Lisbon

Coordinates: 38°43′31″N 09°09′00″W / 38.72528°N 9.15000°W / 38.72528; -9.15000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Lisbon
Lisboa
Eduardo VII Park
St. Anthony's Day)
Websitecm-lisboa.pt

Lisbon (/ˈlɪzbən/; Portuguese: Lisboa [liʒˈβoɐ] )[3] is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 548,703 as of 2022 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.[4] Lisbon is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city (second overall after Reykjavik) and the only one along the Atlantic coast, the others (Reykjavik and Dublin) being on islands. The city lies in the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula, on the northern shore of the River Tagus. The western portion of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, hosts the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca.

Lisbon is one of the

Afonso Henriques conquered the city and in 1255 it became Portugal's capital, replacing Coimbra.[8]
It has since been the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country.

It has been since the political centre of the country, as its seat of government, National Assembly, Supreme Court of Justice, Armed Forces and residence of the head of state. It is also the centre of Portuguese diplomacy, with ambassadors from 86 countries residing in the city, as well as representations from Taiwan and Palestine.[9] About 2.9 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which extends beyond the city's administrative area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula (after Madrid and Barcelona) as well as figuring amongst the 10 most populous urban areas in the European Union.[10][11] It represents approximately 27.70% of the country's population.

Lisbon is recognised as an

region in Portugal. Its GDP PPP amounts to US$179 billion and thus $61,713 per capita.[17][18][19][20] The city occupies the 40th place of highest gross earnings in the world and, with almost 21,000 millionaires, is the 11th European city by number of millionaires and the 14th by number of billionaires.[21][22] Most of the headquarters of multinational corporations in Portugal are located in the Lisbon area.[23]

Etymology

Lisbon's name may have been derived from

Olisippo, Lissoppo, or a similar name which other visiting peoples like the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans adapted accordingly, such as the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River, Lisso or Lucio. Classical authors writing in Latin and Greek, including Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella,[24][25] referred to popular legends that the city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Ulysses (Odysseus).[26][27] Lisbon's name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela, a native of Hispania. It was later referred to as "Olisippo" by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo (Ὀλισσιπών) or Olissipona (Ὀλισσιπόνα).[28][29]

Another claim repeated in literature is that the name of Lisbon could be traced back to Phoenician times, referring to a supposed Phoenician term Alis-Ubbo, meaning "safe harbour" or "pleasant haven".[30][31][32] Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC,[33] this folk etymology "is never attested in ancient classical literature".[34]

Lisbon's name is commonly abbreviated as "LX" or "Lx", originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as Lixbõa.[35] While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards, the abbreviation is still commonly used.

History

Origins

Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the Lisbon Cathedral

During the

Pre-Indo-European population, thus giving rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or Sefes
.

Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's

Tagus River estuary was an ideal spot for an Iberian settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning Phoenician ships.[43] The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes, providing an outlet for the valuable metals, salt and salted-fish they collected, and for the sale of the Lusitanian horses
renowned in antiquity.

According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the mythical Ulysses, who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.[32]

Roman era

Part of the Cerca Velha (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans[44]

Following the defeat of

Emerita Augusta
).

Asia Minor), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large necropolis under Praça da Figueira; a large forum and other buildings such as insulae (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid-18th century (when the recent discovery of Pompeii
made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes).

The city prospered as

Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania. The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor Tiberius. Among the majority of Latin
speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested

Fall of Rome
, Olissipo had become a notable Christian center.

Castelo, Mouraria, and Alfama

Middle Ages

Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were

Bracara Augusta, also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585. In 585, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic Visigothic
Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

Afonso Henriques reconquered the city from the Almoravid Empire at the 1147 siege of Lisbon
.

On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by the

Mozarabic
was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Muwallad.

The Muslim influence is still visible in the Alfama district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".

For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1094), before being conquered by the larger Taifa of Badajoz.

In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by

Almoravids
in 1111.

The 1384 siege of Lisbon in Froissart's Chronicles

In 1147, as part of

Muslim Spain and North Africa
. All mosques were either completely destroyed or converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule, spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in the everyday life of the city and disappeared altogether.

With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King

Studium Generale (General Study) was transferred intermittently to Coimbra, where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the University of Coimbra
.

In 1384, the city was besieged by King

1383–1385 Crisis. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by Nuno Álvares Pereira
.

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both Northern European and Mediterranean cities.

Early Modern

The oldest known panorama of Lisbon (1500–1510) from the Crónica de Dom Afonso Henriques by Duarte Galvão

When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory, many of them fled to Lisbon. Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city's prosperity,

Old Christians of Lisbon culminated in a massacre lasting four days in which some 1,000 to 4,000 New Christian men, women and children, converted descendants of Sephardic Jews, are estimated to have been killed.[47] The king was at Évora when these events occurred, but angered when he received the news, he ordered an investigation which resulted in two of the instigating friars being excommunicated and burned alive.[48]

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the

UNESCO World Heritage Sites). A description of Lisbon in the 16th century was written by Damião de Góis and published in 1554.[49]

Portuguese discoverers
.
Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paço depicted in 1662 by Dirk Stoop

The

bourgeoisie in Lisbon and executed on 1 December 1640, restored Portuguese independence. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare until the Treaty of Lisbon
was signed in 1668.

In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century.

On 1 November 1755, the city was destroyed by another

Peniche, situated about 80 km (50 mi) north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the following tsunami
.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Lisbon with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0.

By 1755, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. Voltaire wrote a long poem, Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne, shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide (indeed, many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake). Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. also mentions it in his 1857 poem, The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister

Praça do Rossio and the Praça do Comércio. The first, the central commercial district, is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older cafés, theatres and restaurants; the second became the city's main access to the River Tagus and point of departure and arrival for seagoing vessels, adorned by a triumphal arch (1873) and a monument to King Joseph I
.

