Lisa Simpson
Lisa Simpson | |
---|---|
The Simpsons character | |
First appearance |
|
Created by | Matt Groening |
Designed by | Matt Groening |
Voiced by | Yeardley Smith |
In-universe information | |
Full name | Lisa Marie Simpson |
Occupation | 2nd grader at Springfield Elementary School |
Family |
|
Relatives |
|
Religion | 742 Evergreen Terrace, Springfield , United States |
Nationality | American |
Lisa Marie Simpson[1] is a fictional character in the animated television sitcom series The Simpsons. She is the middle child of the Simpson family. Voiced by Yeardley Smith, Lisa was born as a character in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed her while waiting to meet James L. Brooks. Groening had been invited to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic Life in Hell, but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the older Simpson daughter after his younger sister Lisa Groening Bartlett. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family were moved to their own series on Fox, which debuted on December 17, 1989.
Intelligent, kind, and passionate about the planet and all living things, Lisa Simpson is the second child of
Yeardley Smith originally tried out for the role of Bart, while Nancy Cartwright (who was later cast as the voice for Bart) tried out for Lisa. Producers considered Smith's voice too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa. In the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was something of a "female Bart" who mirrored her brother's mischief, but as the series progressed she became a liberal voice of reason which has drawn both praise and criticism from fans of the show. Because of her unusual pointed hairstyle, many animators consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw.
Role in The Simpsons
The Simpsons uses a
Lisa has had a few brief relationships with boys, including
Lisa is the most intellectual member of the Simpson family (she has an
Now" poster can be seen on her bedroom door during earlier seasons. She is extremely controlled by her ideals and noble, and she undergoes drastic changes when she or anyone else is immoral, such as renouncing Homer's last name and taking Marge's when she discovers that Homer bet against her in a crossword puzzle competition.Character
Creation
Matt Groening conceived Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of producer James L. Brooks's office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in Hell comic strip. When he realized that animating Life in Hell would require him to rescind publication rights, Groening went in another direction,[25] hurriedly sketching his version of a dysfunctional family, named after members of his own family. Lisa was named after Groening's younger sister, but little else was based on her.[26] In The Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa displayed none of the intelligence for which she later became known. She was more of a "female Bart"[27] and was originally described as simply the "middle child", without much personality.[28]
Lisa made her brief debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987, in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night".[29] On December 17th 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series on the Fox Broadcasting Company.[25]
Design
The entire Simpson family was designed to be easily recognized in silhouette.[30] The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings.[25] Lisa's physical features are generally unique. In some early episodes, minor background characters occasionally had a similar hairline. However, in the later seasons, no character other than Maggie shares her hairline.[31] While designing Lisa, Groening "couldn't be bothered to even think about girls' hairstyles".[32] At the time, Groening was primarily drawing in black and white; when designing Lisa and Maggie, he "just gave them this kind of spiky starfish hair style, not thinking that they would eventually be drawn in color".[33]
To draw Lisa's head and hair, most of the show's animators use what they call the "three-three-two arrangement". It begins with a circle, with two curving lines (one vertical, one horizontal) intersecting in the middle to indicate her eyeline. The vertical line continues outside of the circle to create one hair point, with two more added towards the back of her head. Three more points are then added in front (in the direction Lisa is facing), with two more behind it.[34] Several Simpsons animators, including Pete Michels and David Silverman, consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw.[35] Silverman explains that "her head is so abstract" due to her hairstyle.[32]
Voice
While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner because they were already a part of the Tracey Ullman Show cast,[36] the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Nancy Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa, but disliked the character's bland description—Lisa was described simply as the "middle child"—and read for the role of Bart instead.[28][37] Casting director Bonita Pietila brought Yeardley Smith in for an audition after seeing her performing in the play Living on Salvation Street.[38][39] Smith was hesitant to audition for an animated series, but her agent had persuaded her to give it a try.[40] Smith originally auditioned for the role of Bart but Pietila believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled: "I always sounded too much like a girl, I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'"[39][41] Pietila offered Smith the role of Lisa instead.[40]
Smith and the show's writers worked to give Lisa a more defined personality, and she has developed greatly during the series. In her 2000 memoir My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy, Cartwright wrote: "with the brilliant wit of the writers and the wry, in-your-eye, honest-to-a-fault interpretation, Yeardley Smith has made Lisa a bright light of leadership, full of compassion and competence beyond her years. Lisa Simpson is the kind of child we not only want our children to be but also the kind of child we want all children to be. But, at the time, on The Tracey Ullman Show, she was just an animated eight-year-old kid who had no personality."[28]
Lisa is the only regular character voiced by Smith, who raises the pitch of her voice slightly for the role.
