Lincoln (film)
Lincoln | |
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Directed by | Steven Spielberg |
Screenplay by | Tony Kushner |
Based on | Team of Rivals by Doris Kearns Goodwin |
Produced by |
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Starring | |
Cinematography | Janusz Kamiński |
Edited by | Michael Kahn |
Music by | John Williams |
Production companies |
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Distributed by |
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Release dates | |
Running time | 150 minutes[5] |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $65 million[6] |
Box office | $275.3 million[7] |
Lincoln is a 2012 American biographical historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln.[8] It features Sally Field, David Strathairn, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, James Spader, Hal Holbrook, and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting roles. The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's 2005 biography Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, and covers the final four months of Lincoln's life.
The film focuses on Lincoln's efforts in January 1865 to abolish slavery and involuntary servitude by having the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives.
The film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator
Lincoln was acclaimed by critics, who lauded its acting (especially Day-Lewis's), Spielberg's direction, and its production values. In December 2012, it was nominated for seven
Plot
In January 1865,
The
Lincoln's hopes rely upon Francis Preston Blair, a founder of the Republican Party whose influence could win over members of the state conservative faction. With two sons serving in the Union Army, Blair is keen to end hostilities before the spring thaw arrives and the armies march again. Therefore, in return for his support, Blair insists that Lincoln allow him to engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations. However, Lincoln knows that significant support for the amendment comes from Radical Republicans, for whom negotiated peace is unacceptable. Unable to proceed without Blair's support, Lincoln reluctantly authorizes his mission.
In the meantime, Lincoln and
At a critical moment in the debate in the House of Representatives, racial-equality advocate Thaddeus Stevens agrees to moderate his position and argue that the amendment represents only legal equality, not a declaration of actual equality. Meanwhile, Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace, but he instructs they be kept out of Washington as the amendment approaches a vote on the House floor. Rumor of their mission circulates, prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote. In a carefully worded statement, Lincoln denies there are envoys in Washington, and the vote proceeds, passing by a margin of just two votes. Black visitors to the gallery celebrate, and Stevens returns home to his "housekeeper" and lover, a biracial woman.
When Lincoln
Cast
Lincoln household
- Daniel Day-Lewis as President of the United States Abraham Lincoln[17]
- Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln[18]
- Gloria Reuben[19] as Elizabeth Keckley, a former slave who was a dressmaker and confidante to Mary Todd Lincoln
- Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Robert Todd Lincoln[20]
- Gulliver McGrath as Tad Lincoln[21]
- Stephen McKinley Henderson as Lincoln's valet, William Slade[22]
- Elizabeth Marvel as Mrs. Jolly[22]
- Bill Camp as Mr. Jolly
Union Army
- Adam Driver as Samuel Beckwith, Lincoln's telegraph operator, historically Grant's operator[22]
- Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant[22]
- Clarence Key as Inspector General Seth Williams
- Asa-Luke Twocrow as Confederate Army's surrender at Appomattox Court House[23]
- Colman Domingo as Private Harold Green[22]
- David Oyelowo as Corporal Ira Clark[24]
- Lukas Haas as First White Soldier[22]
- Dane DeHaan as Second White Soldier[22]
White House
- David Strathairn as Secretary of State William H. Seward. Strathairn played Lincoln in the audiobook of the Lincoln/Douglas debates.[25]
- Bruce McGill as Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton[26]
- Joseph Cross as Major John Hay, Lincoln's military secretary
- Grainger Hines as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles[27]
- Richard Topol as Attorney General James Speed[22]
- Dakin Matthews as Secretary of the Interior John Palmer Usher[19][22]
- Walt Smith as Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden[27]
- James Ike Eichling as William Dennison, Jr.[27]
House of Representatives
- Radical Republicans and a fervent abolitionist, Stevens feared that Lincoln would "turn his back on emancipation."[28]
- Lee Pace as Democratic Congressman Fernando Wood of New York