Modern era

The Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of

Napoléon Bonaparte, forcing Queen Maria I and Prince-Regent John
(future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.

During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the Baixa and along the Chiado district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the Passeio Público, a Pombaline era park, into the Avenida da Liberdade, as the city grew farther from the Tagus.

Lisbon was the site of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.

1755 Lisbon Earthquake
.
Queen Maria II National Theatre was built in 1842.

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the Escola Politécnica – now Faculdade de Ciências). Today there are two public universities in the city (

Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa
).

During

World War II, Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a haven for spies. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany via Lisbon.[56]

During the

Belém was modified for the 1940 Portuguese Exhibition
, while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the

Portuguese Second Republic
, as the ruling regime.

Contemporary

The

Portuguese Third Republic
.

In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas, for instance, architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated, the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed for leisure and residential use, the Vasco da Gama Bridge was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re-purposed for Expo '98 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India, a voyage that would bring immense riches to Lisbon and cause many of Lisbon's landmarks to be built.

In 1988, a fire in the historical district of Chiado saw the destruction of many 18th-century Pombaline style buildings. A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high-scale shopping district.

The Treaty of Lisbon, which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union, was signed at the Jerónimos Monastery in 2007.

The

2007 EU Summit, where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. The resulting Treaty of Lisbon
was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009.

Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes. In 1994, Lisbon was the

Catholic youth from the around the world. Pope Francis led several events, with the final mass held in the city's Parque do Tejo having an estimated 1.5 million attendees.[62][63][64]

Geography

Tagus River
Map of the 24 freguesias (administrative divisions of the city) of Lisbon grouped by zone:
  Historic Center
  Western Lisbon
  Central Lisbon
  Eastern Lisbon
  Northern Lisbon

Physical geography

Lisbon is located at 38°42′49.75″N 9°8′21.79″W / 38.7138194°N 9.1393861°W / 38.7138194; -9.1393861, situated at the mouth of the

Tagus River
and is the westernmost capital of a mainland European country.

The westernmost part of Lisbon is occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, a 10 km2 (4 sq mi) urban park, one of the largest in Europe, and occupying 10% of the municipality.

The city occupies an area of 100.05 km2 (39 sq mi), and its city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, coincide with those of the municipality.

Greater Lisbon (Portuguese: Grande Lisboa) includes several administratively defined cities and municipalities, in the north bank of the Tagus River. The larger Lisbon metropolitan area includes the Setúbal Peninsula
to the south.

Climate

Lisbon has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa)[66] with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F), 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) during the day and 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) at night.

In the coldest month – January – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 11 to 19 °C (52 to 66 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 3 to 13 °C (37 to 55 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F).[67] In the warmest month – August – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F) and the average sea temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F).[67]

Among European capitals, Lisbon ranks among those with the warmest winters and has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city, with an average of 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) in the coldest month, and 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) in the warmest month. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was −1.2 °C (30 °F) in February 1956; although other locations in its metropolitan area can record lower temperatures, not being as affected by the urban heat island of the city centre, with Sintra and Setúbal having reached −4 °C (25 °F) and −5.1 °C (23 °F) respectively, both experiencing about 13 days of frost per year on average.[68][69] The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 August 2018.[70]

The city has around 2,806 hours of sunshine per year, averaging 4.6 hours of sunshine per day in December and 11.4 hours of sunshine per day in July, though when disregarding the duration of the day August is actually the sunniest, with over 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.[71]

Lisbon has around 750 mm (30 in) of precipitation per year. November and December are the wettest months, accounting for a third of the total annual precipitation. July and August are the driest.[72]

Climate data for Lisbon (altitude: 77
m.a.s.l., ~1km from sea, location on map
)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)
24.8
(76.6)
29.4
(84.9)
32.4
(90.3)
34.8
(94.6)
41.5
(106.7)
40.6
(105.1)
44.0
(111.2)
41.4
(106.5)
32.6
(90.7)
25.3
(77.5)
23.2
(73.8)
44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6)
16.2
(61.2)
18.8
(65.8)
19.8
(67.6)
22.1
(71.8)
25.7
(78.3)
27.9
(82.2)
28.3
(82.9)
26.5
(79.7)
22.5
(72.5)
18.2
(64.8)
15.3
(59.5)
21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)
12.7
(54.9)
14.9
(58.8)
15.9
(60.6)
18.0
(64.4)
21.2
(70.2)
23.1
(73.6)
23.5
(74.3)
22.1
(71.8)
18.8
(65.8)
15.0
(59.0)
12.4
(54.3)
17.4
(63.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)
9.1
(48.4)
11.0
(51.8)
11.9
(53.4)
13.9
(57.0)
16.6
(61.9)
18.2
(64.8)
18.6
(65.5)
17.6
(63.7)
15.1
(59.2)
11.8
(53.2)
9.4
(48.9)
13.5
(56.2)
Record low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8)
−1.2
(29.8)
0.2
(32.4)
5.5
(41.9)
6.8
(44.2)
10.4
(50.7)
14.1
(57.4)
14.7
(58.5)
12.1
(53.8)
9.2
(48.6)
4.3
(39.7)
2.1
(35.8)
−1.2
(29.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 99.9
(3.93)
84.9
(3.34)
53.2
(2.09)
68.1
(2.68)
53.6
(2.11)
15.9
(0.63)
4.2
(0.17)
6.2
(0.24)
32.9
(1.30)
100.8
(3.97)
127.6
(5.02)
126.7
(4.99)
774
(30.47)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.0 15.0 13.0 12.0 8.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 11.0 14.0 14.0 117
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 156.6 207.7 234.0 291.4 303.0 353.4 344.1 261.0 213.9 156.0 142.6 2,806.3
Source: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera,[72] Hong Kong Observatory[73] for data of avg. precipitation days & sunshine hours

Freguesias

The municipality of Lisbon included 53

freguesias until November 2012. A new law ("Lei n.º 56/2012") reduced the number of freguesias to the following 24:[74]

Neighborhoods

View of Lisbon's waterfront districts from the Christ the King viewpoint.

