Liliales

Liliales Temporal range: 120–0  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Early Cretaceous- Recent
Lilium martagon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Liliales Perleb (1826)[1][2]
Type species
Lilium candidum L.
Families
Alstroemeriaceae Campynemataceae Colchicaceae Corsiaceae Liliaceae Melanthiaceae Petermanniaceae Philesiaceae Ripogonaceae Smilacaceae
Synonyms[3]
Liliiflora

Liliales is an

The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the Northern Hemisphere, or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere, or sometimes just to Australia or South America. The total number of species in the order is now about 1768.

As with any herbaceous group, the fossil record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the Eocene, such as Petermanniopsis anglesaensis or Smilax, but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is Ripogonum scandens from the Miocene. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower Cretaceous, over 100 million years ago. Fossil aquatic plants from the Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil and a new terrestrial species placed in the new genus Cratosmilax suggest that the first species have appeared around 120 million years ago when the continents formed Pangea, before dispersing as Asia, Africa and America.^[4] The initial diversification to the current families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago.^[5] The order consists of 10 families, 67 genera and about 1,768 species.

Description

The Liliales are a diverse

Liliales

Colchicum autumnale (Colchicaceae)

Tulipa humilis (Liliaceae):
Bulbs

The

In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.[33]

Molecular phylogenetic systems

The development of

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG system (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders.^[37] Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren,^[10] into Asparagales, with other taxa placed in Dioscoreales, resulting in a much reduced order.^[9][8]

Phylogeny

The position of Liliales within the monocots (Lilianae) is shown in the following