- Peter McRobbie as Democratic Congressman George H. Pendleton of Ohio, leader of the Democratic opposition
- Bill Raymond as Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, a Republican
- David Costabile as Republican Congressman James Ashley of Ohio[19]
- Stephen Spinella as Radical Republican Congressman Asa Vintner Litton[22]
- George Yeaman of Kentucky[22]
- Alexander Coffroth of Pennsylvania[19]
- Walton Goggins as Democratic Congressman Clay Hawkins of Ohio[29]
- David Warshofsky as Congressman William Hutton, whose brother died in the war[19]
- Michael Stanton Kennedy as Republican Congressman Hiram Price of Iowa
- Raynor Scheine as Republican Congressman Josiah S. "Beanpole" Burton of Missouri
- Christopher Evan Welch as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson
- Wayne Duvall as Bluff Wade, an abolitionist Radical Republican from Ohio
- John Hutton as Senator Charles Sumner[27]
Republican Party
- Hal Holbrook as Francis Preston Blair.[19] Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement between the Union and the Confederacy. Holbrook portrayed Lincoln in the 1974 miniseries Carl Sandburg's Lincoln and in the 1980s North and South miniseries.[22]
- William N. Bilbo. Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln, then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[19]
- Tim Blake Nelson[30] as lobbyist Richard Schell. Schell was a Democratic lobbyist who worked with Republicans to obtain votes in the House for the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
- John Hawkes as Republican operative[19] Colonel Robert Latham
- Byron Jennings[19] as Conservative Republican Montgomery Blair, son of Francis Preston Blair[22]
- Julie White as Elizabeth Blair Lee, a daughter of Francis Preston Blair. She wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War.[22]
- S. Epatha Merkerson as Lydia Smith, Thaddeus Stevens's biracial housekeeper[22]
Confederate States
- Jackie Earle Haley as Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens.[31] Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress as Whig Party representatives from 1847 to 1849. He met with Lincoln on the steamboat River Queen at the unsuccessful Hampton Roads Conference on February 3, 1865.
- Gregory Itzin as John Archibald Campbell.[22] Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who resigned at the start of the war, then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government. He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference.
- Michael Shiflett as the third Confederate delegate to Hampton Roads, Senate President Robert M. T. Hunter
- Christopher Boyer (non-speaking role) as Robert E. Lee
Production
Development
While consulting on a Steven Spielberg project in 1999, Goodwin told Spielberg she was planning to write Team of Rivals, and Spielberg immediately told her he wanted the film rights.[32] DreamWorks Pictures finalized the deal in 2001,[33] and by the end of the year, John Logan signed on to write the script.[34] His draft focused on Lincoln's friendship with Frederick Douglass.[35] Playwright Paul Webb was hired to rewrite, and filming was set to begin in January 2006,[33] but Spielberg delayed it out of dissatisfaction with the script.[36] Liam Neeson said Webb's draft covered the entirety of Lincoln's term as president.[37]
Spielberg arranged a $50 million budget for the film, to placate initial distributor Paramount Pictures, who had previously delayed the project over concerns it was too similar to Spielberg's commercially unsuccessful Amistad (1997).[40] Eventually, Paramount dropped the film in February 2009.[41] The film's North American distribution rights then shifted to Walt Disney Studios, after DreamWorks established a new distribution deal with Disney that same month.[40] DreamWorks remained uneasy about solely financing the project and therefore approached 20th Century Fox to co-finance half of the film.[42][43] 20th Century agreed to join the film as a co-production partner, as well as taking international rights.[44][40] Participant also agreed to finance a twenty-five percent share in the film.[40]
Casting
Spielberg approached Daniel Day-Lewis about the project in 2003, but Day-Lewis turned down the part at the time, believing the idea of himself playing Lincoln "preposterous".[45] Liam Neeson was cast as Lincoln in January 2005, having worked previously with Spielberg in Schindler's List.[33] In preparation for the role, Neeson studied Lincoln extensively.[46] However, in July 2010, Neeson left the project, saying that he had grown too old for the part. Neeson was 58 at the time, and Lincoln, during the period depicted, was 55 and 56.[47] In an interview with GQ, Neeson said he realized during a table read that the part was not right for him in "a thunderbolt moment", and after the read, he requested that Spielberg recast his role.[48] Co-star Sally Field, in a 2012 PBS interview, suggested that Neeson's decision was influenced by the death of his wife Natasha Richardson less than a year earlier.[49][50] After dropping out of the role, Neeson incidentally suggested Day-Lewis to Spielberg. Neeson and Leonardo DiCaprio both spoke to Day-Lewis to convince him to accept the role. In November 2010, it was announced that Day-Lewis would replace Neeson in the role.[51]
