Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisboa | |
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Eduardo VII Park (background) | |
St. Anthony's Day) | |
Website | cm-lisboa.pt |
Lisbon (/ˈlɪzbən/; Portuguese: Lisboa [liʒˈβoɐ] ⓘ)[3] is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 548,703 as of 2022 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.[4] Lisbon is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city (second overall after Reykjavik) and the only one along the Atlantic coast, the others (Reykjavik and Dublin) being on islands. The city lies in the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula, on the northern shore of the River Tagus. The western portion of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, hosts the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca.
Lisbon is one of the
It has since been the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country.It has been since the political centre of the country, as its seat of government, National Assembly, Supreme Court of Justice, Armed Forces and residence of the head of state. It is also the centre of Portuguese diplomacy, with ambassadors from 86 countries residing in the city, as well as representations from Taiwan and Palestine.[9] About 2.9 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which extends beyond the city's administrative area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula (after Madrid and Barcelona) as well as figuring amongst the 10 most populous urban areas in the European Union.[10][11] It represents approximately 27.70% of the country's population.
Lisbon is recognised as an
Etymology
Lisbon's name may have been derived from
Another claim repeated in literature is that the name of Lisbon could be traced back to Phoenician times, referring to a supposed Phoenician term Alis-Ubbo, meaning "safe harbour" or "pleasant haven".[30][31][32] Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC,[33] this folk etymology "is never attested in ancient classical literature".[34]
Lisbon's name is commonly abbreviated as "LX" or "Lx", originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as Lixbõa.[35] While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards, the abbreviation is still commonly used.
History
Origins
During the
Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's
According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the mythical Ulysses, who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.[32]
Roman era
Following the defeat of
The city prospered as
Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested
Middle Ages
Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were
On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by the
The Muslim influence is still visible in the Alfama district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".
For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1094), before being conquered by the larger Taifa of Badajoz.
In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by
In 1147, as part of
With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King
In 1384, the city was besieged by King
During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both Northern European and Mediterranean cities.
Early Modern
When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory, many of them fled to Lisbon. Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city's prosperity,
Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the
The
In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century.
On 1 November 1755, the city was destroyed by another
By 1755, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. Voltaire wrote a long poem, Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne, shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide (indeed, many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake). Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. also mentions it in his 1857 poem, The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.
After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister
Modern era
In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of
(future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the Baixa and along the Chiado district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the Passeio Público, a Pombaline era park, into the Avenida da Liberdade, as the city grew farther from the Tagus.
Lisbon was the site of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.
The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the Escola Politécnica – now Faculdade de Ciências). Today there are two public universities in the city (
During
During the
Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the
Contemporary
The
In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas, for instance, architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated, the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed for leisure and residential use, the Vasco da Gama Bridge was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re-purposed for Expo '98 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India, a voyage that would bring immense riches to Lisbon and cause many of Lisbon's landmarks to be built.
In 1988, a fire in the historical district of Chiado saw the destruction of many 18th-century Pombaline style buildings. A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high-scale shopping district.
The
Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes. In 1994, Lisbon was the
Geography
Physical geography
Lisbon is located at 38°42′49.75″N 9°8′21.79″W / 38.7138194°N 9.1393861°W, situated at the mouth of the
The westernmost part of Lisbon is occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, a 10 km2 (4 sq mi) urban park, one of the largest in Europe, and occupying 10% of the municipality.
The city occupies an area of 100.05 km2 (39 sq mi), and its city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, coincide with those of the municipality.
Climate
Lisbon has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa)[66] with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F), 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) during the day and 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) at night.
