Liaoning

Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Liaoning province
)
This article is about a province of China. For the first Chinese aircraft carrier, see Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning.
For other uses, see Liaoning (disambiguation).
Liaoning
辽宁
7th)
Websiteln.gov.cn
Liaoning
Hanyu Pinyin
Liáoníng
Bopomofoㄌㄧㄠˊ   ㄋㄧㄥˊ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhLiauning
Wade–GilesLiao2-ning2
IPA[ljǎʊ.nǐŋ] ⓘ
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationLìuh-nìng
JyutpingLiu4-ning4
IPA[liːu˩.neŋ˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLiâu-lêng
Manchu nameManchu scriptᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣᠮᠨᡳᠩ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣRomanization
Liyoo'ning golo
Fengtian / Mukden Province
Chinese name
Hanyu Pinyin
Fèngtiān
Bopomofoㄈㄥˋ   ㄊㄧㄢ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhFenqtian
Wade–GilesFêng4-tʻien1
Manchu nameManchu scriptᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠮᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣRomanization
Abkai-imiyangga golo

Liaoning[a] is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost coastal province of the People's Republic of China.

Historically a gateway between China proper and Manchuria, the modern Liaoning province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and was renamed Liaoning in 1929. It was also known at that time as Mukden Province for the Manchu name of Shengjing, the former name of Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored for a brief time in 1945 and then again in 1954.

Liaoning borders the

Chagang provinces in the southeast, Jilin to the northeast, Hebei to the southwest, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the province's border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea. Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Dalian 37th and Shenyang 124th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[6]

Name

Liaoning is named after the

Liaodong
("East Liao") provinces.

History

Prior to 3rd century BC,

Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Mongol Empire
.

The Ming Liaodong Wall (in purple)
Kin
) have already conquered the rest of China

The

Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371,[10] just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a defense wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan (who were Ming's tributaries) from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, against attacks from Jianzhou Jurchens (who were later to become known as the Manchu people). Although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this "Liaodong Wall" was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in some parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[11]

Despite the Liaodong Wall, the

Shengjing (now, Shenyang, Liaoning). Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing
after it fell to the Qing in 1644, Shengjing retained its importance as a regional capital throughout most of the Qing era.

The Qing conquest of Liaoning resulted in a significant population loss in the area, as many local Chinese residents were either killed during fighting, or fled south of the

Liao River were either abandoned, or hardly had a few hundred residents left. In the Governor's words, "Tieling and Fushun only have a few vagrants". West of the Liao, only Ningyuan, Jinzhou, and Guangning had any significant populations remaining.[15]

The full picture of Shengjing area 1734
Liaodong (Leao-Tong) in the early Qing, surrounded by the Willow Palisade. This map, published in 1734, was based on data collected by Jesuits in the early 18th century. The capital is in Shenyang (Chinyang); most other cities mentioned in Governor Zhang's report are shown as well

In the latter half of the seventeenth century (starting with laws issued in 1651 and 1653), the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of the Great Wall (notably, from Shandong) to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province (roughly corresponding to today's Liaoning).[16] Many of the current residents of Liaoning trace their ancestry to these seventeenth century settlers. The rest of China's Northeast, however, remained officially off-limits to Han Chinese for most of the Manchu era. To prevent the migration of Chinese to those regions (today's Jilin and Heilongjiang, as well as the adjacent parts of Inner Mongolia), the so-called Willow Palisade was constructed (c. 1638 – c. 1672). The Palisade encircled the agricultural heartlands of Fengtian, running in most areas either somewhat outside the old Ming Liaodong Wall, or reusing it, and separating it from the Manchu forests to the northeast and the Mongol grazing lands to the northwest.[17]

Later on, the Qing government tried to stop the migrants flow to Fengtian or even to make some settlers return to their original places of residence – or, failing that, to legalize them. For example, an edict issued in 1704 commented on the recent Han Chinese settlers in Fengtian having failed to comply with earlier orders requiring them to leave, and asked them either to properly register and join a local defense group (保; bao), or to leave the province for their original places within the next ten years. Ten years later, naturally, another edict appeared, reminding of the necessity to do something with illegal migrants ...[18] In any event, the restrictive policy was not as effective as desired by the officials in Beijing, and Fengtian's population doubled between 1683 and 1734.[18]

During the Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was ruled by three generals, one of whom, the General of

Shengjing (Mukden i Jiyanggiyūn) ruled much of modern Liaoning. In 1860, the Manchu government began to reopen the region to migration, which quickly resulted in Han Chinese
becoming the dominant ethnic group in the region.

