Lika
Lika | |
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Lika (Croatian pronunciation:
Major towns include
History
Antiquity
Since the first millennium BC the region was inhabited by
In the 2nd century BC, Iapydes came into conflict with the
Medieval
Bijelohrvati (or
The name of Lika is derived from old
Among the twelve noble Croat tribes that had a right to choose the Croat king, the Gusić tribe was from Lika.
From the 15th century
In 1493 the Croatian army suffered a heavy defeat from the Ottoman forces in the Battle of Krbava Field, near Udbina in Lika. As the Ottomans advanced into Croatia, the Croatian population from the region gradually started to move into safer parts of the country or abroad.[7] Many indigenous Chakavians of Lika leaving this area and to their places mainly arriving Neo-Shtokavian Ikavians from western Hezegovina and western Bosnia, and Orthodox (Vlachs and Serbs Neo-Shtokavian Ijekavians) from south-east of Balkan Peninsula.[8] In 1513 the town of Modruš, the location of the episcopal see in Lika, was overrun by the Ottomans.[9] In 1527 they captured Udbina, including the Udbina Castle, leaving most of Lika under Ottoman control.[10] The region became initially part Sanjak of Bosnia, later the Sanjak of Klis and finally the Sanjak of Krka. The devastation of Lika and Krbava was such that almost half a century they remained largely uninhabited. At the end of the 16th century the Ottomans started settling Vlachs in the area, as well as Muslims in larger settlements where they soon formed a majority of the population.[11]
Prince Radic was appointed Prince of Senj by King Rudolf in Graz (1 December 1600). Radic family is a Native noble family from Lika region; members of the family were Uskok military leaders at the headquarters in Senj. Prince of Senj was very active against Ottoman. In 1683 after Ottoman defeat at the battle of Vienna, 30,000 Muslims from Lika began to move towards Bosnia. Large number of these Muslims originated from Bosnia from which they came a century earlier, while a substantial proportion was of Croatian origin.[12]
The Ottoman rule in Lika mostly ended in 1689 with the recapture of Udbina. However area of Donji Lapac remained in Ottoman hands for 102 years.[13] The borders between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire were initially concluded with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699,[14] finally concluded with Treaty of Sistova in 1791. Lika was incorporated into the Karlovac general command of the Croatian Military Frontier. It was repopulated by immigrants from Ottoman held regions. Catholics predominated in urban settlements, while Orthodox Christians were mostly present in the interior of Lika.[15]
On 15 July 1881 the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia to SFRY
After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia, of which Lika was part, became part of the
Yugoslavia was invaded and split by the
Croatian War of Independence
In August 1990 an insurrection known as Log Revolution started in Serb populated areas of Croatia. Due to recent civil unrest and with Croatia declaring independence from Yugoslavia in June 1991, the Serb majority settlements of eastern Lika joined with fellow Serbian populace in Croatia in the creation and declaration of independence of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). Subsequently, the Serbian paramilitary units were created with the backing of the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitary forces. Clashes with the Croatian police that followed later in 1991 quickly erupted in a full-scale war. The fiercest fighting in Lika took place during the Battle of Gospić in August and September 1991 that resulted in the seat of the province being heavily damaged by the Serbian forces. Western Lika remained under Croatian control, while eastern Lika was under RSK control.[19] War continued until 1995, when the Croatian Army took over the region in Operation Storm, ending the existence of the RSK.
After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated
Economy
Lika is traditionally a rural area with a developed farming (growing potatoes) and livestock. Industry is minimal and relies mostly on wood processing. Tourism is important to the region, with two national parks (
Culture
Lika has a distinct culture. The
Lika caps are worn by the local men and farmers informally at home, and also formally at weddings and celebrations.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Lika is shaped by its mountainous terrain, scarcity of arable land, cold winters, and the extensive practice of animal husbandry. It is simple, traditional and hearty, heavily focused on fresh, local ingredients and home style cooking.
Common dishes include:
- sour cabbage.
- Stewed beans - Usually enriched with sour cabbage, turnip or bacon.
- Lički lonac (Lika pot) - A hearty, complex stew of tomatoes, etc.). Commonly eaten with boiled potatoes or polenta on the side.