Locally, Lisbon's inhabitants may commonly refer to the spaces of Lisbon in terms of historic Bairros de Lisboa (neighbourhoods). These communities have no clearly defined boundaries and represent distinctive quarters of the city that have in common a historical culture, similar living standards, and identifiable architectural landmarks, as exemplified by the Bairro Alto, Alfama, Chiado, and so forth.

Alcântara

Alcântara from the Port of Lisbon

Although today it is quite central, it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and country estates of the nobility with their palaces. In the 16th century, there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats. During the late 19th century, Alcântara became a popular industrial area, with many small factories and warehouses.

In the early 1990s, Alcântara began to attract youth because of the number of pubs and discothèques. This was mainly due to its outer area of mostly commercial buildings, which acted as barriers to the noise-generating nightlife (which acted as a buffer to the residential communities surrounding it). In the meantime, some of these areas began to become gentrified, attracting loft developments and new flats, which have profited from its river views and central location.

The riverfront of Alcântara is known for its nightclubs and bars. The area is commonly known as docas (docks), since most of the clubs and bars are housed in converted dock warehouses.

Alfama

Alfama, with the churches of S. Vicente de Fora, S. Engrácia, and S. Estêvão, and the Tagus river behind

The oldest district of Lisbon, it spreads down the southern slope from the

Baixa neighbourhood. Increasingly, the Alfama became inhabited by fishermen and the poor: its fame as a poor neighbourhood continues to this day. While the 1755 Lisbon earthquake
caused considerable damage throughout the capital, the Alfama survived with little damage, thanks to its compact labyrinth of narrow streets and small squares.

View from the São Jorge Castle, including the Praça do Comércio on the waterfront

It is a historical quarter of mixed-use buildings occupied by Fado bars, restaurants, and homes with small shops downstairs. Modernising trends have invigorated the district: old houses have been re-purposed or remodelled, while new buildings have been constructed. Fado, the typically Portuguese style of melancholy music, is common (but not obligatory) in the restaurants of the district.

Mouraria

The Mouraria, or Moorish quarter, is one of the most traditional neighbourhoods of Lisbon,[75] although most of its old buildings were demolished by the Estado Novo between the 1930s and the 1970s.[76] It takes its name from the fact that after the reconquest of Lisbon, the Muslims who remained were confined to this part of the city.[77] In turn, the Jews were confined to three neighbourhoods called "Judiarias".[78]

Bairro Alto

Baixa Pombalina

Bairro Alto (literally the upper quarter in

gay, metal, goth, hip hop and reggae scenes all find a home in the Bairro with its many clubs and bars that cater to them. The crowds in the Bairro Alto are a multicultural mix of people representing a broad cross-section of modern Portuguese society, many of them being entertainment seekers and devotees of various music genres outside the mainstream, Fado
, Portugal's national music, still survives in the midst of the new nightlife.

Baixa

The heart of the city is the

earthquake-resistant construction
. Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake. Notable features of Pombaline structures include the Pombaline cage, a symmetrical wood-lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake forces, and inter-terrace walls that were built higher than roof timbers to inhibit the spread of fires.

Beato

Facade of Teatro Ibérico, in Beato

The parish of Beato stands out for the new cultural dynamics it has been experiencing in recent years. The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities by the riverside docks are the place of choice for contemporary art galleries, iconic bars, and gourmet restaurants that simmer in the streets. This reality has not gone unnoticed by the national press, and Visão,[79] TimeOut,[80] or Jornal de Negócios[81] have already made notice of this parish that hides treasures such as the National Museum of the Azulejo or the Palacio do Grilo.

Belém

Belém is famous as the place from which many of the great

Ajuda Palace
, begun in 1802 but never completed.

Perhaps Belém's most famous feature is its tower,

Centro Cultural de Belém. Belém is one of the most visited Lisbon districts. Here is located the Estádio do Restelo, home to Belenenses
.

Belém

Chiado

Monument to Luís de Camões, considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language, in Chiado

The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments, concentrated specially in the Rua do Carmo and the Rua Garrett. Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books, clothing and pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee. The most famous café of Chiado is

Siza Vieira
, the affected area has now virtually recovered.

Estrela

The ornate, late 18th-century

Assembly of the Republic of Portugal
, are in this district. Also in this district is Estrela Park, a favorite with families. There are exotic plants and trees, a duck pond, various sculptures, a children's playground, and many cultural events going on throughout the year, including outdoor cinema, markets, and music festivals.

Parque das Nações

The Parque das Nações district was initially built for the Lisbon World Expo.

Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) is the newest district in Lisbon; it emerged from an urban renewal program to host the 1998 World Exhibition of Lisbon, also known as Expo'98. The area suffered massive changes giving Parque das Nações a futuristic look. A long-lasting legacy of the same, the area has become another commercial and higher-end residential area for the city.

Central in the area is the Gare do Oriente (Orient railway station), one of the main transport hubs of Lisbon for trains, buses, taxis, and the metro. Its glass and steel columns are inspired by Gothic architecture, lending the whole structure a visual fascination (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia, Spain. The Parque das Nações is across the street.

The area is pedestrian-friendly with new buildings, restaurants, gardens, the

Altice Arena
has become Lisbon's "jack-of-all-trades" performance arena. With seating for 20,000, it has staged events ranging from concerts to basketball tournaments.

Politics

Lisbon City Hall, the seat of Lisbon's municipal government
Composition of Lisbon city council (2021–2025):
  PSD / CDS / A / MPT / PPM (7)
  PS / L (7)
  CDU (2)
  BE (1)

Carlos Moedas (PSD) took office as the 78th and current Mayor of Lisbon on 18 October 2021, following the 2021 local elections.