In the 20th century, the province of Fengtian was set up in what is Liaoning today. When

Liaoshen Campaign
) in and around Liaoning.

At the founding of the

Rehe province were merged into Liaoning in 1955. During the Cultural Revolution Liaoning also took in a part of Inner Mongolia
, though this was reversed later.

Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years, this early focus on

Revitalize the Northeast
" Campaign.

Geography

Landsat 7 image of western Liaoning

It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions: the highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east.

The highlands in the west are dominated by the

Great Wall
.

The central part of Liaoning consists of a basin drained by rivers such as the Liao, Daliao, and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and low-lying.

The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Mountains and Qianshan Mountains which extend into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula. The highest point in Liaoning, Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region.

Liaoning has a

rainfall
averages to about 440 to 1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry.

Further information: Anping Creek

Major cities:

Paleontology

Main article: Jehol Biota

Liaoning contains some of the foremost paleontological sites in the world. Known collectively as the

Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation.[19]
This discovery pushed the evolution of feathers back in time and showed that dinosaurs, not only birds, had feathers. It also showed a direct evolutionary link between theropod dinosaurs and modern birds.

Since then, dozens of ground-breaking finds have been discovered throughout the Jehol group. These including the earliest flower, earliest

Sinornithosaurus millenii, as well as many birds and feathered dinosaurs.[22] Discoveries such as Dilong paradoxus, another feathered theropod, date to the early Cretaceous Period. This is some 60 million years before Tyrannosaurus, and thus these discoveries push the evolution of feathers earlier than previously thought.[21]

The Liaoning fossils are noted for their high degree of preservation—often including soft body tissues, which is rare.[23] Aside from the famous birds and feathered dinosaurs, the Liaoning fossils include insects, fish, aquatic arthropods, and plants.[24] The Liaoning deposit is widely considered to be one of the world's premier fossil sites.[23] The high level of preservation is believed to be due to how the animals died. The area was volcanically active, and large plumes of volcanic dust repeatedly covered the area, instantly killing and burying any living thing in the area. The extremely fine grain of the sediment and the chemical composition of the ash prevented the usual bacterial decay.[24] In some specimens, extremely fine details can be seen such as the proboscis of the bee Florinemestruis used to drink nectar from the earliest flowers.[21] In other specimens, colours are still visible, including stripes on fish and spots on turtles.[24]

Politics

Main articles:
List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Liaoning is structured in a single party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning (辽宁省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in the province's single party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Chinese Communist Party Liaoning Provincial Committee Secretary (辽宁省委书记 for short), colloquially termed the "Liaoning Party Chief".

Prior to 1949 and the

Qing Dynasty Liaoning was known as the province of Fengtian (奉天), and was governed by a zǒngdū or Viceroy (The Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces, 东三省总督), along with the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang
. The province itself also had a governor (巡抚; xúnfǔ).

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Liaoning and List of township-level divisions of Liaoning

Liaoning is divided into fourteen

sub-provincial cities
):

Administrative divisions of Liaoning
Division code[25] Division Area in km2[26] Population 2010[27] Seat Divisions[28]
Districts
Counties
Aut. counties
 CL cities
210000 Liaoning Province 145,900.00 43,746,323 Shenyang city 59 17 8 16
210100 Shenyang city 12,860.00 8,106,171
Hunnan District
 10 2 1
210200 Dalian city 12,573.85 6,690,432
Xigang District
 7 1 2
210300 Anshan city 9,252.00 3,645,884 Tiedong District 4 1 1 1
210400 Fushun city 11,272.00 2,138,090 Shuncheng District 4 1 2
210500 Benxi city 8,420.00 1,709,538 Pingshan District 4 2
210600 Dandong city 15,289.61 2,444,697 Zhenxing District 3 1 2
210700 Jinzhou city 9,890.62 3,126,463 Taihe District 3 2 2
210800 Yingkou city 5,365.46 2,428,534 Zhanqian District 4 2
210900 Fuxin city 10,354.99 1,819,339 Xihe District 5 1 1
211000 Liaoyang city 4,743.24 1,858,768 Baita District 5 1 1
211100 Panjin city 4,071.10 1,392,493 Xinglongtai District 3 1
211200 Tieling city 12,979.69 2,717,732 Yinzhou District 2 3 2
211300 Chaoyang city 19,698.00 3,044,641 Shuangta District 2 2 1 2
211400 Huludao city 10,414.94 2,623,541 Longgang District 3 2 1
  