Cladogram 1: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots[38][43] Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal (monocots) 131[44]            Acorales Alismatales 122            Petrosaviales 120 Dioscoreales 115 Pandanales 91 Liliales 121 121 Asparagales 120 commelinids 118            Arecales Poales            Commelinales Zingiberales lilioid monocots 122 alismatid monocots Biogeography and evolution The Myr (million years ago) in the Early Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era.[45][40] Subdivision The circumscription of Liliales has varied greatly since Perleb's original construction with 11 families in 1826.[8] Many of these families are now considered to be in Asparagales, with the remainder in commelinids and Dioscoreales, as shown in this table. Liliales families in progressive taxonomic schemes Perleb (1826)[17] Endlicher (1836)[18] Lindley (1853)[19] Bentham & Hooker (1883)[20] Eichler (1886)[23] Engler (1903)[24] Lotsy (1911)[25] Wettstein (1924)[26] Hutchinson (1973)[27] Cronquist (1981)[28] Dahlgren (1985)[29] Takhtajan (1997)[30] Thorne & Reveal (2007)[31] APG IV (2016)[38] Liliaceae Coronarieae Liliales Coronariae Liliiflorae Liliiflorae Liliiflorae Liliiflorae Liliales Liliales Liliales Liliales Liliales Liliales Asparageae A Asparagaceae Asphodeleae A Asphodelaceae Colchicaceae Colchicaceae Colchicaceae Colchicaceae Coronariae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae AmaryllideaeA Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Pontederiaceaec Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae DioscoreaceaeD Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Hypoxideae A Hypoxidaceae Haemodoraceaec Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae BurmanniaceaeD Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae IrideaeA Iridaceae Iridaceae Iridaceae Iridaceae Iridaceae Iridaceae Juncaceaec Juncaceae Juncaceae Juncaceae Juncaceae Philydriae c Philydraceae Philydraceae Philydraceae Melanthaceae Melanthaceae Melanthaceae Melanthiaceae Melanthiaceae Melanthiaceae Smilaceae Smilaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Gilliesiaceae A Gilliesiaceae Roxburghiaceae P Stemonaceae Stemonaceae Stemonaceae Stemonaceae Xyrideae c Mayaceae c Commelinaceaec Rapateaceaec Rapateaceae Bromeliaceaec Bromeliaceae| Bromeliaceae VelloziaceaeP Vellosiaceae Velloziaceae Velloziaceae Taccaceae D Taccaceae Taccaceae Taccaceae Aloinaceae A Eriospermaceae A Johnsoniaceae A Agapanthaceae A Alliaceae A Tulipaceae Scillaceae A Dracaenaceae A Luzuriagaceae Luzuriagaceae Ophiopogonaceae A Lomandraceae A Dasypogonaceaec Calectasiaceae c Flagellariaceae c Cyanastraceae c Cyanastraceae Cyanastraceae Agavaceae A Agavaceae TecophilaeaceaeA Trilliaceae Trilliaceae (in Melanthiaceae) Ruscaceae A Xanthorrhoeaceae A Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae Uvulariaceae (in Colchicaceae Liliaceae) Calochortaceae (in Liliaceae) Geosiridaceae A Medeolaceae (in Liliaceae) Corsiaceae Corsiaceae Campynemataceae Campynemataceae Petermanniaceae Petermanniaceae Rhipogonaceae Ripogonaceae Philesiaceae Philesiaceae Treatment of families in modern taxonomy (APG), remaining families included in Liliales: A: Asparagales c: commelinids D: Dioscoreales P: Pandanales The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods suggested four main lineages within Liliales, and seven families;[8] Liliaceae group: Liliaceae (including some former Calochortaceae ), and Smilacaceae (including Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae) Campynemataceae Colchicaceae group: Colchicaceae (including Petermannia and Uvularia), Alstroemeriaceae and Luzuriaga Melanthiaceae (including Trilliaceae) The first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I) in 1998 had the following circumscription, with 9 families, having separated Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae from Smilacaceae:[37] order Liliales family Alstroemeriaceae family Campynemataceae family Colchicaceae family Liliaceae family Luzuriagaceae family Melanthiaceae family Philesiaceae family Ripogonaceae family Smilacaceae The APG IV (2016) left this unchanged, with 10 families.[38] The exact phylogenetic relationship between the families of Liliales has been subject to revision. This cladogram shows that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (2020):[47][11] Liliales Campynemataceae Corsiaceae branch with 50–80% support Melanthiaceae Liliaceae Smilacaceae Philesiaceae Ripogonaceae branch with 50–80% support Petermanniaceae Colchicaceae Alstroemeriaceae Luzuriagaceae The bulk of the Liliales species are found in the very diverse family Liliaceae (16 genera, 610 species). Of the remaining nine families, three are referred to as the vine families (Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae and Smilacaceae) and form a cluster.