Local election results 1976–2021

Summary of local elections for Lisbon city hall, 1976–2021
Election PCP PS PSD
CDS
PPM APU
CDU
BE CR HR
PAN
IL
CH
O/I* Turnout
1976 20.7 35.5 15.2 19.0 0.4 - - - - - - - - 9.1 66.5
1979 - 23.4
46.7
25.1 - - - - - - - 4.9 75.6
1982 - 27.0
41.3
26.7 - - - - - - - 5.1 72.2
1985 - 18.0 44.8 - 5.1 27.5 - - - - - - - 4.7 58.7
1989 - 49.1 42.1 - w.PS - - - - - - 8.9 54.8
1993 - 56.7 26.4 7.8 - - w.PS - - - - - - 9.3 53.5
1997 - 51.9 39.3 - - w.PS - - - - - - 8.8 48.3
2001 - 41.7 42.0 7.6 w.PSD - w.PS 3.8 - - - - - 4.9 55.0
2005 - 26.6 42.4 5.9 - - 11.4 7.9 - - - - - 5.9 52.7
2007 - 29.5 15.7 3.7 0.4 - 9.5 6.8 16.7 10.2 - - - 7.8 37.4
2009 - 44.0 38.7 - 8.1 4.6 - - - - - 4.7 53.4
2013 - 50.9 22.4 1.2 - 9.9 4.6 - - 2.3 - - 8.7 45.1
2017 - 42.0 11.2 20.6 - 9.6 7.1 - - 3.0 - - 6.5 51.2
2021 - 33.3 34.3 - 10.5 6.2 - - 2.7 4.2 4.4 4.4 51.0
*O/I: Other parties and Invalid/Blank votes.
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Culture

The National Coach Museum has the largest collection of royal carriages in the world and is one of Lisbon's most visited institutions.
The National Museum of Ancient Art has one of the largest art collections in the world.

The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture;

Postmodern constructions can be found all over Lisbon. The city is also crossed by historical boulevards and monuments along the main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the Avenida da Liberdade
(Avenue of Liberty), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Avenue of the Republic).

Lisbon is home to numerous prominent museums and art collections, from all around the world. The

.

The Belém Tower, one of the most famous and visited landmarks in Lisbon and throughout Portugal

Prominent private museums and galleries include the Gulbenkian Museum (run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, one of the wealthiest foundations in the world), which houses one of the largest private collections of antiquities and art in the world, the Berardo Collection Museum, which houses the private collection of Portuguese billionaire Joe Berardo, the Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology, and the Museum of the Orient. Other popular museums include the Electricity Museum, the Ephemeral Museum, the Museu da Água, and the Museu Benfica, among many others.

Lisbon's Opera House, the

Gulbenkian Foundation
, and the Teatro Camões.

The monument to Christ the King (Cristo-Rei) stands on the southern bank of the Tagus River, in Almada. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro, and was built after World War II, as a memorial of thanksgiving for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.

The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation is one of the wealthiest foundations in the world and houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world, within the Gulbenkian Museum.

13 June is Lisbon's holiday in honour of the city's saint,

canonised and made Doctor of the Church after a life preaching to the poor. Although Lisbon’s patron saint is Saint Vincent of Saragossa, whose remains are housed in the Sé Cathedral
, there are no festivities associated with this saint.

Eduardo VII Park, the second-largest park in the city following the Parque Florestal de Monsanto (Monsanto Forest Park), extends down the main avenue (Avenida da Liberdade), with many flowering plants and green spaces, that includes the permanent collection of subtropical and tropical plants in the winter garden (Portuguese: Estufa Fria). Originally named Parque da Liberdade, it was renamed in honour of Edward VII
who visited Lisbon in 1903.

in the background

Lisbon is home every year to the

Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival,[82] the Lisboarte, the DocLisboa – Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival,[83] the Festival Internacional de Máscaras e Comediantes, the Lisboa Mágica – Street Magic World Festival, the Monstra – Animated Film Festival, the Lisbon Book Fair,[84] the Peixe em Lisboa – Lisbon Fish and Flavours,[85]
and many others.

Lisbon has two sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site: Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery. Furthermore, in 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture and, in 1998, organised the Expo '98 (1998 Lisbon World Exposition).

Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,[86] the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),[87] ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design,[88] and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.[89]

Lisbon hosts many fine examples of Portuguese

Lisbon metro. In addition, the mosaic Portuguese pavement
(Calçada Portuguesa) was born in Lisbon, in the mid-1800s. The art has since spread to the rest of the Portuguese Speaking world. The city remains one of the most expansive examples of the technique, nearly all walkways and even many streets being created and maintained in this style.

In May 2018, the city hosted the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, after the victory of Salvador Sobral with the song "Amar pelos dois" in Kyiv on 13 May 2017.

World Youth Day 2023 was hosted in August of that year in Lisbon, attracting hundreds of thousands of young Catholics from over 140 countries.[90]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
43 30,000—    
900 100,000+233.3%
1552 200,000+100.0%
1598 150,000−25.0%
1720 185,000+23.3%
1755 180,000−2.7%
1756 165,000−8.3%
1801 203,999+23.6%
1806 250,000+22.5%
1849 174,668−30.1%
1864 190,311+9.0%
1878 240,740+26.5%
1890 300,964+25.0%
YearPop.±%
1901 351,210+16.7%
1911 431,738+22.9%
1920 484,664+12.3%
1930 591,939+22.1%
1940 694,389+17.3%
1950 783,226+12.8%
1960 802,230+2.4%
1971 769,044−4.1%
1981 807,937+5.1%
1991 663,394−17.9%
2001 564,657−14.9%
2011552,700−2.1%
2021545,796−1.2%
Source: INE[91]

The historical population of the city was around 35,000 in 1300 . This number went up to 60,000 in 1400, and raised to 70,000 by 1500. Between 1528 and 1590 the population went from 70,000 to 120,000. The population was about 150,000 in 1600, and almost 200,000 in 1700.[92][93][94]

Lisbon has 548,703 inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100.05 km2[4] The population density of the city itself is 5,445.7/km2 (14,104/sq mi).