Filming
While promoting Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in May 2008, Spielberg announced his intention to start filming in early 2009,[52] for release in November, ten months after the 200th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.[32] In January 2009, Taunton and Dighton, Massachusetts, were being scouted as potential locations.[53] Filming took place in Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Petersburg, Virginia. In reference to Petersburg, according to location manager Colleen Gibbons, "one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180-degree vista of historic structures" which is "very rare".[54]
The Virginia State Capitol served as the exteriors and interiors of the US Capitol, and the exteriors of the White House. The House of Delegates inside the building was remodeled to fit for the House of Representatives chamber set. Scenes representing Grover's Theatre were filmed in Richmond, Virginia, at Virginia Repertory Theatre's November Theatre.[55]
Music
All music was composed by Williams except "Battle Cry of Freedom," which was written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root (1820–1895) during the American Civil War. Williams composed Track 6, "With Malice Toward None", for Chris Martin, principal trumpeter of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at the time.[58]
Release
Lincoln premiered at the
Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film, including Lincoln: A Cinematic and Historical Companion and Lincoln: A Spielberg Film – Discover the Story.[62] DreamWorks and Google Play released the film's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph Gordon-Levitt on September 13, 2012.[63] A teaser trailer was released on September 10, 2012.[64]
Lincoln was released by
Reception
Box office
Lincoln earned $182,207,973 in North America from 2,293 theaters and $93,085,477 overseas for a total of $275,293,450, well exceeding its $65 million budget. The film had a limited opening in eleven theaters with $944,308 and an average of $85,846 per theater. It opened at the #15 rank, becoming the highest opening of a film with such a limited release. It opened in 1,175 theaters with $21,049,406 and an average of $11,859 per theater.[7] Disney produced additional prints of the film to accommodate theater demand.[70]
Critical response
Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim. The cast was lauded, especially Day-Lewis, Field and Jones. The film holds a 90% approval rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 288 reviews with an average rating of 8.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Daniel Day-Lewis characteristically delivers in this witty, dignified portrait that immerses the audience in its world and entertains even as it informs."[71] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 87 (out of 100) based on 45 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim", thus making it Spielberg's highest-rated film on the site since Saving Private Ryan.[72] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[73]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, and said: "The hallmark of the man, performed so powerfully by Daniel Day-Lewis in Lincoln, is calm self-confidence, patience and a willingness to play politics in a realistic way."[74] Glenn Kenny of MSN Movies gave it five out of five stars, stating: "It's the most remarkable movie Steven Spielberg has made in quite a spell, and one of the things that makes it remarkable is how it fulfills those expectations by simultaneously ignoring and transcending them."[75]
Colin Covert of the
A. O. Scott from The New York Times wrote that the film "is finally a movie about how difficult and costly it has been for the United States to recognize the full and equal humanity of black people" and concluded that the movie was "a rough and noble democratic masterpiece".[78] He also said that Lincoln's concern about his wife's emotional instability and "the strains of a wartime presidency ... produce a portrait that is intimate but also decorous, drawn with extraordinary sensitivity and insight and focused, above all, on Lincoln's character as a politician. This is, in other words, less a biopic than a political thriller, a civics lesson that is energetically staged and alive with moral energy."[78]
As reported in the
Historian response
Barry Bradford, a member of the