- Lamb under a peka - Lamb and potatoes cooked in a peka, a large metal or ceramic lid.
- Sour cabbage with cured meat - Usually includes cured mutton, bacon, kulin, and potatoes on the side.
Common desserts include štrudla (savijača), ruffled
Population
The 2011 census data for
Sport
Notable people
- Jakov Blažević
- Jovanka Broz
- Mile Budak
- Matija Čanić
- Josip Čorak
- Marko Došen
- Josip Filipović
- Jure Francetić
- Milovan Gavazzi
- Ilija Ivezić
- Stjepan Jovanović
- Ana Karić
- Ivan Karlović
- Vinko Knežević
- Edo Kovačević
- Ferdinand Kovačević
- Miroslav Kraljević
- Davor Lasić
- Mirko Lulić
- Priest Martinac
- Marko Mesić
- Darko Milinović
- Veljko Narančić
- Nicholas of Modruš
- Ante Nikšić
- Omar Pasha
- Ante Pavelić (1869–1938)
- Mirjan Pavlović
- Vlado Perkovic
- Gašpar Perušić
- Ivica Rajković
- Ivan Rukavina
- Juraj Rukavina Vidovgradski (Austrian general)
- Mathias Rukavina von Boynograd
- Sandra Šarić
- Stjepan Sarkotić
- Martin Sekulić
- Tomislav Sertić
- Franjo Šimić
- Petar Smiljanić
- Hrvoje Smolčić
- Ante Starčević
- David Starčević
- Mile Starčević (politician, born 1862)
- Mile Starčević (politician, born 1904)
- Šime Starčević
- Rade Šerbedžija
- Nikola Tesla
- Nikica Valentić
- Ante Vrban
- Josef Philipp Vukassovich
- Lavoslav Vukelić
- Janko Vuković
- Josif Rajačić
- Božidar Maljković
See also
References
- ^ Pejnović 2009, p. 82.
- ^ Pejnović 2009, p. 54.
- ^ Luka Pavičić and collaborators, 1987, Lovinac Monografija. pp. 47.-48.
- ^ Pejnović 2009, pp. 57–60.
- ^ De Administrando Imperio 30/90-117, "καὶ ὁ βοάνος αὐτῶν κρατεῖ τὴν Κρίβασαν, τὴν Λίτζαν καὶ τὴν Γουτζησκά"
- ^ Pejnović 2009, p. 57.
- ^ Goldstein 1999, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Šimunović 2010, p. 223.
- ^ Tanner 1997, p. 31.
- ^ Tanner 1997, p. 37.
- ^ Mažuran 1998, p. 197.
- ^ Florian Bieber; (2000) Muslim Identity in the Balkans before the Establishment of Nation States p.20; Cambridge University Press, [1]
- ^ Mažuran 1998, p. 242.
- ^ Mažuran 1998, p. 254.
- ^ Tanner 1997, p. 60.
- ^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár" (in Hungarian). Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
- ISBN 9781473833043.
- ^ Goldstein 1999, p. 148.
- ^ Tanner 1997, p. 277.
- ^ "Croatian national park overwhelmed by selfie-taking tourists". The Daily Telegraph. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Lika Gastro". Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ "TOP 10 jela koja trebate probati u Lici". Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census: County of Lika-Senj". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ^ "SAS Output".
- ^ "Croatian Walking Festival breaks records with 1,300 participants from 22 countries". croatiaweek.com. Croatia Week. 4 September 2023.
Bibliography
- McGill-Queen's Press.
- Mažuran, Ive (1998). Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća (in Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing.
- Pejnović, Dane (2009). "Geografske osnove identiteta Like" [The geographical foundations of the Lika identity] (PDF). In Holjevac, Željko (ed.). Identitet Like: korijeni i razvitak (in Croatian). Vol. 1. Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar – Regional Center Gospić. pp. 47–84. ISBN 978-953-6666-65-2. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- Šimunović, Petar (2010). "Lička toponomastička stratigrafija" [Toponomastic and linguistic stratigraphy in Lika] (PDF). Folia onomastica Croatica (in Croatian) (19): 223–246. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia – a nation forged in war. New Haven: ISBN 0-300-06933-2.