The Lisbon metropolitan area incorporates two

Região de Lisboa
(Lisbon Region).

Lisbon population pyramid in 2021

Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. The urban area has, according to Government data, a population of approximately 2.9 million inhabitants and is the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development the area had 2,797,612 inhabitants;[95] according to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations 2,890,000;[96] according to the European Statistical Office Eurostat 2,839,908[97] and according to the Brookings Institution 2,968,600.[98]

Religion

The largest religion is, according to 2021 Portuguese Census, Roman Catholicism. The proportion of Catholics in Lisbon city proper (around 66%) is significantly higher than in the city's metropolitan area (55%).[100] This may due to the fact that Lisbon city's age structure is older than the one found in the surrounding areas and, in general, younger generations tend to be less religious.[101][102]

Immigration

In 2022, around 21.7% of the city's population is constituted by foreign nationals, with Brazilians being the largest resident foreign community, followed by Italians, French, Nepalis and Bangladeshis.

Lisbon's population has steadily dropped over the years due to people searching better accommodations for lower prices elsewhere in Greater Lisbon. In addition, a plurality of the houses in the city centre have become tourist facilities, exacerbating the lack of offer in Lisbon's housing market.[103][104][105][106]

Largest groups of foreign residents in 2022[107][108]
Nationality Population
 Brazil 22,080
 Italy 9,391
 France 9,033
   Nepal 8,875
 Bangladesh 8,486

Economy

Avenida da Liberdade is one of the most expensive shopping streets in Europe and famous as a popular destination for luxury goods shopping.

The

GDP per capita
average – it produces 45% of the Portuguese GDP.

The Lisbon region is rapidly growing, with GDP (PPP) per capita calculated for each year as follows: €22,745 (2004)[109] – €23,816 (2005)[110] – €25,200 (2006)[111] – €26,100 (2007).[112] The Lisbon metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $110.4 billion, and $32,434 per capita.[113]

The oil tanker Rio Arauca at the oil terminal in Lisboa to unload crude oil

Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the

Oeiras municipality. The Lisbon metropolitan area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus
river (Rio Tejo). The lisbonite industry has very large sectors in oil, as refineries are found just across the Tagus, textile mills, shipyards and fishing.

The Port of Lisbon is one of the busiest ports in Europe.[114]

The country's chief

AutoEuropa
.

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. Based in Lisbon, Euronext Lisbon is a stock exchange which is part of the pan-European Euronext system of stock exchanges and market infrastructure.[115]

Before Portugal's sovereign debt crisis and an

EU-IMF rescue plan, for the decade of 2010 Lisbon was expecting to receive many state-funded investments, including building a new airport, a new bridge, an expansion of the Lisbon Metro 30 km (18.64 mi) underground, the construction of a mega-hospital (or central hospital), the creation of two lines of a TGV to join Madrid, Porto, Vigo and the rest of Europe, the restoration of the main part of the town (between the Marquês de Pombal roundabout and Terreiro do Paço), the creation of a large number of bike lanes, as well as modernization and renovation of various facilities.[116]

Lisbon was the

Tourism is also a significant industry. The city is the ninth-most-visited city in

) in 2023.[125]

Transport

Metro

The Lisbon Metro is Portugal's oldest and largest subway system.

The

Estrela
).

Trams

Santo António Church

The tram is a traditional form of public transport in Lisbon. Introduced in 1901, electric trams were originally imported from the US,[126] and thus called the americanos (Portuguese for "American").

Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four-wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.[127][128]

The earliest trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Lisbon Public Transport Museum).

The line has now a total length of 31 kilometers operating on 6 lines, down from a maximum of 76 kilometers for 27 lines. The slow decline of the network began with the construction of the Lisbon Metro and the expansion of the bus system.[129] Starting in 2017 the system has been expanded and new vehicles are being progressively added, aiming at expanding significantly the current tramway system.[130][131][132] There are currently 64 trams in operation in Lisbon and, during 2023-2026, 35 more will be added (Of which 10 will be "Historical models").[133][134][135][136]

Trains

Gare do Oriente train station, designed by Santiago Calatrava

There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the Sintra, Azambuja, Cascais and Sado lines (operated by CP – Comboios de Portugal), as well as a fifth line to Setúbal (operated by Fertagus), which crosses the Tagus river via the 25 de Abril Bridge. The major railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente, Entrecampos, and Cais do Sodré.

Buses

The local bus service within Lisbon is operated by Carris. Carris' fleet includes 741 buses and, in the period 2023-2026, other 342 buses will be added so as to increase the public transportation system reach.[137][136] The bus network has a length of 748 km comprising 99 bus routes.[138] Major investments have been made in recent years: for instance, in 2017 there were 600 buses operating on 674 km and 75 routes: 141 buses, 74 kilometers and 24 bus routes were added in 2018-2022.[139]

Outside Lisbon, there are two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon amongst them and to Lisbon: Carris Metropolitana,[140] a brand operated by 4 companies, all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and Barraqueiro Transportes[141] (with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon), which operate from different terminals in the city.

Bridges

Alcântara to Almada
Vasco da Gama bridge crosses the Tagus from Parque das Nações to Montijo

The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:

The foundations for a third bridge across the Tagus have already been laid, but the overall project has been postponed due to the economic crisis in Portugal and all of Europe.[144][145]

Ferries

Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The operator

Barreiro under the brand Soflusa. Ferry stations in Lisbon include Belém River Station [pt], Terreiro do Paço River Station [pt] and Cais do Sodré River Station [pt
].