[11] Families Corsiaceae Main article: Corsiaceae The Corsiaceae (ghost-flower family) are a very small family of 3 mycoheterotrophic genera, lacking chlorophyll, with 27 species of perennial herbaceous plants. They are found in montane forests in South America (one genus) and from southern China to northern Australia in areas with high rainfall, and among dense leaf litter. The majority of species occur in the type genus Corsia. The name commemorates the Florentine plant collector Marquis Bardo Corsi Salviati (1844–1907).[48][49] Campynema lineare Campynemataceae Main article: Campynemataceae The Campynemataceae (Green-mountainlily family) are a very small family of two genera and four species of rhizomatous herbaceous plants found in Tasmania and New Caledonia. The name is derived from the Greek words kampylos (curved) and nema (thread).[48][49] Melanthiaceae Main article: Melanthiaceae The Melanthiaceae (Wake Robin family) is a family of perennial herbaceous plants, whose storage organs include bulbs, rhizomes and corms (rarely, e.g. boreal Northern hemisphere, in the Americas extending south to the Andes and in Asia to the Himalayas and Taiwan. Melanthiaceae consists of 17 genera and 173 species distributed in a number of subdivisions. The largest genus is Trillium (44 species) but many genera are monotypic. A number of genera, including Trillium are used as garden ornamentals, especially for woodland gardens. Paris japonica is noted for having the largest genome known to date. The family name is derived from the Greek words melas (black) and anthos (flower) in reference to the dark colour of the petals. [48][49] Petermannia cirrosa Petermanniaceae Main article: Melanthiaceae The Petermanniaceae (Petermann's vine family) consists of a single species, Petermannia cirrosa, a perennial woody vine with underground rhizomes. Petermannia is restricted to Queensland and New South Wales, in temperate rainforests between Brisbane and Sydney. The family was named for Wilhelm Ludwwig Petermann (1806–1855), director of the botanical garden at Leipzig.[48][49] Colchicaceae Main article: Colchicaceae The Colchicaceae (Naked-ladies or Colchicum family) are perennial erect and climbing plants with underground corms, tubers and rhizomes. They are herbaceous with the exception of Kuntheria which has a somewhat woody stem. Their distribution is widespread including in temperate zones in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle east and tropical zones in Africa, Asia and Australasia. They are absent from South America. The family is of medium size with 15 genera and about 285 species. The largest genus is the type genus, Colchicum, with 159spp. Although the alkaloids, which characterise them, they contain are toxic to animals and humans, Colchicine has usage medicinally and in botanical laboratories. They are also include popular garden and indoor ornamentals. These include Colchicum and Gloriosa. The family is named after Colchis on the eastern Black Sea.[48][49][9] Alstroemeriaceae Main article: Alstroemerieae The Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lily family) are erect or creeping perennial (rarely annual) herbaceous plants with occasional shrubby vines, some of which have evergreen stems. They are occasionally epiphytic and form often swollen rhizomes. They are found in tropical and temperate Central and South America, as well as Australasia. There are two large genera (Alstroemerieae), the erect Alstroemeria (S America 125 spp.) and twining Bomarea (Central & S America 122 spp.) and two very small genera (Luzuriageae) with 2 and 4 species each, for a total of 253 species in the family. Two species are widely used for food in S America, Alstroemeria ligtu is used for a flour (Chuño) that is extracted from its roots, while the tubers of Bomarea edulis are directly consumed. Luzuriaga radicans, also from S America, produces fibre used in rope making. Alstroemeria cultivars are popular ornamentals and widely used as cut flowers (Peruvian lilies). The family is named for Baron Clas Alströmer (1736–1794), a student of Linnaeus.[48][49] Ripogonaceae Main article: Ripogonaceae The Ripogonaceae (Supplejack family) is a very small family, with a single genus, Ripogonum and six species. They are woody evergreen shrubs and vines arising from a horizontal rhizome, swollen at its base to form a tuber. They are confined to Eastern Australasia, with the type species, Ripogonum scandens as the sole New Zealand species. The stems have a use in basketry and building and the young shoots are edible. The name is derived from two Greek words, ripos (wicker) and gony (node) in reference to their node bearing shoots.