In the coldest month – January – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 11 to 19 °C (52 to 66 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 3 to 13 °C (37 to 55 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F).[67] In the warmest month – August – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F) and the average sea temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F).[67]
Among European capitals, Lisbon ranks among those with the warmest winters and has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city, with an average of 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) in the coldest month, and 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) in the warmest month. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was −1.2 °C (30 °F) in February 1956; although other locations in its metropolitan area can record lower temperatures, not being as affected by the urban heat island of the city centre, with Sintra and Setúbal having reached −4 °C (25 °F) and −5.1 °C (23 °F) respectively, both experiencing about 13 days of frost per year on average.[68][69] The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 August 2018.[70]
The city has around 2,806 hours of sunshine per year, averaging 4.6 hours of sunshine per day in December and 11.4 hours of sunshine per day in July, though when disregarding the duration of the day August is actually the sunniest, with over 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.[71]
Lisbon has around 750 mm (30 in) of precipitation per year. November and December are the wettest months, accounting for a third of the total annual precipitation. July and August are the driest.[72]
Climate data for Lisbon (altitude: 77 m.a.s.l., ~1km from sea, location on map )
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
41.5 (106.7) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.0 (111.2) |
41.4 (106.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
44.0 (111.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
21.3 (70.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.5 (56.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 99.9 (3.93) |
84.9 (3.34) |
53.2 (2.09) |
68.1 (2.68) |
53.6 (2.11) |
15.9 (0.63) |
4.2 (0.17) |
6.2 (0.24) |
32.9 (1.30) |
100.8 (3.97) |
127.6 (5.02) |
126.7 (4.99) |
774 (30.47) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.0 | 15.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 117 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 142.6 | 156.6 | 207.7 | 234.0 | 291.4 | 303.0 | 353.4 | 344.1 | 261.0 | 213.9 | 156.0 | 142.6 | 2,806.3 |
Source: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera,[72] Hong Kong Observatory[73] for data of avg. precipitation days & sunshine hours |
Freguesias
The municipality of Lisbon included 53
Neighborhoods
Locally, Lisbon's inhabitants may commonly refer to the spaces of Lisbon in terms of historic Bairros de Lisboa (neighbourhoods). These communities have no clearly defined boundaries and represent distinctive quarters of the city that have in common a historical culture, similar living standards, and identifiable architectural landmarks, as exemplified by the Bairro Alto, Alfama, Chiado, and so forth.
Alcântara
Although today it is quite central, it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and country estates of the nobility with their palaces. In the 16th century, there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats. During the late 19th century, Alcântara became a popular industrial area, with many small factories and warehouses.
In the early 1990s, Alcântara began to attract youth because of the number of pubs and discothèques. This was mainly due to its outer area of mostly commercial buildings, which acted as barriers to the noise-generating nightlife (which acted as a buffer to the residential communities surrounding it). In the meantime, some of these areas began to become gentrified, attracting loft developments and new flats, which have profited from its river views and central location.
The riverfront of Alcântara is known for its nightclubs and bars. The area is commonly known as docas (docks), since most of the clubs and bars are housed in converted dock warehouses.
Alfama
The oldest district of Lisbon, it spreads down the southern slope from the
It is a historical quarter of mixed-use buildings occupied by Fado bars, restaurants, and homes with small shops downstairs. Modernising trends have invigorated the district: old houses have been re-purposed or remodelled, while new buildings have been constructed. Fado, the typically Portuguese style of melancholy music, is common (but not obligatory) in the restaurants of the district.
Mouraria
The Mouraria, or Moorish quarter, is one of the most traditional neighbourhoods of Lisbon,[75] although most of its old buildings were demolished by the Estado Novo between the 1930s and the 1970s.[76] It takes its name from the fact that after the reconquest of Lisbon, the Muslims who remained were confined to this part of the city.[77] In turn, the Jews were confined to three neighbourhoods called "Judiarias".[78]
Bairro Alto
Bairro Alto (literally the upper quarter in
Baixa
The heart of the city is the
Beato
The parish of Beato stands out for the new cultural dynamics it has been experiencing in recent years. The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities by the riverside docks are the place of choice for contemporary art galleries, iconic bars, and gourmet restaurants that simmer in the streets. This reality has not gone unnoticed by the national press, and Visão,[79] TimeOut,[80] or Jornal de Negócios[81] have already made notice of this parish that hides treasures such as the National Museum of the Azulejo or the Palacio do Grilo.
Belém
Belém is famous as the place from which many of the great
Perhaps Belém's most famous feature is its tower,
Chiado
The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments, concentrated specially in the Rua do Carmo and the Rua Garrett. Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books, clothing and pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee. The most famous café of Chiado is
Estrela
The ornate, late 18th-century
Parque das Nações
Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) is the newest district in Lisbon; it emerged from an urban renewal program to host the 1998 World Exhibition of Lisbon, also known as Expo'98. The area suffered massive changes giving Parque das Nações a futuristic look. A long-lasting legacy of the same, the area has become another commercial and higher-end residential area for the city.