Air travel

Lisbon airport

Humberto Delgado Airport is located within the city limits.

It is the headquarters and hub for

TAP Portugal as well as a hub for EasyJet, Azores Airlines, Ryanair, EuroAtlantic Airways, White Airways, and Hi Fly. Having served 33.65 million passengers in 2023, it is by far the busiest airport in Portugal, the third busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 12th busiest in Europe.[147][148]

A second airport has been proposed, but the project has been put on hold because of the Portuguese and European economic crisis, and also because of the long discussion on whether a new airport is needed. In 2023 there were still 9 possible sites who are thought to be able to host the future New Lisbon airport.[149][150]

Cascais Municipal Aerodrome, 20 km West of the city centre and hub for Sevenair, in Cascais, offers commercial domestic flights to Bragança, Portimão, Viseu and Vila Real. This location is where many of the country's aviation schools are concentrated.

Cycling

Gira recharging station

Following the Covid-19 pandemic, Lisbon has seen a significant increase in cycling and plans to expand the current Gira bike hire system from 1,600 bikes to 2,600 by the end of 2023.[151] Many of these bicycles are electric to deal with Lisbon's hills.[152] The city also plans to expand the number of bike recharging stations, now standing at 146. Gira service is integrated in the public transportation system, as youth up to 23 years old and seniors over 65 years old can use the service for free, while for other residents bikes are included in the Navegante card.[153][154]

In 2023 there were over 200 kilometers of bike lanes within the city's administrative area and the city plans to expand its network of cycle paths in the next years.[155][156][157][158]

Public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lisbon, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 11.5% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 23.1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[159]

Car

Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and throughout Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the IC17 (CRIL), and the A9 (CREL).

Education

New University of Lisbon

International schools

In

Lycée Français Charles Lepierre
(French).

Higher education

Instituto Superior Técnico, which belongs to the University of Lisbon is based on the Alameda D. Afonso Henriques.

In the city, there are three

ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute
(founded in 1972), a university institute that provides degrees in all academic disciplines.

Major private institutions of higher education include the

Portuguese Catholic University, focused on law and management, as well as the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa
, among others.

The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2007–2008 school year, of 125,867 students, of whom 81,507 in the Lisbon's public institutions.[160]

Libraries

Lisbon is home to

national archive, is one of the most important archives in the world, with over 600 years and one of the oldest active Portuguese institutions. There are, among several others, the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino
and the Arquivo Histórico Militar.

Sports

Estádio da Luz (top), home to S.L. Benfica, and Estádio José Alvalade (bottom), home to Sporting CP.

Lisbon has a long tradition in sports. It hosted several matches, including the

Volvo Ocean Race. It is one of the potential host cities for the 2030 FIFA World Cup
.

Football

The city hosts three association football clubs in Portugal's highest league, the Primeira Liga. Sport Lisboa e Benfica, commonly known as simply Benfica, has won 38 league titles in addition to two European Cups. Lisbon's second-most successful club is Sporting Clube de Portugal (commonly known as Sporting and often referred to as Sporting Lisbon abroad to prevent confusion with other teams with the same name), winner of 19 league titles and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. A third club, C.F. Os Belenenses (commonly Belenenses or Belenenses Lisbon), based in the Belém quarter, has solely won one league title. Other major clubs in Lisbon include Atlético, Casa Pia, and Oriental.

Lisbon has two

1967 European Cup Final
.

Other sports

Other sports, such as

mountain-biking. Lisboa and Troia golf course are two of many stunning golf courses located in Lisbon. Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon, while in September the Portugal Half Marathon
.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Lisbon is twinned with:[161]

Cooperation agreements

Lisbon has additional cooperation agreements with:[161]

Membership in organizations

From 12 October 1982, Lisbon is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.[161][164]

