the status of the national dress code of the Driglam namzha from recommended to mandatory. All citizens including the Lhotshampa were required to observe the dress code in public during business hours. This decree was resented by the Lhotshampa who complained about being forced to wear the clothing of the Ngalong majority.[12][13] Second, the government removed Nepali as a language of instruction in schools in favor of Dzongkha, the national language.[10] This alienated the Lhotshampa, many of whom knew no Dzongkha at all.

Expulsion

Main articles: Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan and Bhutanese refugees

Since the late 1980s, over 100,000 Lhotshampa have been forced out of

U.S. State Department estimates in 2008, about 35% of the population of Bhutan is Lhotshampa.[14]

Culture

Traditionally, the Lhotshampa have been involved mostly in sedentary agriculture, although some have cleared forest cover and conducted tsheri and

vegetarians. Their main festivals include Dashain and Tihar
.

Language

Main article: Nepali language
Geylegphug
.

Lhotshampas speak Nepali as their first language.

dzongkhags that have a large Lhotshampa community where most people speak Nepali. In southern Bhutan, Nepali used to be taught in the school and was spoken and written in these areas. However, this changed during the 1980s when there was racial conflict between Nepali in Bhutan and Bhutanese
. Since then, Nepali is only taught in the home and has become a spoken language in Bhutan. Thus, some Nepali speakers from southern Bhutan cannot read or write in Nepali. Currently, Nepali is the first language for most southern Bhutanese and most people use it in their home. Also, Nepali is most commonly used in school outside of the classes.

Nepali in Bhutan is different in the rural areas and Thimphu. Also, some Nepali words are used differently in Bhutan than Nepali in Nepal.

Vocabulary differences

Nepali words in Bhutan and Nepal

English Nepali in Bhutan (Lhotshamkha) Nepali in Nepal
Brother Daju Dai/Daju
Dirty Maila Phor/Maila
Door Dailo Dhoka/Dailo
Pea Matar Kerau/Matar
Shop Dokan pasal/Dokan
Throw Phag Phal/phyak
Vegetable Sabji Tarkari/sabji
Vehicle Gadi Motor/Gadi
Wait Parkhi parkhi/Parkha
Window Khirkey jhyal

Notable Lhotsampas

See also

Notes

References

  1. UNHCR. 2004. Archived from the original
    on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  2. ISBN 978-0-7546-7238-8
    .
  3. ^ Frelick, Bill (1 February 2008). "Bhutan's Ethnic Cleansing". New Statesman, Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  4. ^ Mishra, Vidhyapati (28 June 2013). "Bhutan Is No Shangri-La". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  5. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Bhutan - Ethnic Groups.
  6. doi:10.1080/00856401.2021.1951460
    . Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  7. ISBN 978-0-85668-199-8
    .
  8. ^ "Background and History: Settlement of the Southern Bhutanese". Bhutanese Refugees: The Story of a Forgotten People. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-8444-0777-1
    . Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  10. ^ a b c d "Timeline: Bhutan". BBC News online. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  11. ^ "Background Note: Bhutan". U.S. Department of State Archive. October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  12. ^ "Country profile – Bhutan: a land frozen in time". BBC News online. 9 February 1998. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  13. ^ "Bhutan country profile". BBC News online. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  14. ^ "Bhutan (10/08)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  15. ISBN 0-7425-4972-0
    .

External links
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