Central in the area is the Gare do Oriente (Orient railway station), one of the main transport hubs of Lisbon for trains, buses, taxis, and the metro. Its glass and steel columns are inspired by Gothic architecture, lending the whole structure a visual fascination (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia, Spain. The Parque das Nações is across the street.
The area is pedestrian-friendly with new buildings, restaurants, gardens, the
Politics
Carlos Moedas (PSD) took office as the 78th and current Mayor of Lisbon on 18 October 2021, following the 2021 local elections.
Local election results 1976–2021
Election | PCP | PS | PSD | CDS
|
PPM | APU | CDU
|
BE | CR | HR | PAN
|
IL
|
CH
|
O/I* | Turnout |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1976 | 20.7 | 35.5 | 15.2 | 19.0 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9.1 | 66.5 |
1979 | - | 23.4 | 46.7
|
25.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.9 | 75.6 | ||
1982 | - | 27.0 | 41.3
|
26.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.1 | 72.2 | ||
1985 | - | 18.0 | 44.8 | - | 5.1 | 27.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.7 | 58.7 |
1989 | - | 49.1 | 42.1 | - | w.PS | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.9 | 54.8 | ||
1993 | - | 56.7 | 26.4 | 7.8 | - | - | w.PS | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9.3 | 53.5 |
1997 | - | 51.9 | 39.3 | - | - | w.PS | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.8 | 48.3 | |
2001 | - | 41.7 | 42.0 | 7.6 | w.PSD | - | w.PS | 3.8 | - | - | - | - | - | 4.9 | 55.0 |
2005 | - | 26.6 | 42.4 | 5.9 | - | - | 11.4 | 7.9 | - | - | - | - | - | 5.9 | 52.7 |
2007 | - | 29.5 | 15.7 | 3.7 | 0.4 | - | 9.5 | 6.8 | 16.7 | 10.2 | - | - | - | 7.8 | 37.4 |
2009 | - | 44.0 | 38.7 | - | 8.1 | 4.6 | - | - | - | - | - | 4.7 | 53.4 | ||
2013 | - | 50.9 | 22.4 | 1.2 | - | 9.9 | 4.6 | - | - | 2.3 | - | - | 8.7 | 45.1 | |
2017 | - | 42.0 | 11.2 | 20.6 | - | 9.6 | 7.1 | - | - | 3.0 | - | - | 6.5 | 51.2 | |
2021 | - | 33.3 | 34.3 | - | 10.5 | 6.2 | - | - | 2.7 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 51.0 | ||
*O/I: Other parties and Invalid/Blank votes. | |||||||||||||||
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine |
Culture
The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture;
Lisbon is home to numerous prominent museums and art collections, from all around the world. The
Prominent private museums and galleries include the Gulbenkian Museum (run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, one of the wealthiest foundations in the world), which houses one of the largest private collections of antiquities and art in the world, the Berardo Collection Museum, which houses the private collection of Portuguese billionaire Joe Berardo, the Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology, and the Museum of the Orient. Other popular museums include the Electricity Museum, the Ephemeral Museum, the Museu da Água, and the Museu Benfica, among many others.
Lisbon's Opera House, the
The monument to Christ the King (Cristo-Rei) stands on the southern bank of the Tagus River, in Almada. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro, and was built after World War II, as a memorial of thanksgiving for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.
13 June is Lisbon's holiday in honour of the city's saint,
Lisbon is home every year to the
Lisbon has two sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site: Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery. Furthermore, in 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture and, in 1998, organised the Expo '98 (1998 Lisbon World Exposition).
Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,[86] the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),[87] ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design,[88] and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.[89]
Lisbon hosts many fine examples of Portuguese
In May 2018, the city hosted the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, after the victory of Salvador Sobral with the song "Amar pelos dois" in Kyiv on 13 May 2017.
World Youth Day 2023 was hosted in August of that year in Lisbon, attracting hundreds of thousands of young Catholics from over 140 countries.[90]
Demographics
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: INE[91] |
The historical population of the city was around 35,000 in 1300 . This number went up to 60,000 in 1400, and raised to 70,000 by 1500. Between 1528 and 1590 the population went from 70,000 to 120,000. The population was about 150,000 in 1600, and almost 200,000 in 1700.[92][93][94]
Lisbon has 548,703 inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100.05 km2[4] The population density of the city itself is 5,445.7/km2 (14,104/sq mi).