From 28 June 1985, Lisbon is part of the Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language, along with 22 other cities from Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, China, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.[161][165]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  3. ^ Wells, John C. (21 July 2010). "Portuguese". Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  5. from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  6. from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  7. ^ from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  8. ^ Ferreira, Marta Leite. "Lisboa não é a capital de Portugal e outros 9 factos que não aprendeu nas aulas de História". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  9. ^ "Corpo Diplomático em Portugal". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  10. ^ a b "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b Demographia: World Urban Areas Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine - demographia.com, 06.2021
  12. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  13. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  14. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  15. ^ "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  16. ^ TUCKER", "ANDREA MURPHY"," HANK. "The Global 2000 2023". Forbes. Retrieved 23 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  18. ^ "1. Gross domestic product (GDP) : GDP per capita, USD, current prices and PPPs". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  19. ^ "Purchasing Power Parities for GDP and related indicators". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  20. ^ "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  21. ^ "Ranking: The richest cities in the world" Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine – City Mayors.com
  22. ^ "Worlds Wealthiest Cities 2023". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Lisboa é 9ª cidade que mais recebe congressos internacionais" – Agência LUSA
  24. from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Now Lisbon. Both Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella make mention of a story that Ulysses came to Spain and founded this city.
  25. from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  26. from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  27. from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  28. from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ...que o nome Lisboa derivaria de um acusativo grego da 3° declinação, Olisipona.", p. 19, (...the name Lisbon derives from the third declension of the Greek accusative singular, Olisipona.)
  29. ^ Smith, William (1854), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood, London, England: Walton and Maberly
  30. ^ Various, compiled (1780). An Universal History, From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. p. 345. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  31. from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  32. ^ from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  33. ^ from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  34. (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. We surmise that the Phoenician toponym, the origin of Olisipo, should be neither Alits Ub(b)o, a form proposed by some scholars (e.g. Samuel Bochart, 1599−1667) notwithstanding the fact that it is never attested in ancient classical literature, nor the commonly accepted Alis Ubbo (see for instance the title of a documentary film produced in 2018, in a cynical sense), but a different form altogether. We shall use Hebrew to substantiate our argument.
  35. ^ "Lx., abreviatura de Lisboa - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa". ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  36. ^ Rodrigo Banha da Silva (September 2013). "A ocupação da idade do bronze final da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): novos e velhos dados sobre os antecedentes da cidade de Lisboa" (PDF). Cira Arqueologia. Cira Arqueologia II (in Portuguese). Museu da Rede Portuguesa de Museus (2, Tejo, palco de interação entre Indígenas e Fenícios). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  37. from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  38. from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  39. .
  40. from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  41. from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  42. S2CID 130964094. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 13 October 2016.
  43. from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  44. ^ "Cerca Moura de Lisboa afinal é romana", Francisco Nieves, publico.pt, 11 October 2001, archived from the original on 5 August 2020, retrieved 15 April 2018
  45. ^ Pires, Helio. "Sigurđr's Attack on Lisbon: Where Exactly?" In Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 8 (2012) – Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, c=2012, pp. 199–205.
  46. .
  47. ^ Soyer, F. (2007). "The Massacre of the New Christians of Lisbon in 1506: A New Eyewitness Account" (PDF). Cadernos de Estudos Sefarditas. 7: 221. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  48. .
  49. ^ Jeffrey S. Ruth, ed. (1996) [1554], "Urbis Olisiponis descriptio", Lisbon in the Renaissance, New York, New York{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  50. ^ EncyclopædiaBritannica. "John IV (king of Portugal)". Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012. king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule.
  51. , p. 35
  52. ^ Pereira, A.S. (March 2006). "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake" (PDF). Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  53. ^ "The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake – p. 8, estimates a population of 200,000" (PDF). March 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  54. ^ "Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, citing an unreferenced estimate of 275,000". Nisee.berkeley.edu. 12 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  55. ^ "Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake". Nisee.berkeley.edu. 12 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  56. ^ "Portugal Archived 21 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.
  57. ^ "Welcome to the official global voting platform of". New7Wonders. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  58. ^ "NATO, NATO Summit Meetings, 4 December 2006". Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  59. ^ "Meeting Spotlight | The meeting planner destination resource". meetingspotlight.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  60. ^ "Photos: Ismaili Imamat establishes headquarters in Portugal". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  61. ^ Darcy, Marie-Line (12 July 2018). "Lisbon as the 'Holy See' for Ismaili Shia Muslims". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  62. ^ "What is it - WYD Lisbon 2023". JMJ 2023. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  63. ^ Deborah Castellano Lubov (2 August 2023). "Pope Francis arrives in Portugal for World Youth Day - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  64. ^ White, Christopher (6 August 2023). "Pope Francis to 1.5 million youth in Portugal: Be 'beacons of hope in dark times'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  65. ^ IGP, ed. (2011), Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Geográfico Português
  66. ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". Archived from the original on 6 September 2010.
  67. ^ a b Lisbon average sea temperature Archived 7 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine – seatemperature.org.
  68. ^ Sintra Base area ipma.pt
  69. ^ Setubal ipma.pt
  70. ^ "Sábado foi o dia mais quente de sempre em Lisboa e noutros 24 locais" [G. Coutinho and Tapada weather stations measure the Lisbon highest temperature record]. 5 August 2018. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  71. ^ "Climatological Normals of Lisbon". Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  72. ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Lisbon, Portugal (1981–2010)" (PDF). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  73. ^ "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961–1990) Archived 29 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine – Hong Kong Observatory
  74. ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 56/2012, pages 6454–6460" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  75. from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  76. from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  77. from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  78. from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  79. ^ Revista, Visão (June 2018). "Tudo o que há para ver e fazer de Marvila ao Beato". Visao. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  80. ^ Revista, TimeOut (December 2019). "Roteiro perfeito em Marvila". TimeOut. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  81. ^ de Negócios, Jornal (May 2017). "Lisboa: ocírculo alternativo das galerias de arte". Jornal de Negócios. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  82. ^ "Official web-site". Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. Archived from the original on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.
  83. ^ "doclisboa 2009". Doclisboa.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  84. ^ "Feira do Livro de Lisboa". Feiradolivrodelisboa.pt. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  85. ^ "Peixe em Lisboa". Peixemlisboa.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  86. ^ "Trienal de Arquitectura de Lisboa". trienaldelisboa.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  87. ^ "ModaLisboa – LisboaFashionWeek – Semana oficial da moda portuguesa". Modalisboa.pt. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  88. ^ "Experimentadesign". Experimentadesign.pt. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  89. ^ "Luzboa 2008". Luzboa.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  90. ^ McKeown, Jonah (1 August 2023). "World Youth Day 2023: Lisbon patriarch greets attendees at opening Mass". catholicnewsagency.com.