[48][49] Philesia magellanica Philesiaceae Main article: Philesiaceae The Philesiaceae (Chilean-bellflower family) are a very small family consisting of two monotypic genera, the two species being national flower of Chile and a popular ornamental with edible fruit. The name is thought to be related to the Greek word phileo (love), because of the attractiveness of its flowers.[48] Smilacaceae Main article: Smilacaceae The Smilacaceae (Catbrier family) consist of a single large genus, conserves. The young shoots of many species are also edible. The family is named after the Greek myth of the affair between the mortal Krokos (or Crocus) and the nymph Smilax, whose punishment was to be turned into the prickly vine Smilax aspera.[48] Liliaceae Main article: Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, are the largest Liliales family, with 15 genera and about 700 species, though much reduced from earlier circumscriptions, in four subfamilies. Of these genera, Tulipa and Lilium, but also Fritillaria. Many are also important ornamentals, such as Calochortus, Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Erythronium and Tricyrtis. The name is derived from the Latin word for lily, lilium, which in turn is derived from the Greek leirion, a white lily.[48][49][40] Distribution and habitat Widely distributed but most commonly found in temperate regions, especially herbaceous taxa in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and subtropical regions of the Southern hemisphere, including vines.[8] Since many species are cultivated they have been introduced in many regions and consequently worldwide, and a number have subsequently escaped and naturalised.[9] Uses Liliales form important sources of food and veratrine and related compounds from Veratrum (Melanthiaceae) and Zigadenus (Melanthiaceae).[9] Notes ^ Coronariae used sensu Agardh (1825),[16] that is corresponding to Linnaeus' Liliaceae References ^ WFO 2019. ^ a b APG III 2009. ^ Reveal 2012. ^ Flaviana et al 2014. ^ a b Vinnersten & Bremer 2001. ^ Byng 2014, p. 61. ^ a b Stevenson et al. 2000. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rudall et al 2000. ^ a b c d e f g Traub & Kress 2016. ^ a b c Kubitzki, Rudall & Chase 1998. ^ a b c Givnish et al 2016. ^ Kubitzki & Huber 1998, p. 20. ^ Soltis et al 2003. ^ Leitch et al 2005. ^ Simpson 2011. ^ Agardh 1825. ^ a b c Perleb 1826. ^ a b Endlicher 1836. ^ a b c Lindley 1853. ^ a b Bentham & Hooker 1883. ^ Singh 2010, p. 312ff.. ^ Stuessy 2009, p. 43. ^ a b Eichler 1886, p. 34. ^ a b Engler 1903, p. 93. ^ a b Lotsy 1911. ^ a b Wettstein 1924. ^ a b Hutchinson 1973. ^ a b Cronquist 1981. ^ a b Dahlgren et al 1985. ^ a b Takhtajan 1997. ^ a b c Thorne & Reveal 2007. ^ Reveal 1997. ^ Singh 2019, pp. 239–273. ^ a b Chase et al 2000. ^ Fay et al 2005. ^ Petersen et al 2013. ^ a b c APG I 1998. ^ a b c d APG IV 2016. PMID 21642183 . ^ a b c Anderson & Janssen 2009, p. 205. ^ Davis et al. 2013 ^ Hertwick et al. 2015. ^ Stevens 2019a. ^ Chase & Reveal 2009 ^ Janssen & Bremer 2004. ^ APG II 2003. ^ Stevens 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Christenhusz et al 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Byng 2014. ^ Qi et al 2013. Bibliography Books and symposia ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5 . ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0 . Simpson, Michael G. (2011). Plant Systematics. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8 . Singh, Gurcharan (2010) [2004]. Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach (3rd ed.). ISBN 978-1-57808-351-0 . Singh, Gurcharan (2019) [2004]. Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach (4th ed.). ISBN 978-1-00-057677-1 . Stevenson, D. W.; Davis, J. I.; Freudenstein, J. V.; Hardy, C. R.; Simmons, M. P.; et al. (2000). "A phylogenetic analysis of the monocotyledons based on morphological and molecular character sets, with comments on the placement of Acorus and Hydatellaceae". In Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A. (eds.). Monocots: Systematics and evolution. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publ. pp. 17–24. Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data (2nd ed.). New York: ISBN 978-0-231-51864-2 . Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A., eds. (2000). Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998). Collingwood, Australia: ISBN 0-643-06437-0. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Excerpts Taxonomic systems ISBN 0-231-03880-1 . ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Additional excerpts Hutchinson, John (1973). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8., (additional excerpts ) ISBN 978-0-231-10098-4 . Historical sources Agardh, Carl Adolph (1825). "XI. Liliiflorae". Classes Plantarum (in Latin). Lund: Literis Berlingianis. p. 8. Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1883). "Coronariae". Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. vol. 3 (in Latin). London: L Reeve & Co. pp. ix–x. Borntraeger . Vindobonae : Apud Fr.Beck. pp. 129–157. Engler, Adolf (1903) [1892]. "Liliiflorae". Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag. pp. 93–101., see also Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. "Liliales". The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. pp. 195–206. Lotsy, J. P. (1911). "Liliifloren". Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia. Jena: G. Fischer. pp. 715–766. Freiburg im Breisgau : Friedrich Wagner. p. 129. Wettstein, Richard (1924). "Liliiflorae". Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 2 vols (3rd ed.). p. 862. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2020. Chapters Anderson, Cajsa Lisa; Janssen, Thomas (2009). "Monocots". In Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir (eds.). The Timetree of Life. Oxford: ISBN 978-0-19-156015-6 . Soltis, Pamela; Rudall, Paula J.; Fay, Michael F.; et al. (2000). "Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: an assessment of current knowledge and a new classification". pp. 3–16., In Wilson & Morrison (2000) ISBN 9780643099296., In Wilson & Morrison (2000) Davis, Jerrold I.; Mcneal, Joel R.; Barrett, Craig F.; ISBN 978-1-139-00295-0 Chase, M. W. (1998). "Systematics and Evolution". pp. 23–33., in Kubitzki & Huber (1998) Articles Aliso . 22: 559–565. S2CID 44059188 . Hertweck, Kate L.; Kinney, Michael S.; Stuart, Stephanie A.; Maurin, Olivier; Mathews, Sarah; et al. (July 2015). "Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots". doi:10.1111/boj.12260 . Janssen, Thomas; doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00345.x . Leitch, I. J.; PMID 15596468 . Lima, Flaviana J. De; Saraiva, Antônio A.F.; Silva, Maria A.P. Da; Bantim, Renan A.M.; Sayão, Juliana M. (December 2014). "A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons". PMID 25590706 . Petersen, Gitte; Seberg, Ole; Davis, Jerrold I. (June 2013). "Phylogeny of the Liliales (Monocotyledons) with special emphasis on data partition congruence and RNA editing". S2CID 85302313 . Qi, Zhechen; Cameron, Kenneth M.; Li, Pan; Zhao, Yunpeng; Chen, Shichao; et al. (December 2013). "Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots". doi:10.1111/boj.12096 . PMID 21653334 . S2CID 24415895 . Traub, Hamilton P; Kress, WJ (2016). "Liliales". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vinnersten, A.; Bremer, K. (2001). "Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales". American Journal of Botany. 88 (9): 1695–1703. PMID 21669704 . APG JSTOR 2992015 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-22, retrieved 2020-01-13 hdl:10654/18083 doi:10.1111/boj.12385 . doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x Websites Reveal, James L (5 Nov 1997). "Takhtajan System of Classification" (pbio 250 Lecture Notes). Plant Systematics. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Reveal, James L (9 April 2012). "Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium: Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names" . Plant Biology. Retrieved 13 February 2020. Stevens, P.F. (2019) [2001]. "Liliales". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 14 January 2020. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) Stevens, P.F. (2019a) [2001]. "Main tree". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2020. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) WFO (2019). "Liliales Perleb". World Flora Online. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liliales. Wikispecies has information related to Liliales. Books and symposia ISBN 978-0-87893-403-4 . Historical sources Perleb, Karl Julius (1838). Clavis, classium, ordinum et familiarum atque index generum regni vegetabilis. Diagnostische Uebersichtstafeln des natürlichen Pflanzensystems: nebst vollständigem Gattungsregister. Freiburg: A. Emmerling. Articles doi:10.1111/1467-8748.00258 . PMID 30368769 . Kim, Jung Sung; Hong, Jeong-Ki; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Kim, Joo-Hwan (May 2013). "Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1111/boj.12039 . Kim, Jung Sung; Kim, Joo-Hwan; Robinson-Rechavi, Marc (14 June 2013). "Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea)". PMID 23950788 . Kim, Jung Sung; Kim, Joo-Hwan (August 2018). "Updated molecular phylogenetic analysis, dating and biogeographical history of the lily family (Liliaceae: Liliales)". doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy031 . Li, Hong-Tao; Yi, Ting-Shuang; Gao, Lian-Ming; Ma, Peng-Fei; Zhang, Ting; et al. (6 May 2019). "Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap". S2CID 146118264 . Sen, Sumitra (1975). "Cytotaxonomy of Liliales". Feddes Repertorium. 86 (5): 255–305. doi:10.1002/fedr.19750860502 . Websites "Liliales Perleb". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liliales&oldid=1217830186"