The Lisbon metropolitan area incorporates two
Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. The urban area has, according to Government data, a population of approximately 2.9 million inhabitants and is the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union.
Religion
The largest religion is, according to 2021 Portuguese Census, Roman Catholicism. The proportion of Catholics in Lisbon city proper (around 66%) is significantly higher than in the city's metropolitan area (55%).[100] This may due to the fact that Lisbon city's age structure is older than the one found in the surrounding areas and, in general, younger generations tend to be less religious.[101][102]
Immigration
In 2022, around 21.7% of the city's population is constituted by foreign nationals, with Brazilians being the largest resident foreign community, followed by Italians, French, Nepalis and Bangladeshis.
Lisbon's population has steadily dropped over the years due to people searching better accommodations for lower prices elsewhere in Greater Lisbon. In addition, a plurality of the houses in the city centre have become tourist facilities, exacerbating the lack of offer in Lisbon's housing market.[103][104][105][106]
Largest groups of foreign residents in 2022[107][108] | |
Nationality | Population |
---|---|
Brazil | 22,080 |
Italy | 9,391 |
France | 9,033 |
Nepal | 8,875 |
Bangladesh | 8,486 |
Economy
The
The Lisbon region is rapidly growing, with GDP (PPP) per capita calculated for each year as follows: €22,745 (2004)[109] – €23,816 (2005)[110] – €25,200 (2006)[111] – €26,100 (2007).[112] The Lisbon metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $110.4 billion, and $32,434 per capita.[113]
Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the
The country's chief
Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. Based in Lisbon, Euronext Lisbon is a stock exchange which is part of the pan-European Euronext system of stock exchanges and market infrastructure.[115]
Before Portugal's sovereign debt crisis and an
Lisbon was the
Tourism is also a significant industry. The city is the ninth-most-visited city in
Transport
Metro
The
Trams
The tram is a traditional form of public transport in Lisbon. Introduced in 1901, electric trams were originally imported from the US,[126] and thus called the americanos (Portuguese for "American").
Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four-wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.[127][128]
The earliest trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Lisbon Public Transport Museum).
The line has now a total length of 31 kilometers operating on 6 lines, down from a maximum of 76 kilometers for 27 lines. The slow decline of the network began with the construction of the Lisbon Metro and the expansion of the bus system.[129] Starting in 2017 the system has been expanded and new vehicles are being progressively added, aiming at expanding significantly the current tramway system.[130][131][132] There are currently 64 trams in operation in Lisbon and, during 2023-2026, 35 more will be added (Of which 10 will be "Historical models").[133][134][135][136]
Trains
There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the Sintra, Azambuja, Cascais and Sado lines (operated by CP – Comboios de Portugal), as well as a fifth line to Setúbal (operated by Fertagus), which crosses the Tagus river via the 25 de Abril Bridge. The major railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente, Entrecampos, and Cais do Sodré.
Buses
The local bus service within Lisbon is operated by Carris. Carris' fleet includes 741 buses and, in the period 2023-2026, other 342 buses will be added so as to increase the public transportation system reach.[137][136] The bus network has a length of 748 km comprising 99 bus routes.[138] Major investments have been made in recent years: for instance, in 2017 there were 600 buses operating on 674 km and 75 routes: 141 buses, 74 kilometers and 24 bus routes were added in 2018-2022.[139]
Outside Lisbon, there are two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon amongst them and to Lisbon: Carris Metropolitana,[140] a brand operated by 4 companies, all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and Barraqueiro Transportes[141] (with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon), which operate from different terminals in the city.
Bridges
The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:
- The 25 de Abril Bridge, inaugurated (as Ponte Salazar) on 6 August 1966, and later renamed after the date of the Carnation Revolution, was the longest suspension bridge in Europe.[142]
- The Vasco da Gama Bridge, opened on 29 March 1998 is, at 17.2 km (10.7 mi), the longest bridge in Europe.[143]
The foundations for a third bridge across the Tagus have already been laid, but the overall project has been postponed due to the economic crisis in Portugal and all of Europe.[144][145]
Ferries
Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The operator
Air travel
Humberto Delgado Airport is located within the city limits.