It's a happy fluke. When she was cast back in 1987, I just liked the sound of her voice. She's also a great actress. In general, people who make their living doing voices on cartoons aren't always great for us. Most cartoons want things peppy and cartoony. Yeardley can go through moments of great emotion and wring it for all she's worth.
—Matt Groening on Smith's vocal style[45]
Despite Lisa's fame, Smith is rarely recognized in public, which she does not mind. She said, "it's wonderful to be in the midst of all this hype about the show, and people enjoying the show so much, and to be totally a fly on the wall; people never recognize me solely from my voice."
Until 1998, Smith was paid $30,000 per episode. A pay dispute erupted in 1998, during which Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.[48] The dispute was soon resolved, and Smith received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors sought an increase to $360,000 per episode.[48] The issue was resolved a month later,[49] and Smith earned $250,000 per episode.[46] New salary negotiations took place in 2008, and the voice actors currently receive approximately $400,000 per episode.[50] Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Smith and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode.[51]
Development
In The Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was something of a "female Bart": equally mischievous but lacking unique traits.
In the seventh-season episode "Lisa the Vegetarian" (1995), Lisa permanently becomes a vegetarian, distinguishing her as one of the first primetime television characters to make such a choice.[55] The episode was written by David S. Cohen (in his first solo writing credit), who jotted down the idea one day while eating lunch. Then-executive producer David Mirkin, who had recently become a vegetarian himself, quickly approved the idea. Several of Lisa's experiences in the episode are based on Mirkin's own experiences. The episode guest stars musician Paul McCartney, a committed vegetarian and animal rights activist. McCartney's condition for appearing was that Lisa would remain a vegetarian and would not revert the next week (as is common on situation comedies). The trait stayed and is one of the few permanent character changes made in the show.[56][57][58] In the season 13 episode "She of Little Faith" (2001), Lisa underwent another permanent character change when she converted to Buddhism.[59]
Lisa plays the baritone saxophone, and some episodes use that as a plot device. According to Matt Groening, the baritone saxophone was chosen because he found the thought of an eight-year-old girl playing it amusing. He added, "But she doesn't always play a baritone sax because the animators don't know what it looks like, so it changes shape and color from show to show."[60] One of the hallmarks of the show's opening sequence is a brief solo Lisa plays on her saxophone after being thrown out of music class. The Simpsons composer Alf Clausen said that the session musicians who perform her solos do not try to play at the second-grade level and instead "think of Lisa as a really good player."[52] Lisa is a skilled multi-instrumentalist, besides saxophone, she can also play bass (as shown in "Whacking Day"), guitar (as shown in "Last Exit to Springfield"), and piano (as shown in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace").
Personality
[Lisa is] a good soul. I love that she is so compassionate. She is wise beyond her years. She has remarkable optimism, despite the fact that she's disappointed so often.
Lisa, despite being a
Lisa is said to have an
Although she is wise beyond her years, Lisa has typical childhood issues, sometimes requiring adult intervention. One episode to show this is "
Lisa has demonstrated an acute sense of sensitivity, often bursting into tears whenever emotionally overwhelmed. First shown in the Season 1 episode, "Moaning Lisa", when Homer hurts his daughter's feelings midway in the episode, there has been a sizable portion of episodes featuring Lisa sobbing, to the point where it remains her most well known, and continuously used trait, alongside her vegetarianism and Buddhism. Its not uncommon for each and every season to feature an episode where Lisa cries at some point.
