Linnaean taxonomy
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
- The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturae (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into lower ranks in a hierarchical order.
- A term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based ) nor gave it its present form. In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as "Linnaean taxonomy" as such does not really exist: it is a collective (abstracting) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.
Linnaean name also has two meanings, depending on the context: it may either refer to a formal name given by Linnaeus (personally), such as
The taxonomy of Linnaeus
In his Imperium Naturae,
Linnaeus' kingdoms were in turn divided into
Classification of plants
In Systema Naturae (1735), his classes and orders of plants, according to his Systema Sexuale, were not intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his ordines naturales in his Philosophia Botanica) but only for use in identification. However, in 1737 he published Genera Plantarum in which he claimed that his classification of genera was a natural system.[3] His botanical classification and sexual system were used well into the nineteenth century.[4] Within each class were several orders. This system is based on the number and arrangement of male (stamens) and female (pistils) organs.[5]
The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were (page numbers refer to Species plantarum):
- Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamen
- Classis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamens
- Classis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamens
- Classis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamens
- Classis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamens
- Classis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamens
- Classis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamens
- Classis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamens
- Classis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamens
- Classis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamens
- Classis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 11 to 19 stamens
- Classis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamens, perigynous
- Classis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamens, inserted on the receptacle
- Classis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short
- Classis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short[10]
- Classis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united, at least at the base
- Classis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two separate groups[14]
- Classis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several separate groups[18]
- Classis 19. Syngenesia; flowers with stamens united by their anthers[22]
- Classis 20. Gynandria; flowers with the stamens united to the pistils[28]
- Classis 21. Monoecia: monoeciousplants
- Classis 22. Dioecia: dioeciousplants
- Classis 23. Polygamia: polygamodioeciousplants
- Classis 24. Cryptogamia: the "flowerless" plants, including ferns, fungi, algae, and bryophytes
The classes based on the number of stamens were then subdivided by the number of pistils, e.g. Hexandria monogynia with six stamens and one pistil.[29] Index to genera p. 1201[30]
By contrast his ordines naturales numbered 69, from Piperitae to Vagae.
Classification for animals
Only in the Animal Kingdom is the higher taxonomy of Linnaeus still more or less recognizable and some of these names are still in use, but usually not quite for the same groups. He divided the Animal Kingdom into six classes. In the tenth edition, of 1758, these were:
- Classis 1. Mammalia (mammals)
- Classis 2. Aves (birds)
- Classis 3. Amphibia (amphibians)
- Classis 4. Pisces (fishes)
- Classis 5. Insecta (arthropods)
- Classis 6. Vermes (worms)
Classification for minerals
His taxonomy of minerals has long since been dropped from use. In the tenth edition, 1758, of the Systema Naturae, the Linnaean classes were:
- Classis 1. Petræ
- Classis 2. Mineræ
- Classis 3. Fossilia
- Classis 4. Vitamentra
Rank-based scientific classification
This rank-based method of classifying living organisms was originally popularized by (and much later named for) Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time. The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of
Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature was anticipated by the theory of definition used in Scholasticism. Scholastic logicians and philosophers of nature defined the species human, for example, as Animal rationalis, where animal was considered a genus and rationalis (Latin for "rational") the characteristic distinguishing humans from all other animals. Treating animal as the immediate genus of the species human, horse, etc. is of little practical use to the biological taxonomist, however. Accordingly, Linnaeus's classification treats animal as a class including many genera (subordinated to the animal "kingdom" via intermediary classes such as "orders"), and treats homo as the genus of a species Homo sapiens, with sapiens (Latin for "knowing" or "understanding") playing a differentiating role analogous to that played, in the Scholastic system, by rationalis (the word homo, Latin for "human being", was used by the Scholastics to denote a species, not a genus).
A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to organize the different kinds of living
Species can be placed in a
Groups of organisms at any of these ranks are called taxa (singular: taxon) or taxonomic groups.
The Linnaean system has proven robust and it remains the only extant working classification system at present that enjoys universal scientific acceptance. However, although the number of ranks is unlimited, in practice any classification becomes more cumbersome the more ranks are added. Among the later subdivisions that have arisen are such entities as phyla, families, and tribes, as well as any number of ranks with prefixes (superfamilies, subfamilies, etc.). The use of newer taxonomic tools such as cladistics and phylogenetic nomenclature has led to a different way of looking at evolution (expressed in many nested clades) and this sometimes leads to a desire for more ranks. An example of such complexity is the scheme for mammals proposed by McKenna and Bell.
Alternatives
Over time, understanding of the relationships between living things has changed. Linnaeus could only base his scheme on the structural similarities of the different organisms. The greatest change was the widespread acceptance of
Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for
Representing presumptive evolutionary relationships within the framework of Linnaean taxonomy is sometimes seen as problematic, especially given the wide acceptance of
See also
- History of plant systematics
- Phylogenetic tree – a way to express insights into evolutionary relationships
- Zoology mnemonicfor a list of mnemonic sentences used to help people remember the list of Linnaean ranks.
References
- ^ Polaszek 2010, p. 1.
- ^ Bihrmann 2021.
- PMID 17893065.
- ^ Comstock, J.L. (1837). An introduction to the study of botany: including a treatise on vegetable physiology, and descriptions of the most common plants in the middle and northern states. Robinson, Pratt & Co.
- ^ Bremer 2007.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria monogynia i pp. 285–352.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria polyynia i pp. 342–343.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 561–601.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 602–639.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 640–672.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 673–675.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 675–683.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 683–698.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 699–781.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 699–701.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 701–706.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 706–781.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 782–788.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii p. 782.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 782–783.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 783–788.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 789–938.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 789–845.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 845–904.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 904–919.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 919–927.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 928–938.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, ii pp. 939–.
- ^ "Linnaeus Sexual System". CronkLab. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, Index generum p. 1201.
- S2CID 4396543.
Bibliography
- Books
- ISBN 9781840464443.
- Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. (1994) [1983, OCLC 30154266.(Original edition available here at Internet Archive)
- Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.
- Polaszek, Andrew (2010). Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark. Boca Raton, FL: OCLC 237886102.
- ISBN 0-618-00583-8
- Ereshefsky, Marc. 2000. The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-393-02705-8
- Pavord, Anna. The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-7952-0
- Articles
- Bremer, Birgitta (April 2007). "Linnaeus' sexual system and flowering plant phylogeny". Nordic Journal of Botany. 25 (1–2): 5–6. .
- .
- Websites
- Bihrmann (2021). "Taxonomy, Carl Linnaeus' system 1753". Birhmann's Caudiciforms. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
External links
- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code), Electronic version
- International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code, 2011), Electronic version
- ICZN website, for zoological nomenclature
- Text of the ICZN, Electronic version
- ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names
- International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes for bacteria
- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. By the International Union of Biological Sciences
- ICTVdB website, for virus nomenclature by the International Union of Microbiological Societies
- Tree of Life
- European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French