It is the headquarters and hub for
A second airport has been proposed, but the project has been put on hold because of the Portuguese and European economic crisis, and also because of the long discussion on whether a new airport is needed. In 2023 there were still 9 possible sites who are thought to be able to host the future New Lisbon airport.[149][150]
Cascais Municipal Aerodrome, 20 km West of the city centre and hub for Sevenair, in Cascais, offers commercial domestic flights to Bragança, Portimão, Viseu and Vila Real. This location is where many of the country's aviation schools are concentrated.
Cycling
Following the Covid-19 pandemic, Lisbon has seen a significant increase in cycling and plans to expand the current Gira bike hire system from 1,600 bikes to 2,600 by the end of 2023.[151] Many of these bicycles are electric to deal with Lisbon's hills.[152] The city also plans to expand the number of bike recharging stations, now standing at 146. Gira service is integrated in the public transportation system, as youth up to 23 years old and seniors over 65 years old can use the service for free, while for other residents bikes are included in the Navegante card.[153][154]
In 2023 there were over 200 kilometers of bike lanes within the city's administrative area and the city plans to expand its network of cycle paths in the next years.[155][156][157][158]
Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lisbon, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 11.5% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 23.1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[159]
Car
Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and throughout Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the IC17 (CRIL), and the A9 (CREL).
Education
International schools
In
Higher education
In the city, there are three
Major private institutions of higher education include the
The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2007–2008 school year, of 125,867 students, of whom 81,507 in the Lisbon's public institutions.[160]
Libraries
Lisbon is home to
Sports
Lisbon has a long tradition in sports. It hosted several matches, including the
Football
The city hosts three association football clubs in Portugal's highest league, the Primeira Liga. Sport Lisboa e Benfica, commonly known as simply Benfica, has won 38 league titles in addition to two European Cups. Lisbon's second-most successful club is Sporting Clube de Portugal (commonly known as Sporting and often referred to as Sporting Lisbon abroad to prevent confusion with other teams with the same name), winner of 19 league titles and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. A third club, C.F. Os Belenenses (commonly Belenenses or Belenenses Lisbon), based in the Belém quarter, has solely won one league title. Other major clubs in Lisbon include Atlético, Casa Pia, and Oriental.
Lisbon has two
Other sports
Other sports, such as
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
- Bissau, Guinea-Bissau (1985)
- Budapest, Hungary (1992)
- Cacheu, Guinea-Bissau (1988)
- Fortaleza, Brazil (2016)[162]
- Guimarães, Portugal (1993)
- Luanda, Angola (1988)
- Macau, China (1982)
- Madrid, Spain (1979)
- Malacca City, Malaysia (1984)
- Maputo, Mozambique (1982)
- Praia, Cape Verde (1983)
- Rabat, Morocco (1988)
- Panaji, India
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1980)
- Salvador, Brazil (1995)
- São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe (1985)
Cooperation agreements
Lisbon has additional cooperation agreements with:[161]
- Algiers, Algeria (1988)
- Asunción, Paraguay (2014)
- Bangkok, Thailand (2016)[163]
- Beijing, China (2007)
- Bethlehem, Palestine (1995)
- Buenos Aires, Argentina (1992)
- Curitiba, Brazil (2005)
- Haimen, China (2011)
- Kyiv, Ukraine (2000)
- Miami, United States (1987)
- Montevideo, Uruguay (1993)
- Panaji, India (1989)
- Paris, France (1998)
- Qingdao, China (2010)
- Santa Catarina, Cape Verde (1997)
- Sofia, Bulgaria (2001)
- Toronto, Canada (1987)
- Tunis, Tunisia (1993)
- Zagreb, Croatia (1977)
Membership in organizations
From 12 October 1982, Lisbon is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.[161][164]
From 28 June 1985, Lisbon is part of the Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language, along with 22 other cities from Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, China, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.[161][165]
See also
References
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Further reading
External links
- Visit Portugal – Official page by the Government of Portugal
- Associação de Turismo de Lisboa – Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association
- OTLIS – Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium
- Portal das Nações Official site of Parque das Nações in Lisbon
- Lisbon voted European City of the Year 2012 – Award – Portuguese American Journal
- TVL Lisbon TV