  91. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Recenseamentos Gerais da População) - https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes Archived 10 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  92. from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  93. from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  94. from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  95. ^ Metro eXplorer Archived 10 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine – OECD
  96. ^ World Urbanization Prospects Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2007
  97. ^ "Population by sex and age groups on 1 January" Archived 22 August 2016 at the Wayback MachineEurostat, 2012
  98. ^ 2014 Global Metro Monitor Archived 21 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Brookings Institution, 2015
  99. ^ "Census - Final results: Portugal - 2021". Statistics Portugal. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  100. ^ "Grande Lisboa. Menos católica e religiosa, mas crente e tolerante". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  101. ^ "Portal do INE". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  102. ^ "How much does Catholic religion matter to young people? The case of Portugal" (PDF).
  103. ^ Raposo, Frederico (7 August 2021). "Menos lares, mais alojamento local: como o centro histórico de Lisboa perdeu 8 mil habitantes em dez anos". Mensagem de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  104. ^ "Lisboa perde 1,4 % de população. Demógrafa aponta para falta de oferta e preços das casas". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 28 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  105. ^ "Digital nomads in Portugal: Can they be blamed for a housing crisis?". euronews. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  106. ^ "Portugal housing crisis: 'I'll have to move back in with mum'". BBC News. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  107. ^ "Vivem 118.947 estrangeiros em Lisboa. Eis as principais nacionalidades". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 28 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  108. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  109. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2004" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  110. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2005" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  111. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2006" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  112. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2007" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  113. ^ "Global Metro Monitor GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  114. ^ "Eurogate Lisbon". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  115. ^ "Euronext | LinkedIn". www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  116. ^ "Pequeno Resumo Histórico de Lisboa" Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa
  117. ^ "The Monocle Quality of Life Survey 2019". Monocle. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  118. ^ "Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 Edition | Euromonitor". Euromonitor International. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  119. ^ "Lisbon, Portugal - Image of the Week - Earth Watching". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  120. ^ "Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 edition" (PDF).
  121. ^ "What are the most and least 'over-touristed' capital cities in Europe?". euronews. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  122. ^ "Lisbon is the sixth most popular city for business tourism". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  123. ^ "Portugal named best tourism destination in Europe, 5th time in last six years". Fall River Herald News. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  124. ^ "TravelBI by Turismo de Portugal - Turismo em Números - 2022". travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  125. ^ Caetano, Edgar. "Cada turista em Lisboa vai gastar este ano, em média, 911 euros. Turismo vai dar 17,4 mil milhões à economia (sem contar com a JMJ)". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  126. ^ Electrical World. McGraw-Hill. 1900. p. 566.
  127. ^ Archived copy Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine Information from Carris, Lisbon transportation company.
  128. ^ "Luso Pages - Lisbon (Portugal) Trams". Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. Details of Lisbon's trams, from Luso Pages
  129. ^ Pincha, João Pedro (3 April 2019). "Rede de eléctricos da Carris vai ligar o Jamor a Sacavém". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  130. ^ Raposo, Frederico (2 November 2021). "Os elétricos não são só para turista ver. Podem ser o futuro da mobilidade em Lisboa". Mensagem de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  131. ^ Raposo, Frederico (9 September 2022). "Elétricos vão duplicar e Lisboa estuda "novas linhas de metro ligeiro". Amadora - Sta. Apolónia pode ser a primeira". Mensagem de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  132. ^ "Novos elétricos da Carris chegam a Algés e há planos de expansão até à Cruz Quebrada". New in Oeiras (in European Portuguese). 8 May 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  133. ^ "Elétricos Articulados". www.carris.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  134. ^ "Elétricos Históricos". www.carris.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  135. ^ "Elétricos Clássicos". www.carris.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  136. ^ a b "Carris vai comprar 117 autocarros 100% elétricos até 2026 e um bus a hidrogénio". Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  137. ^ "Carris reforça frota com 100 autocarros - e são verdes". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 19 January 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  138. ^ "Km de autocarros" (PDF).
  139. ^ "Autocarros 2017" (PDF).
  140. ^ "Carris Metropolitana". Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  141. ^ "Barraqueiro Transportes". Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
  142. ^ "Suspension bridge". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  143. ^ "The highest, tallest, longest and oldest bridges in the world". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  144. ^ "Plano Ferroviário prevê terceira travessia sobre o Tejo". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 17 November 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  145. ^ Cipriano, Carlos (28 February 2023). "Zero quer prioridade à Terceira Travessia do Tejo exclusivamente ferroviária". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  146. ^ "Transtejo e Soflusa". Transtejo.pt. Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  147. ^ "Movimento de passageiros nos aeroportos portugueses fechou 2022 ainda 5,6% abaixo dos números pré-pandemia". Expresso (in Portuguese). 13 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  148. ^ "Lisboa no top 10 dos aeroportos com mais passageiros". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 29 April 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  149. ^ "Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental pode adiar decisão de novo aeroporto mais um ano". Dinheiro Vivo (in European Portuguese). 29 July 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  150. ^ ECO (8 July 2023). "Comissão Técnica já definiu os cinco critérios de decisão para o novo aeroporto de Lisboa". ECO (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  151. ^ Moreira, Cristiana Faria (15 November 2022). "Câmara de Lisboa quer pôr mais 1000 bicicletas Gira na rua em 2023". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  152. ^ "Sobre a gira - GIRA - Bicicletas de lisboa". www.gira-bicicletasdelisboa.pt. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  153. ^ "Bicicletas Gira gratuitas para todos os residentes de Lisboa a partir desta segunda-feira". Expresso (in Portuguese). 5 June 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  154. ^ "navegante card". Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE - English. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  155. ^ "Esqueça o carro. Lisboa é uma das melhores cidades da Europa para andar de bicicleta". NiT (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  156. ^ "Lisboa duplica oferta de bicicletas. Utilização subiu 50% num ano". 13 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  157. ^ "mapa rede ciclável". MUNICÍPIO de LISBOA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  158. ^ "EMEL pretende gastar 2,5 milhões de euros na requalificação da ciclovia ribeirinha de Lisboa". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 26 July 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  159. ^ "Lisboa Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  160. ^ "Statistics on enrollment from GPEARI/Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCES) (Excel spreadsheet, 2007/08 school year)". Estatistics.gpeari.mctes.pt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  161. ^ a b c d "Relações Internacionais". lisboa.pt (in Portuguese). City of Lisbon. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  162. ^ "Fortaleza se torna cidade irmã de Lisboa". oestadoce.com.br (in Portuguese). Oestado. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  163. ^ The City of Lisbon; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (19 July 2016). "Friendship And Co-Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon Portuguese Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  164. ^ "Ciudades miembro" (in Portuguese). Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  165. ^ "União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa" (in Portuguese). União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.

Further reading

External links

This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Lisbon. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy