Lion dance
Lion dance | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin wǔshī | | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Jyutping | mou5si1 |
Transcriptions | |
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Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | thiàu-sai or lāng-sai |
Transcriptions | |
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Revised Romanization | sajachum |
McCune–Reischauer | sajach'um |
Transcriptions | |
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Romanization | shishimai |
Lion dance (
The Chinese lion dance is normally operated by two dancers, one of whom manipulates the head while the other manipulates the tail of the lion. It is distinguishable from the dragon dance which is performed by many people who hold the long sinuous body of the dragon on poles. Dragon dance is performed by more people Lion dance fundamental movements can be found in Chinese martial arts, and it is commonly performed to a vigorous drumbeat with gongs and cymbals.
There are two main forms of the Lion dance, the Northern Lion and the Southern Lion. Both forms are commonly found around the world especially in Southeast Asia, the Southern Lion predominates as it was spread by the Chinese diaspora communities who are historically mostly of Southern Chinese origin. Versions of lion dance related to the Chinese lion are also found in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. Besides the Chinese-based lion dance, other forms of lion dance also exist in India, Indonesia, and East Africa.
History
There has been an old tradition in China of dancers wearing masks to resemble animals or mythical beasts since antiquity, and performances described in ancient texts such as
There were different versions of the dance in the Tang dynasty. In the Tang court, the lion dance was called the Great Peace Music (太平樂, Taiping yue) or the Lion Dance of the Five Directions (五方師子舞) where five large lions of different colours and expressing different moods were each led and manipulated on rope by two persons, and accompanied by 140 singers.
The Southern Lion is a later development in the south of China originating in the Guangdong province. There are a number of myths associated with the origin of the Southern Lion: one story relates that the dance originated as a celebration in a village where a mythical monster called Nian was successfully driven away;[8][22] another has it that the Qianlong Emperor dreamt of an auspicious animal while on a tour of Southern China, and ordered that the image of the animal be recreated and used during festivals. However it is likely that the Southern Lion of Guangzhou is an adaptation of the Northern Lion to local myths and characteristics, perhaps during the Ming dynasty.[23][24]
Regional types
The two main types of lion dance in China are the Northern and Southern Lions. There are however also a number of local forms of lion dance in different regions of China, and some of these lions may have significant differences in appearance, for example the Green or Hokkien Lion (青獅, Qing Shi) and the Taiwanese or Yutien Lion (明獅, Ming Shi),[
There are related forms of dances with mask figures that represent mythical creatures such as the Qilin and the Pixiu.[32] The Qilin dance and the Pixiu dance are also most commonly performed by the Hakka people who were originally from the Central China, but have largely settled in the south of China and southeast Asia in modern times.[33][34]
Various forms of lion dance are also found widely in East Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam, as well as among the communities in the Himalayan region.
Chinese Northern Lion
The Chinese Northern Lion (simplified Chinese: 北狮; traditional Chinese: 北獅; pinyin: Běi shī) Dance is often performed as a pair of male and female lions in the north of China. Northern lions may have a gold-painted wooden head, and shaggy red and yellow hair with a red bow on its head to indicate a male lion, or a green bow (sometimes green hair) to represent a female.[35] There are however regional variations of the lion.
It is said that the northern lion may have originated from Northern Wei, when Hu dancers performed the dance for the emperor, and it was referred to as Northern Lion by the Song dynasty.[36]
Northern lions resemble Pekingese or Foo Dogs/Fu Dogs, and their movements are lifelike during a performance. Acrobatics is very common, with stunts like lifts, or balancing on a tiered platform or on a giant ball. Northern lions sometimes appear as a family, with two large "adult" lions and a pair of small "young" lions. There are usually two performers in one adult lion, and one in the young lion. There may also be a "warrior" character who holds a spherical object and leads the lions.[37]
The dance of the Northern Lion is generally more playful than the Southern Lion. Regions with well-known lion dance troupes include
Chinese Southern Lion
The Chinese Southern Lion (simplified Chinese: 南狮; traditional Chinese: 南獅; pinyin: Nán shī) or Cantonese Lion dance originated from Guangdong and is the best known lion outside of China. The Southern Lion has a single horn, and is associated with the legend of a mythical monster called Nian. The lion's head is traditionally constructed using papier-mâché over a bamboo frame covered with gauze, then painted and decorated with fur.[38][39] Its body is made of durable layered cloth also trimmed with fur. Newer lions, however, may be made with modern materials such as aluminium instead of bamboo and are lighter.[40] Newer versions may also apply shinier modern material over the traditional lacquer such as sequin or laser sticker, but they do not last as long as those with lacquer. Different types of fur may be used in modern lions.
There are two main styles of Southern Lion: the Fut San or
Fo Shan is the style adopted by many
The He Shan style lion is known for its richness of expression, unique footwork, impressive-looking appearance and vigorous drumming style. The founder of this style is the "Canton Lion King" Feng Gengzhang (simplified Chinese: 冯庚长; traditional Chinese: 馮庚長; pinyin: Féng Gēngzhǎng) in the early 20th century. Feng was born in a village in
Different colors are used to signify the age and character of the lions. The lion with white fur is considered to be the oldest of the lions, while the lion with golden yellow fur is the middle child. The black lion is considered the youngest lion, and the movement of this lion should be fast like a young child or a headstrong teenager. The colors may also represent the character of the lion: the golden lion represents liveliness, the red lion courage, and the green lion friendship. There are also three lion types that represent three historical characters in the classic Romance of the Three Kingdoms who were blood oath brothers sworn to restore the Han dynasty:[42][43]
- The Shu-HanKingdom) based face with a white beard and fur (to denote his wisdom). It sports a multicolored tail signifying the colors of the five elements. There are three coins on the collar. This lion is used by schools with an established Martial art master (Sifu) or organization and is known as the Rui Shi (simplified Chinese: 瑞狮; traditional Chinese: 瑞獅; pinyin: Ruì Shī; lit. 'Auspicious Lion').
- The Guan Gong (Cantonese: Kwan Kung) lion has a red based face, black bristles, with a long black beard (as he was also known as the "Duke with the Beautiful Beard"). The tail is red and trimmed with black. He is known as the second brother and sports two coins on the collar. This Lion is known as the Xing Shi (simplified Chinese: 醒狮; traditional Chinese: 醒獅; pinyin: Xǐng Shī; lit. 'Awakened Lion').
- The Zhang Fei (Cantonese: Cheung Fei) lion has a black based face with short black beard, small ears, and black bristles. The tail is black and white. Traditionally this lion also had bells attached to the body. Being the youngest of the three brothers, there is only a single coin on the collar. This Lion is known as the Dou Shi (simplified Chinese: 斗狮; traditional Chinese: 鬥獅; pinyin: Dòu Shī; lit. 'Fighting Lion') because Zhang Fei had a quick temper and loved to fight. This lion is used by clubs that were just starting out or by those wishing to make a challenge.[44]
Later three more Lions were added to the group. The green-faced lion represented Zhao Yun or Zhao (Cantonese: Chiu) Zi Long. The green lion has a green tail, black beard and fur, and an iron horn. Often called the fourth brother, this lion is also called the Heroic Lion because Zhao was said to ride through Cao Cao's million man army to rescue Liu Bei's infant and fight his way back out. The yellow lion has yellow/orange face and body with white or silver beard and fur, representing Huang Zhong (Cantonese: Wong Tsung), who was given this color when Liu Bei rose to become Emperor. This lion is called the Righteous Lion. The white lion is known as Ma Chao (Cantonese: Ma Chiu), he was assigned this color because he always wore a white armband in his battle against the ruler of Wei, Cao Cao, to signify that he was in mourning for his father and brother who had been murdered by Cao Cao. This lion is therefore also known as the funeral lion, and is never used except for the funeral of a Master or an important head of a group. In such cases the lion is usually burned right after use as it is considered inauspicious to be kept around.[44] This lion is sometimes confused with the silver lion which sometimes has a whitish colouring. These three along with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were known as the "Five Tiger Generals of Shun," each representing one of the colors of the five elements.[44]
Green Lion
Green Lion (青狮) is the lion dance form associated with the
Qilin Dance
A related form of dance is the Qilin or Kirin dance, which is traditionally performed by the Hakka people.[46][47] The Qilin is a mythical creature believed to symbolize good fortune, prosperity, and harmony,[48] and performers wear ornate Qilin costumes with vibrant colors and intricate details to resemble the mythical creature.[48] The Qilin costume features a single horn in the middle, with finned ridges lined with fur.[46] The dance involves graceful and synchronized movements that mimic cats and tigers.[49] The performance routine typically tells of a Qilin exiting its lair, playfully move round, and looking for vegetable to eat. After eating from the vegetable, it spits it out, and it also spits a jade book, before moving around and returning back to its lair.[46] The dance is accompanied by music played on traditional Chinese instruments, including drums, flutes, and cymbals.[47] Today, similar to the Chinese Lion and Dragon dances, the Qilin dance is commonly performed during important Chinese celebrations and festivals, such as Chinese New Year and weddings, it is also performed to preserve cultural traditions and enhance community cohesion.[46][47]
Vietnamese Lion
The lion dance may be known in Vietnam as the qilin dance (
The dance is performed primarily at traditional festivals such as
Japanese Lion
Japan has a long tradition of the lion dance and the dance is known as shishi-mai (獅子舞) in
The lion dance has been completely absorbed into Japanese tradition. There are many different lion dances in Japan and the style of dancing and design of the lion may differ by region – it is believed that as many as 9,000 variations of the dance exist in the country.[56] The lion dance is also used in religious Shinto festivals as part of a performing art form called kagura. Shishi kagura may be found in different forms - for example the daikagura which is mainly acrobatic, the yamabushi kagura, a type of theatrical performance done by yamabushi ascetics,[57] and also in bangaku and others.[58][59] Various forms of shishi dances are also found in noh, kabuki (where the lion dances form a group of plays termed shakkyōmono, examples include Renjishi),[60][61] and bunraku theatres.[57]
The Japanese lion usually consists of a wooden, lacquered head called a shishi-gashira (lit. Lion Head), often with a characteristic body of green dyed cloth with white designs. It can be manipulated by a single person, or by two or more persons, one of whom manipulates the head. The one-man variety is most often seen in eastern Japan.[60] As with Chinese lions, the make of the head and designs on the body will differ from region to region, and even from school to school. The mask however may sometimes have horns appearing to be a deer (shika), and shishi written with different Kanji characters can mean beast, deer or wild boar, for example as in shishi-odori (鹿踊, lit. Deer Dance). Historically the word shishi may refer to any wild four-legged animal, and some of these dances with different beasts may therefore also be referred to as shishi-mai.[53] The dance may also sometimes feature tigers (tora) or qilin (kirin).[62]
In
Korean Lion
Lion dance was recorded in the Korean historical work
Lion dance as an exorcism ritual began to be performed in the New Year in Korea during the
Tibetan Lion
In the Himalayan and Tibetan area, there is also a lion dance called the snow lion dance. This dance may be found in Tibet and also among Tibetan diaspora communities where it is called Senggeh Garcham,[71] Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of Northeastern India – among the Monpa people in Arunachal Pradesh,[72] in Sikkim where it is called Singhi Chham,[73] and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Ladakh. The name seng ge and its related forms come from Sanskrit for lion siṅha,[74] and cham is a Buddhist ritual dance.[75][76] The snow lion has white fur, and in Tibet, it may also have a green mane or green fringes, while in Sikkim, the mane may be blue.
The
India
Excluding the snow lion dances found in the Himalayan regions, lion costumes may be used in various forms of dances in other parts of India. In West Bengal's Purulia district, a version of the Chhau dance is the only one to incorporate lion costumes. In this dance, the lions are associated with the Hindu goddess Durga as her mount. The lion Chhau masks are made of papier-mâché with dried grass as fur.[79]
In Songi Mukhawate or Songi Mukhota dance, a masked folk dance from
In
Indonesia
The Chinese lion dance is referred to as barongsai in Indonesia, often performed by
In Hindu Balinese culture, the Barong is the king of good spirits and the enemy of the demon queen Rangda. Like the Chinese lion, it requires more dancers than in the Javanese Reog, typically involving two dancers.[citation needed]
The
Another form of Indonesian lion dance is called
East Africa
Around the world there are lion dances that are local to their area and unrelated to the Chinese dance. For example, various tribes in East Africa, such as the Maasai and Samburu people of Kenya, used to perform a lion dance to celebrate a successful lion hunt, considered by these tribes to be a prestigious act and a sign of bravery. The dancers may also reenact a lion hunt. Some of them make a headdress out of the mane of the slain lion (or out of other animals) and wear the headdress in the dance.[86] Young men may also wear the lion-mane headdress and dance in a coming-of-age ceremony.[87][88] However, as lion-hunting has been made illegal, the dance is seldom performed in a real scenario nowadays, but they may continue to perform the dance for tourists.[89]
Music and instruments
The Chinese Lion Dance is performed accompanied by the music of beating of tanggu (drum) (in Singapore, datanggu), cymbals, and gongs. Instruments synchronize to the lion dance movements and actions. Fut San, Hok San, Fut Hok, Chow Gar, etc. all play their beat differently. Each style plays a unique beat. Developments in electronic devices have allowed music to be played via phone/tablet/computer/mp3 player. This has contributed to the evolution of how people can play lion dance music - which eliminates the need to carry around instruments (which can be quite large).
The most common style is Sar Ping lion dance beats. This has more than 22 different testings that you can use to show the lion's movement, whereas fut san has only around 7.[citation needed]
Costumes
The lion dance costumes used in these performances can only be custom made in specialty craft shops in rural parts of Asia and have to be imported at considerable expense for most foreign countries outside Asia. For groups in Western countries, this is made possible through funds raised through subscriptions and pledges made by members of local cultural and business societies. For countries like Malaysia with a substantial Chinese population, local expertise may be available in making the lion costumes and musical instruments without having to import them from China. Most modern Southern Lion dance costumes come with a set of matching pants, however some practitioners use black kung fu pants to appear more traditional. Modern lion dance costumes are made to be very durable and some are waterproof.
Association with Wushu/Kung Fu
The Chinese lion dance has close relations to
During Chinese New Years and festivals
During the Chinese New Year, lion dance troupes will visit the houses and shops of the Asian community to perform the traditional custom of "cai qing" (採青), literally meaning "plucking the greens", whereby the lion plucks the auspicious green lettuce either hung on a pole or placed on a table in front of the premises. The "greens" (qing) is tied together with a "red envelope" containing money and may also include auspicious fruit like oranges. In Chinese cǎi (採, pluck) also sounds like cài (菜, meaning vegetable) and cái (财, meaning fortune). The lion will dance and approach the "green" and "red envelope" like a curious cat, to "eat the green" and "spit" it out but keep the "red envelope" which is the reward for the lion troupe. The lion dance is believed to bring good luck and fortune to the business. During the Qing dynasty, there may be additional hidden meanings in the performances, for example the green vegetables (qing) eaten by the lion may represent the Qing Manchus.[90] The lion dance troupes are sometimes accompanied by various characters such as the Big Head Buddha.[91]
Different types of vegetables, fruits, foods or utensils with auspicious and good symbolic meanings; for instance pineapples, pomelos, bananas, oranges, sugar cane shoots, coconuts, beer, clay pots or even crabs can be used to be the "greens" (青) to be "plucked" to give different difficulty and challenge for the lion dance performers. But the difficulties of the challenge should come with the bigger the rewards of the "red envelope" given.
In the old days, the lettuce was hung 5–6 m (16–20 ft) above ground and only a well-trained martial artist could reach the money while dancing with a heavy lion head. These events became a public challenge. A large sum of money was rewarded, and the audience expected a good show. Sometimes, if lions from multiple martial arts schools approached the lettuce at the same time, the lions are supposed to fight to decide a winner. The lions had to fight with stylistic lion moves instead of chaotic street fighting styles. The audience would judge the quality of the martial art schools according to how the lions fought. Since the schools' reputations were at stake, the fights were usually fierce but civilized. The winner lion would then use creative methods and martial art skills to reach the high-hanging reward. Some lions may dance on bamboo stilts and some may step on human pyramids formed by fellow students of the school. The performers and the schools would gain praise and respect on top of the large monetary reward when they did well.[citation needed]
During the 1950s-60s, in some areas with high population of Chinese and Asian communities especially the Chinatown in many foreign countries abroad China in the world, people who joined lion dance troupes were "gangster-like" and there was a lot of fighting between lion dance troupes and kung fu schools. Parents were afraid to let their children join lion dance troupes because of the "gangster" association with the members. During festivals and performances, when lion dance troupes met, there may be fights between groups. Some lifts and acrobatic tricks are designed for the lion to "fight" and knock over other rival lions. Performers even hid daggers in their shoes and clothes, which could be used to injure other lion dancers’ legs, or even attached a metal horn on their lion’s forehead, which could be used to slash other lion heads. The violence became so extreme that at one point the Hong Kong government banned lion dance completely. Now, as with many other countries, lion dance troupes must attain a permit from the government in order to perform lion dance. Although there is still a certain degree of competitiveness, troupes are a lot less violent and aggressive. Nowadays, whenever teams meet each other, they'll shake hands through the mouth of the lion to show sportsmanship.[citation needed]
In a traditional performance, when the dancing lion enters a village or township, it is supposed to pay its respects first at the local temple(s), then to the ancestors at the
Evolution and competition
Lion dance has spread across the world due to the worldwide presence of the diaspora Chinese communities and immigrant settlers in many countries in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Polynesia, and in particular, in Southeast Asia where there is a large overseas Chinese presence.
The dance has evolved considerably since the early days when it was performed as a skill part of Chinese martial arts, and has grown into a more artistic art and a sport as well that takes into accounts the lion's expression and the natural movements, as well as the development of a more elaborate acrobatic styles and skills during performances. This evolution and development has produced the modern form of lion dances, and competitions are held to find the best lion dance performances.
International lion dance championships are held in many countries, for example in
In politics
The lion dance is seen as a representative part of Chinese culture in many overseas Chinese communities,[96] and in some Southeast Asian countries, there were attempts to ban or discourage the dance in order to suppress the Chinese cultural identity in those countries.[97] For example, in Malaysia, lion dance was criticized by a Malay politician in the 1970s as not Malaysian in style and suggested that it be changed to a tiger dance,[98] and it was banned except at Chinese New Year until 1990.[99] Lion dance became a matter of political and public debate about the national culture of the country.[96] During the Suharto era in Indonesia, public expression of Chinese culture was also banned and barongsai (lion dance) procession was considered "provocative" and "an affront to Indonesian nationalism".[100] This ban was however overturned after the collapse of the Suharto regime in 1998, nevertheless the occasional local banning of the lion dance still occurred.[101]
In popular culture
In the 1960s and 1970s, during the era when the
In the 1976 musical, Pacific Overtures by Stephen Sondheim, the first act ends with a musical number titled "Lion dance".[102] The Commodore Perry character performed a mixture of a kabuki version of lion dance and a cakewalk wearing an Uncle Sam costume and the long white wig and makeup of a kabuki lion, here used to express his feelings of success at having met with Japanese officials and opened Japan to trade for the first time in 250 years.[103] The kabuki lion dance also appeared in the 1957 film Sayonara with Ricardo Montalbán.[103]
Several 1990s movies, including a remade version of Wong Fei Hung, and the sequels of
Other films include The Young Master, Lion vs. Lion, Dancing Lion, Dance Dance Dragon, The Great Lion Kun Seng Keng, The Lion Men, The Lion Men: Ultimate Showdown, Lion Dancing and Lion Dancing 2 and I Am What I Am.[citation needed] Northern Lion Dancing appeared in Disney's 1998 film Mulan, when the Hun villains use it to sneak into the imperial city under the disguise of a large imperial Lion.
Lion dance has also appeared in popular music videos, such as Chinese hip hop group
Version 4.4 of the video game Genshin Impact introduced the playable character Gaming, a "Wushou Dance" performer, which is Liyue's version of the lion dance. Another video game, Wuthering Waves features the character Lingyang, a "Liondancer" from the city of Jinzhou.
See also
- Chinese New Year
- Japanese New Year
- Vietnamese New Year (Tết)
- Korean New Year
- Culture of China
- Chinese guardian lions
- Dance in China
- Pantomime horse
- Dragon dance
- Tiger dance
- Qilin dance
- Shisa
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- ^ "Gar Cham – Meditative Dance – "Lama Dance"". Samye.
- ^ "Legend of the SnowLion". Snow Lion Tour.
- ^ "Tibetan Buddhist Symbols". A view on Buddhism.
- ^ "Chhau Mask". INDIAN CULTURE. Ministry of Culture (India). Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "600 school students to perform dance on Republic Day | India.com". www.india.com. Zee Media Corporation. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Artists from various States depict culture". The Hitavada. Progressive Writers and Publishers. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ISBN 978-81-8205-061-7. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Sisingaan, Sindiran Ala Orang Sunda". Indonesia.go.id (in Indonesian). 23 December 2019.
- ^ Dipa, Arya (3 June 2014). "Preserving hamlets via art in Sekejolang". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ "Sisingaan". kompas.id. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
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- ^ "Warriors of the Maasai".
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- ISBN 9789671303870.
- ^ Malaysia Muar Lion Dance Troupe is World Champion|New Straits Times |11 February 1994
- ^ Wang, Marina (9 February 2021). "Malaysia Has Turned Lion Dancing Into a Gravity-Defying Extreme Sport". Atlas Obscura.
- ^ Elan Perumal (28 July 2018). "Lion dancers dazzle with football stunts". The Star.
- ^ "Who will be The Lion (dance) King?". Straits Times. 10 September 2019.
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External links
- The Genuine History Of Lion Dance Archived 2016-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
- The Beginner’s Guide to Chinese Lion Dance
- An in-depth article on the Chinese Lion Dance
- Information about Green Lions
- Additional information about lion dance
- The Chinese Lion Dance
- About Lion Dance[permanent dead link]
- Malaysia Muar Lion Dance Troupe is World Champion, New Straits Times 11 February 1994
- Korean Insights - Madangguk: Mask Dance-Drama