David Stewart, an independent historical author, writing for History News Network, described Spielberg's work as "reasonably solid history", and told readers of HNN to "go see it with a clear conscience".[87] Lincoln biographer Ronald White also admired the film, though he noted a few mistakes and pointed out in an interview with NPR, "Is every word true? No."[88]
Historian
Regarding the historical source material for Kushner's screenplay, legal historian Michael Vorenberg, a professor at Brown University and author of Final Freedom: The Civil War, The Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment,[91] noted several details throughout the film that "could only have come from [his] book."[92] Among these details were specifics of dealings between Democrats and Thaddeus Stevens, the story behind securing Alexander Coffroth's vote and the fact that African Americans were present in the congressional galleries during the final vote.[92] Ultimately, Kushner replied directly to inquiries from The New Republic writer Timothy Noah, explaining that while he had read Vorenberg's book and many others as research, he insists that Team of Rivals was his principal source material.[93]
Regarding the portrayal of Lincoln's final moments, editor Rhoda Sneller of Abraham Lincoln Online, references a diary entry from Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. The entry conflicts with the final scenes in the film in which the dying Lincoln is seen dressed in a nightgown, hunched over in his bed. Welles wrote "The giant sufferer lay extended diagonally across the bed," and "he had been stripped of his clothes." The differences between the first hand account and the present Lincoln serve to paint a more concise and dignified image of the president's death.[94]
Accolades
Top ten lists
Lincoln was listed on many critics' top ten lists.[95]
- 1st – David Denby, The New Yorker (tied with Zero Dark Thirty)
- 1st – Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly
- 1st – Stephen Holden, The New York Times
- 1st – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle
- 2nd – Lisa Schwarzbaum, Entertainment Weekly
- 2nd – David Edelstein, New York
- 2nd – Betsy Sharkey, Los Angeles Times (tied with Django Unchained)
- 2nd – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
- 2nd – Michael Phillips, Chicago Tribune
- 2nd – Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post
- 2nd – Huffington Post
- 2nd – A. O. Scott, The New York Times
- 3rd – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
- 3rd – Mike Scott, The Times-Picayune
- 3rd – James Berardinelli, ReelViews
- 3rd – Mary Pols, Time
- 3rd – Dana Stevens, Slate
- 4th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
- 4th – Rene Rodriguez, Miami Herald
- 4th – Bill Goodykoontz, Arizona Republic
- 4th – Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York
- 4th – Alison Willmore, The A.V. Club
- 4th – Philadelphia Inquirer
- 5th – Anne Thompson, IndieWire
- 5th – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
- 6th – Boston Globe
- 6th – David Fear, Time Out New York
- 6th – Kristopher Tapley, HitFix
- 6th – Jake Coyle, Associated Press
- 6th – Andrew O'Hehir, Salon.com
- 7th – MSN Movies
- 8th – David Germain, Associated Press
- 8th – Lisa Kennedy, The Denver Post
- 10th – Melissa Anderson, Village Voice
- 10th – Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun-Times
- Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Bob Mondello, NPR
- Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Claudia Puig, USA Today
- Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Joe Morgenstern, The Wall Street Journal
- Best of 2012 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
See also
Notes
- ^ Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the Touchstone Pictures banner.[2][3]
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- ^ "Panel Discussion for the film LINCOLN". This Week in the Civil War. January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- )
- ^ ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ^ "Abraham Lincoln Deathbed". www.abrahamlincolnonline.org. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
- ^ "Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best of 2012". Metacritic. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Further reading
- Mitchell, Mary Niall. "Seeing Lincoln: Spielberg's Film and the Visual Culture of the Nineteenth Century," Rethinking History 19 (Sept. 2015), 493–505.
- Dimock, Wai Chee (Winter 2013). "Crowdsourcing History: Ishmael Reed, Tony Kushner, and Steven Spielberg Update the Civil War". American Literary History. 25 (4): 896–914. S2CID 144293300.
External links
- Lincoln at IMDb
- Lincoln at the TCM Movie Database
- Lincoln at AllMovie
- Lincoln at Rotten Tomatoes
- Lincoln at Metacritic
- Lincoln at Box Office Mojo
- Lincoln Learning Hub at Disney.com
- Official production notes