Lisa occasionally worries that her family's dull habits will rub off on her, such as in "Lisa the Simpson" (season nine, 1998) she worries that the "Simpson gene" will make her a dimwit later finding out the gene only goes through the male side.[76][77] She is often embarrassed and disapproving of her eccentric family: of her father's parenting skills and buffoonish personality; her mother's stereotypical image and social ineptitude; and her brother's delinquent and low-brow nature. Despite this, she has good relationships with all of her immediate family members. Although they have many differences, Homer and Lisa maintain an affectionate relationship, with episodes like "Lisa the Greek" and "Bart on the Road" depicting the bond between them often being cited as fan favorites. Homer is often oblivious to her talents but clearly respects her intelligence, such as when he supports her controversial research about Jebediah Springfield in "Lisa the Iconoclast" because she's "always right about this kind of stuff."
She is also concerned that Maggie may grow up to be like the rest of the family and tries to teach her complex ideas. Chris Turner writes in Planet Simpson that "Lisa embarks on quests to find solace for her yearning spirit ... but the most reliable source of truth she finds is the one she always believed in: her family. It is from the other Simpsons that Lisa draws stability, meaning, contentment."[78] Her loyalty to her family is most clearly seen in the flashforward "Lisa's Wedding" (season six, 1995), in which she must reconcile her love for them with the distaste of her cultured fiancé.[79] In the episode "Mother Simpson" (season seven, 1995) she meets her paternal grandmother Mona Simpson for the first time.[80] Mona is also well-read and articulate, and the writers used the character as a way to explain the origins of Lisa's intelligence.[81]
Sexuality
Lisa's sexuality has become the subject of speculation amongst viewers of the show.
Lisa is shown to have
Although Lisa's sexuality has never been confirmed on screen, showrunner
Reception
Commendations
Lisa has been a popular character since the show's inception. She was listed at number 11 (tied with Bart) in
Lisa's environmentalism has been especially well received. In 2001, Lisa received a special "board of directors Ongoing Commitment Award" at the Environmental Media Awards.[93] "Lisa the Vegetarian" won both an Environmental Media Award for "Best Television Episodic Comedy"[94] and a Genesis Award for "Best Television Comedy Series, Ongoing Commitment".[95] Several other episodes that feature Lisa speaking out in favor of animal rights have won Genesis Awards, including "Whacking Day" in 1994,[96][97] "Bart Gets an Elephant" in 1995,[98][99][100] "Million Dollar Abie" in 2007[101] and "Apocalypse Cow" in 2009.[102]
Cultural influence
Jonathan Gray, author of the book Watching The Simpsons, feels that Lisa "is probably the best and certainly longest-running feminist character that television has had. She's the heart of the show and she quite often questions gender politics."
According to PETA, Lisa was one of the first vegetarian characters on primetime television. In 2004 the organization included Lisa on its list of the "Most Animal-Friendly TV Characters of All Time".[55] In 2008, environmentalist website The Daily Green honored Lisa's role in The Simpsons Movie with one of its inaugural "Heart of Green" awards, which "recognize those who have helped green go mainstream." They wrote "young Lisa Simpson has inspired a generation to wear their hearts on their sleeves and get educated, and involved, about global issues, from justice to feminism and the environment."[105] Japanese broadcasters reversed viewer dislike of the series by focusing marketing of the show on Lisa. Lisa's well-intended but ill-fated struggles to be a voice of reason and a force of good in her family and community struck a chord with Japanese audiences.[106] Mario D'Amato, a specialist in Buddhist studies at Rollins College in Florida, described Lisa as "open-minded, reflective, ethical, and interested in improving herself in various ways, while still preserving a childlike sense of innocence. These are all excellent qualities, ones which are espoused by many Buddhist traditions."[107]
Lisa and the rest of the Simpsons have had a significant influence on English-language idioms. The dismissive term "meh"—used by Lisa and popularized by the show—[108] entered the Collins English Dictionary in 2008.[109] In 1996, The New York Times published an article saying that Lisa was inspiring children, especially young girls, to learn to play the saxophone.[60]
Lisa Simpson was mentioned at the 2018 Conservative Political Action Conference when Senator Ted Cruz called the Democratic Party "The Party of Lisa Simpson", as opposed to the Republican Party being the party of the rest of the family.[110]
"Lisa the Skeptic" and "The Monkey Suit" are episodes of The Simpsons that delve into themes of skepticism, religion, and science. These episodes demonstrate the show's commitment to encouraging critical thinking and questioning of established beliefs, while also acknowledging the complexities and challenges that arise in such discussions. Despite occasional missteps, The Simpsons has provided a platform for exploring these important topics in an entertaining and thought-provoking manner.[111]
Merchandising
Lisa has been included in many The Simpsons publications, toys, and other merchandise. The Lisa Book, describing Lisa's personality and attributes, was released in 2006.
On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Lisa and the four other members of the nuclear Simpson family. They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while still in production.[116] The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, went on sale in May 2009.[117][118]
Lisa has also appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons. She has appeared in each
References
- ^ "Lisa's Wedding". The Simpsons. Season 6. Episode 19. March 19, 1995. Event occurs at 10:08. Fox.
- ^ "The Simpsons: Season 33, Episode 20 script | Subs like Script".
- ^ Turner 2004, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark (October 24, 2021). "Lisa's First Word". The Simpsons. Season 33. Episode 5. Fox.
- ^ Canning, Robert (January 28, 2008). "The Simpsons: That '90s Show Review". IGN. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ Selman, Matt; Kirkland, Mark (January 27, 2008). "That '90s Show". The Simpsons. Season 19. Episode 11. Fox.
- ^ Groening 2010, p. 17.
- ^ "Birth of the Cool". Wikisimpsons. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Archer, Wes (February 11, 1990). "Moaning Lisa (The Simpsons)". The Simpsons. Season 01. Episode 06. Fox.
- ^ Sternin, Joshua; Ventimilia, Jeffrey; Moore, Steven Dean (April 30, 1995). "'Round Springfield". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 22. Fox.
- ^ Mula, Frank; Archer, Wes (February 11, 1993). "I Love Lisa". The Simpsons. Season 04. Episode 15. Fox.
- ^ a b Scully, Mike; Dietter, Susie (December 15, 1996). "Lisa's Date with Density". The Simpsons. Season 08. Episode 07. Fox.
- 20th Century Fox. 2007.
- ^ "Life as Lisa Simpson". 3 News NZ. May 24, 2013.
- ^ a b "The Simpsons Showrunner Says Lisa Is "Possibly Polyamorous" – IN Magazine". Inmagazine.ca. April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ^ "The Simpsons: 20 Ridiculous Facts About Lisa". TheGamer. June 29, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ^ Bradford Evans (October 25, 2013). "18 Things You'd Be Surprised Happened on 'The Simpsons' If You Stopped Watching in 2003". Vulture.com. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ^ "#23 Holidays Of Future Passed, Season 23, Episode 09. Magic Xylophone podcast". Player.fm. April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ^ De Waal, Shaun (July 27, 2007). "Yellow peril". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ Cohen, David S.; Groening, Matt; Meyer, George; Michels, Pete; Scully, Mike; Smith; Yeardley. (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Skeptic", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "Character Profiles: Lisa Simpson". Channel 4. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ Curran, Kevin; Kruse, Nancy (February 16, 2003). "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 12. Fox.
- ^ "Lisa puts cool into Cornish cause". BBC. July 5, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Freiberger, Bill; Moore, Steven Dean (December 16, 2001). "She of Little Faith". The Simpsons. Season 13. Episode 06. Fox.
- ^ a b c BBC (2000). 'The Simpsons': America's First Family (6-minute edit for the season 1 DVD) (DVD). UK: 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Rose, Joseph (August 3, 2007). "The real people behind Homer Simpson and family". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012.
- ^ a b Mirkin, David. (2004). Commentary for "Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b c Cartwright 2000, pp. 35–40
- ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 14.
- ^ Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "Fear of Flying", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Groening, Matt; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "Principal Charming", in The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Silverman, David; Reardon, Jim; Groening, Matt. (2005). Illustrated commentary for "Treehouse of Horror V", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Groening, Matt. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "All Singing, All Dancing", in The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark. (2005). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "Summer of 4 Ft. 2", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Michels, Pete. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "All Singing, All Dancing", in The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Lee, Luaine (February 27, 2003). "D'oh, you're the voice". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
- ^ "Bart's voice tells all". BBC News. November 10, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- ^ a b Freeman, Paul (November 20, 1994). "Local actress finds a voice in 'Simpsons'". The Washington Times.
- ^ a b Miranda, Charles (December 8, 2007). "She who laughs last". The Daily Telegraph. p. 8E.
- ^ a b c d Heidi Vogt (April 4, 2004). "She's happy as Lisa Simpson, although she'd like more d'oh". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press.
- ^ Larry Carroll (October 26, 2008). "'Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To "Burns-Sexual" Smithers". MTV. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
- ^ Charles Miranda (December 8, 2007). "She who laughs last". The Daily Telegraph. p. 8E.
- ^ Smith, Yeardley (2007). Audio commentary for The Simpsons Movie (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Hauge, Ron. (2008). Commentary for "Missionary: Impossible", in The Simpsons: The Complete Eleventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b c L.W. Michion (Spring 1992). "Yeardley Smith Confesses: "I Love Lisa"". Simpsons Illustrated Magazine, Volume 1, Number 5. pp. 20–23.
- ^ a b Peter Sheridan (May 6, 2004). "Meet the Simpsons". Daily Express.
- ^ Lisa Marks (January 16, 2009). "From Springfield to Tinseltown". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (April 3, 2004). "Simpsons actors demand bigger share". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "'Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work". CBS News. May 1, 2004. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "Simpsons cast sign new pay deal". BBC News. June 3, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Block, Alex Ben (October 7, 2011). "'The Simpsons' Renewed for Two More Seasons". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ^ a b Rhodes, Joe (July 26, 1991). "Sax and the Single Simpson". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "Krusty Gets Busted", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "Moaning Lisa", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b "Friends' Phoebe tops PETA's list of most animal-friendly TV characters of all time". PETA. May 4, 2004. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
- ^ Cohen, David S.; Groening, Matt; Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Vegetarian", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "Paul McCartney Insisted Lisa Simpson Stay VEG". ecorazzi. August 26, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Sideswipe: McCartney keeps Lisa vegetarian". The New Zealand Herald. August 28, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
- ^ Pinsky 2007, p. 171
- ^ a b Barron, James (January 14, 1996). "A Sax Craze, Inspired by 'The Simpsons'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 78.
- ^ Gross, Michael (October 30, 2003). "Eat my lab coat". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ Pinsky 2001, p. 46
- ^ Cohen, David X.; Kirkland, Mark (October 15, 1995). "Lisa the Vegetarian". The Simpsons. Season 07. Episode 05. Fox.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 229.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 230.
- ^ Cohen, David X.; Kirkland, Mark (November 9, 1997). "Bart Star". The Simpsons. Season 09. Episode 06. Fox.
- ^ Swartzwelder, John; Reardon, Jim (May 4, 1997). "Homer's Enemy". The Simpsons. Season 08. Episode 23. Fox.
- ^ Selman, Matt; Michels, Pete (May 9, 1999). "They Saved Lisa's Brain". The Simpsons. Season 10. Episode 22. Fox.
- ^ Martin, Jeff; Moore, Rich (November 15, 1990). "Dead Putting Society". The Simpsons. Season 02. Episode 06. Fox.
- ^ a b Turner 2004, p. 201.
- ^ Crittenden, Jennifer; Scott III, Swinton O. (April 16, 1995). "The PTA Disbands". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 21. Fox.
- ^ a b Turner 2004, p. 203.
- ^ Scully, Brian; Michels, Pete (May 10, 1998). "Lost Our Lisa". The Simpsons. Season 09. Episode 24. Fox.
- ^ Skoble 1999, pp. 31–32
- ^ Gates, Anita (April 9, 2000). "Men on TV: Dumb as Posts And Proud of It". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Goldreyer, Ned; Dietter, Susie (March 8, 1998). "Lisa the Simpson". The Simpsons. Season 09. Episode 17. Fox.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 233.
- ^ Daniels, Greg; Reardon, Jim (March 19, 1995). "Lisa's Wedding". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 19. Fox.
- ^ Appel, Rich; Silverman, David (November 19, 1995). "Mother Simpson". The Simpsons. Season 07. Episode 08. Fox.
- ^ Appel, Rich. (2005). Commentary for "Mother Simpson", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Tyler, Adrienne (August 19, 2020). "The Simpsons: What Happened To Lisa's Boyfriend Colin After The Movie?". Screen Rant. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Cvitesic, Magdan D. (December 1, 2019). "The Simpsons: Lisa's 10 Best Love Interests, Ranked". Screen Rant. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Pearce, Tilly (April 2, 2019). "The Simpsons showrunner teases Lisa's sexuality and could become polyamorous president". Metro. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Morgan, Joe (April 9, 2019). "Lisa Simpson is 'possibly bisexual and polyamorous', says showrunner". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Singh, Rajdeep (October 26, 2020). "Lisa Simpson voice Yeardley Smith sets the record straight on those bisexual theories". PinkNews. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ "Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon characters list". CNN. July 30, 2002. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
- ^ "TV's Most Intriguing Characters". Comcast. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ "AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters". AfterEllen.com. February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
- ^ Murphy, Ryan. "Top 10: Irritating '90s Cartoon Characters". AskMen. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
- ^ a b "Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search". Emmys.org. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009.
- ^ "Hollywood Icons". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ W. Reed Moran (November 15, 2001). "Lisa Simpson animates environmental awards". USA Today. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ "Awards for 'The Simpsons'". IMDb. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ "1995 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
- ^ "'Free Willy', 'Simpsons' win Genesis Awards". Rocky Mountain News. January 30, 1994. p. 56A.
- ^ "1994 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
- ^ Yardena Arar (January 19, 1991). "Films, TV Programs praised for treatment of Animal issues". Daily News of Los Angeles. p. L9.
- ^ "1995 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
- ^ Cohen, David X.; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark; Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Vegetarian", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "2007 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
- ^ "The 23rd Genesis Awards Nominees". Humane Society of the United States. February 24, 2009. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
- ^ Ortved 2009, p. 86
- The Toledo Blade.
- ^ "The Daily Green's Heart of Green Awards 2008". The Daily Green. 2008. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 327.
- ^ Pinsky 2007, p. 180
- ^ Michael Hann (March 5, 2007). "Meh – the word that's sweeping the internet". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ^ Boswell, Randy (November 18, 2008). "Canadian politics: The definition of 'meh'". The Vancouver Sun. Canwest News Service. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ "Ted Cruz: 'Democrats are the party of Lisa Simpson' " by William Cummings, USA Today, February 23, 2018
- ^ Sloughter, Trevor (November 23, 2022). "25 years ago today, Lisa the Skeptic became The Simpsons' critical thinking icon". The Skeptic. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-06-074823-4.
- ^ "Search Results for Lisa". The Simpsons Shop. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
- ^ "Burger King, Simpsons team up, could face trouble from networks". Miami Herald. August 20, 1990.
- ^ "10 Things You Never Knew About The Simpsons". Flavor wire. October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ Szalai, George (April 1, 2009). "Postal Service launching "Simpsons" stamps". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 4, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ^ "The Simpsons stamps launched in US". Newslite. May 8, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ^ "The Simpsons Get 'Stamping Ovation' To Tune of 1 Billion Stamps". United States Postal Service. May 7, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- ^ Walk, Gary Eng (November 5, 2007). "Work of Bart". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Radford, Bill (November 19, 2000). "Groening launches Futurama comics". The Gazette. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Shutt, Craig. "Sundays with the Simpsons". MSNBC. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ MacDonald, Brady (April 9, 2008). "Simpsons ride features 29 characters, original voices". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-7868-8600-5.
- OL 433519M.
- Ortved, John (2009). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-503-9.
- Pinsky, Mark I (2001). The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22419-6.
- Pinsky, Mark I (2007). The Gospel According to The Simpsons, Bigger and Possibly Even Better! Edition. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23265-8.
- Skoble, Aeon J. (1999). "Lisa and American anti-intellectualism". In Irwin, William; Conrad, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon (eds.). ISBN 978-0-8126-9433-8.
- OCLC 55682258.
- ISBN 9780061711282.
Further reading
- Alberti, John, ed. (2003). Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture. ISBN 978-0-8143-2849-1.
- Brown, Alan; Chris Logan (2006). ISBN 978-1-932100-70-9.
- Groening, Matt (1991). ISBN 978-0-06-096582-2.
- Groening, Matt; Bill Morrison (2006). The Lisa Book. ISBN 978-0-06-074823-4.
External links
- Media related to Lisa Simpson at Wikimedia Commons
- Lisa Simpson on IMDb