Sub-provincial cities

These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100

ethnic townships, and 520 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 43.69 million.[1]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[29] 2010 Urban area[30] 2020 City proper
1 Shenyang 7,229,320 5,718,232[b] 9,070,093
2 Dalian 5,286,743 3,902,467[c] 7,450,785
3 Anshan 1,480,332 1,504,996 3,325,372
4 Fushun 1,228,890 1,318,808 1,861,372
5 Yingkou 1,027,117 880,412 2,328,582
6 Jinzhou 1,021,478 946,098 2,703,853
7 Panjin 980,422 663,445[d] 1,389,691
8 Benxi 808,221 1,000,128 1,326,018
9 Liaoyang 764,504 735,047 1,604,580
10 Huludao 764,241 646,482 2,434,194
11 Dandong 748,983 775,787 2,188,436
12 Fuxin 742,318 750,283 1,647,280
13 Haicheng 680,033 687,223 see Anshan
14 Chaoyang 580,995 477,610 2,872,857
15 Wafangdian 454,388 413,921 see Dalian
16 Tieling 424,200 396,505 2,388,294
17 Donggang 357,229 290,957 see Dandong
18 Zhuanghe 348,028 304,233 see Dalian
19 Dashiqiao 309,066 330,328 see Yingkou
20 Kaiyuan 257,822 242,412 see Tieling
21 Fengcheng 252,921 247,219 see Dandong
22 Lingyuan 247,488 200,354 see Chaoyang
23 Gaizhou 228,059 218,478 see Yingkou
24 Xingcheng 219,545 178,291 see Huludao
25 Xinmin 218,041 484,287 see Shenyang
26 Beipiao 190,315 168,620 see Chaoyang
27 Dengta 185,623 163,064 see Liaoyang
28 Diaobingshan 179,480 195,673 see Tieling
29 Linghai 167,909 134,716 see Jinzhou
30 Beizhen 152,033 127,101 see Jinzhou
—
Pulandian
 see Dalian 319,942 see Dalian
  1. ^ /ljaʊˈnɪŋ/;[5] Chinese: 辽宁ⓘ
  2. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Liaozhong (Liaozhong County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. Pulandian (Pulandian CLC)
    . The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Dawa (Dawa County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
 
 
Most populous cities in Liaoning
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[31]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
Shenyang
Shenyang
Dalian
Dalian 		1 Shenyang 5,651,200 11 Huludao 728,700 Anshan
Anshan
Fushun
Fushun
2 Dalian 3,808,300 12 Dandong 668,100
3 Anshan 1,420,800 13 Chaoyang 590,500
4 Fushun 1,223,500 14 Tieling 435,200
5 Jinzhou 969,000 15 Zhuanghe 348,000
6 Yingkou 892,800 16 Wafangdian 329,500
7 Benxi 861,000 17 Dashiqiao 261,600
8 Panjin 847,100 18 Haicheng 244,800
9 Liaoyang 763,600 19 Gaizhou 231,100
10 Fuxin 759,400 20 Lingyuan 224,000

Economy

Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning Province
Dalian, second largest city in Liaoning Province

Liaoning has the largest and wealthiest provincial economy of Northeast China. Its

nominal GDP for 2017 was 2.39 trillion yuan (ca. US$354 billion), making it the 14th largest in China (out of 31 provinces). Its per capita GDP was 54,745 yuan (US$8,108). Among the three provinces of Northeast China
, Liaoning is the largest in terms of GDP and GDP per capita.

In 2008, Liaoning was the region with the highest GDP growth among global G8x8, the eight provinces or states below national level with the highest GDP of the top eight GDP nations. According to preliminary statistics, Liaoning maintained its GDP growth rate of 13.1 percent in 2009 and held its position as the province with the highest economic growth. Economic growth has since slowed down, with the economy expanding 3% in 2015 and contracting 1.3% in the first quarter of 2016.[citation needed]

Leading industries include petrochemicals, metallurgy, electronics telecommunications, and machinery.[32] On a national level, Liaoning is a major producer of pig iron, steel and metal-cutting machine tools, all of whose production rank among the top three in the nation. Liaoning is one of the most important raw materials production bases in China. Industries such as mining, quarrying, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, petroleum and natural gas extraction, are all of great significance.

Meanwhile, Liaoning is an important production base of equipment and machinery manufacturing, with Shenyang and Dalian being the industrial centers. Enterprises such as Shenyang Jinbei Co. Ltd., Daxian Group Co. Ltd., and Shenyang Machine Tool Co. Ltd., are leaders in their sectors. The province's light industry mainly focuses on textiles and clothing industries which include cotton and wool spinning, chemical fiber production, knitting, silk production, and the manufacturing of both garments and textile machinery.

In 2008, its tertiary industry accounted for 34.5 percent of total GDP. In the future, Liaoning will continue its efforts to restructure large and medium-sized state enterprises. Meanwhile, the province will concentrate in developing its four pillar industries – petrochemicals, metallurgy, machinery and electronics.

Liaoning is the place of origin of the Li Keqiang index, an alternative measure of economic performance where GDP figures are unreliable.

Agriculture

Main agricultural products of Liaoning include maize, sorghum, and soybeans. The region around Dalian produces three-quarters of China's exported apples and peaches. Cotton is also produced.

Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian and Yingkou, golden peaches from Dalian, pears from Beizhen of Jinzhou, white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Gushan of Dandong.

Mining

Liaoning has the most iron, magnesite, diamond, and boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of petroleum and natural gas. Salt is produced along the coast.

Oil

Along with Liaoning's rich mineral reserves, the province also has abundant deposits of crude oil, especially in the Liaohe Oilfield.[32]

Industry

Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, such as

chemical industries, construction materials, coal
, and so on.

The sea off

sea cucumbers, scallops, prawns, crabs, and sea urchins. The big fish of Dandong, the jellyfish of Yingkou, and the clams of Panjin
are known worldwide for their good tastes right from the sea and in products made in Liaoning for export domestically and internationally.

Trade

The cities of Dalian, Dandong and Yingkou have been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all of northeast China.

Economic and technological development zones

Of the development zones formally recognized by the PRC State Council, 56 are located in Liaoning, including 14 on the national level and 42 on the provincial level. These zones are further grouped into Economic Development Zones, High-Tech Zones, Free Trade and Export Processing Zones, and Special Development Zones.[33]

  • Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone

In October 1995, the Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone was approved to be established by State Council. The Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone is the only zone established as part of the Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. It has a total area of 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi). It welcomes international investment. It focuses on the development of instruments manufacturing, telecommunication, bio-pharmaceuticals, electronics, and new materials.[34]

  • Liaoning Shenyang Export Processing Zone

The Liaoning Shenyang Zhangshi Export Processing Zone was approved to be established by the state government in June 2005. It is located in the national-level Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone, with a planned area of 62 km2 (24 sq mi) and current area of 14.1 km2 (5.4 sq mi). It encourages and focuses on the development of auto and auto parts, electronics, precision machinery, new energy, new materials, and the fine chemical industry.[35]

  • Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone used to be called the Shenyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. Established in 1988, it is a national high-tech development zone approved by the State Council. The zone is located in western Shenyang City with an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). Its encouraged industries include electronic information, new materials, biological engineering, energy saving, and environmental protection.[36]

The Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone (now known as the "Dalian Development Area") was established in September 1984, as one of the first of the China National Economic and Technological Development Zones. The zone had a GDP of 70.31 billion yuan in 2007 and the total volume of its import and export trade was 14.92 billion dollars, which accounts for a quarter of such trade for all of Liaoning Province. Most of the enterprises in Dalian ETDZ are factories owned by foreign enterprises, especially from Japan, South Korea and the United States, such as Canon, Pfizer, Toshiba, and Intel.[37]

  • Dalian Export Processing Zone

The Dalian Export Processing Zone was approved to be set up by the State Council in April 2000, with a planned area of 2.95 km2 (1.14 sq mi). It is divided into two parts, A Zone and B Zone. A Zone has a construction area of 1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi), and started operation in May 2001. All the basic infrastructure is available, which includes road, water, gas, and power supply, telecommunication, and so on. A Zone promotes industries such as home appliances, lighting, machinery, construction materials, and medical instruments.[38]

  • Dalian Free Trade Zone

The Dalian Free Trade Zone was approved to be set up by the government in May, 1992. Policies include duty-free trade. It has attracted some leading industries, such as electronics, machinery, and plastics.[39]

  • Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 35.6 square kilometres (13.7 sq mi). It focuses on and encourages the following industries: electronic information, bio-pharmaceuticals, and new materials.[40]

  • Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone

The Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1992. It is located in the bank of Yalu River, and opposite Sinuiju, a North Korean city. It promotes industries such as electronic information, machinery manufacturing, and bio-pharmaceuticals.[41]

  • Yingkou Economic & Technical Development Zone

Regional development strategies

Central Liaoning City Cluster (Shenyang Metro Area)

The Central Liaoning city cluster is a

megalopolis centered on Shenyang (urban population 4 million). Within its 150 km (93 mi) radius, it includes Anshan (urban population 1.3 million), Fushun (1.3 million), Yingkou (1.1 million), Benxi (0.95 million), Liaoyang (0.7 million), and Tieling
(0.4 million).

In April 2010, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved a national development strategy for the Shenyang Metro Area. The core of this strategy is innovation in industrial development, integration of the eight cities, integration of urban and rural areas as well as the promotion of more market-oriented development.[42]

Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt

The Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Liaoning, Li Keqiang, initiated the development of a strategy entitled "5 Points and One Line", which he first proposed on a visit to Yingkou in late 2005. Liaoning Province formally launched the development strategy for the entire Liaoning coastline in early 2006, so as to re-invigorate the provincial economy from its traditional status as a "rustbelt" of Chinese state-owned enterprises.

The "Five Points" indicate five key development areas in the province and cover seven zones: the Changxing Island Harbor Industrial Zone in Dalian; Yingkou Coastal Industrial Base; Liaoxi Jinzhou Bay Coastal Economic Zone; Dandong, and the Zhuanghe Huayuankou Industrial Zone.

The five zones together cover a planned area of nearly 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi).

The "One Line" mentioned in the strategy represents a new series of motorways along the coast. The 1,433-kilometer coastline will become the connection between the five above zones, through which 6 provincial cities, 21 counties and 113 towns will be interlinked. Coastal motorways directly connect the entire string of five zones along the Bohai sea.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912
Liaoxi Province
split from Liaoning Province in 1949; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.

The population of Liaoning is mostly

minorities of Manchus, Mongols, Hui, Koreans and Xibe
. Liaoning has both the highest absolute number and highest percentage of Manchus in all of China.

Ethnic groups in Liaoning, 2000 census
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 35,105,991 83.94%
Manchu
 5,385,287 12.88%
Mongol
 669,972 1.60%
Hui 264,407 0.632%
Koreans 241,052 0.576%
Xibe
 132,615 0.317%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source:[53]

Religion

Further information: Religion in Northeast China

Religion in Liaoning (2012)[54]

  Non religious and
Catholicism
(0.2%)
  Others (0.1%)

According to a 2012 survey,

Catholics
with 0.2%.

Jade Buddha Temple in Anshan

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; around 90% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in Chinese folk religions (cults of nature deities and ancestors), Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.

The significant

Mongolian folk religion and shamanism, or Tibetan Buddhism
.

Tourism

Chongzheng Hall in the Mukden Palace

The

Qing Dynasty emperors before they conquered the rest of China and moved their capital to Beijing. Though not as large nor as well known as its counterpart (the Forbidden City) in Beijing, the Mukden palace is significant for its representation of palace architecture at the time, and has recently been included on the UNESCO World Heritage Site
as an extension of the Imperial Palace site in Beijing.

In addition, three imperial tombs dating from the Qing Dynasty are located in Liaoning. These tomb sites have been grouped with other

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing
) as a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, is part of a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site that also includes sites in Ji'an, Jilin
.

Benxi offers a boat ride through a large stalactite filled cave and underground river.

Buddha statue made of jade
in the world.

Yuan Dynasty
.

The port city of

streetcars
, a rare sight in China.

Dandong, on the border with North Korea, is a medium-sized city that offers a cross-river view of the North Korean city of Sinŭiju.

Bijia Mountain is an island which joins to the mainland at low tide by a land bridge.

Education and research

Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Dalian 37th and Shenyang 124th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[6]

Colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Liaoning

Under the national Ministry of Education:

Under various other national agencies:

Under the provincial government:

Sports

Dalian Sports Center Stadium
.

Professional sports teams based in Liaoning include:

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ GDP-2020 is a preliminary data "Home – Regional – Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS. March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  5. ^ "Liaoning". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Leading 200 science cities 2023| | Supplements". Nature Index. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  7. ^ 先秦辽阳地区部族问题初探. lydaw.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  8. ISBN 9781684175673
    .
  9. ^ 郭大顺 (2018). "考古学观察下的古代辽宁". 地域文化研究 (1).
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    .
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    .
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  13. ^ "Dongjing". Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  14. ^ Edmonds (1985), p. 113
  15. ^ Edmonds (1985), p. 74
  16. ^ Edmonds (1985), pp. 74–75
  17. ^ Edmonds (1985), pp. 58–61
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External links

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