Late Paleolithic or early Holocene.[3] However the validity of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana has been called into question, including the purported North African subspecies L. a. pharaoensis.[2]
Western Africa through the Garamantes became additional sources of ivory and live elephants for the circus games. The last clear mention of wild elephants in the former is a speech of the orator Themistius delivered in 370 CE,[5] where he mentions that "elephants have been removed from Libya".[b]
Known from, and described from a single specimen captured on March 20, 1927. The species is believed to be semiaquatic due to adaptations shared with aquatic rodents from South America that are not known in other African rodents. If this is correct, this is probably an extremely solitary species as similarly adapted rodents are, which increases the difficulty of detection. However the area where the original individual was captured has been also altered by extensive overgrazing by livestock, which may have caused its decline and extinction.[7][8]
Primates
(order Primates)
Lorises, pottos, and angwantibos (family Lorisidae)
Ptolemaic Period at Quesna, Egypt indicate that it once occurred in the Nile Delta, where it no longer does, supporting a moister regional environment at the time.[11]
Linnaeus in the 18th century, modern molecular studies indicate that there is not enough difference with the extant lions of India, western and central Africa to warrant separate subspecies status, and as a result the taxon P. l. leo is not extinct.[14]
Last recorded in 1996.[13] Though named as the subspecies P. p. panthera in 1777, it was later included in P. p. pardus on morphological and molecular grounds.[15]
Only African insular population of leopards. Subjected to a extermination campaign after the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964, the last confirmed sighting happened in 1986.[13] Though named as the subspecies P. p. adersi in 1932, it was included in the African leopard P. p. pardus in 1996 on morphological grounds.[15] There was an unconfirmed recording of a leopard in Unguja in 2018.[13]
This subspecies was named after the second-hand description of a female killed in the
mtDNA studies revealed that two highly distinct lineages of bears existed in North Africa through the Holocene: one identical to Cantabrian brown bears from Spain, and another that was basal to all European brown bears.[c] The North African bear could have disappeared due to increased habitat fragmentation.[17]
Domestic donkeys have two different haplotypes, one shared with the Nubian wild ass, and another of unknown origin that is not found in the Somali wild ass. The presence of the Atlas wild ass in the Ancient world makes it a plausible source for the second haplotype.[21][25]
equid of the African Quaternary and an extreme hypsodont, its extinction is speculated to be related to the decline in the availability or productivity of grassland habitats since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum.[26] However, ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).[27]
Considered possibly extinct as it has only been infrequently seen since it was sighted in Ethiopia's Barka Valley and Eritrea during the 1970s. The subspecies is threatened by hunting for food and traditional medicine, competition with livestock for vegetation and water, and possibly interbreeding with domestic donkeys.
Though more known from the Pliocene and Pleistocene, it survived into the early Holocene of Morocco and Tunisia and is commonly depicted in North African rock art hunting scenes up to the Bronze Age. It was extremely similar to the northern white rhinoceros C. simum cottoni in size, proportions, and dentition, and has been treated as its direct ancestor, a subspecies (though cottoni is now recognized as a subspecies of C. simum itself), or synonymous with it.[18][29][30]
An investigation into the last known location in Cameroon in 2006 found abundant evidence of wildlife poaching and no sign of rhinoceroses except that faked by local rhinoceros monitors. There have been no sightings or other evidence afterward.[33]
The last four wild animals were sighted in 2006 and the last indirect sign of their presence was detected in 2007, both under an uptick of poaching in the region.[35] In 2009,[36] the last four captive rhinos were moved from the Safari Park Dvůr Králové in the Czech Republic to a private reserve in Kenya, outside of the subspecies's recent range, but the two males died without breeding. The last remaining individuals are a mother and a daughter and attempts at artificial insemination have been unsuccessful.[35]
North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and northern Pacific Ocean
Possibly calved in the Mediterranean in ancient times. Remains were found in Tetouan dating to 71–245 CE.[38] A vagrant from the North Pacific population was seen off the coast of Namibia in May 2013.[42][43]
Predynastic to the Ptolemaic period, and remains of Persian fallow deer have been found in archaeological sites of the eastern Nile Delta dating mostly to the 14th-10th centuries BCE. However, the autochthonous nature of these animals is controversial, as is the presence of other deer species like red deer or chital in Ancient Egypt.[3][45][46]
Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)
Most recent remains at Colwinton Shelter, South Africa dated to 4360-4280 BCE. The extinction coincided with changes in vegetation leading to the replacement of
Fossil evidence and rock art suggests that the species was more broadly spread around southern Africa in the Pleistocene and early Holocene, but its range contracted because of climate-driven vegetation change until it was reduced to just 4300 km2 east of Cape Town. It finally disappeared around 1800 CE as a result of hunting, competition with livestock, and habitat loss and fragmentation caused by agriculture.[26]
Widespread through the continent in the Pleistocene, it became restricted to North Africa in the Holocene and survived until 3060-2470 BCE. Increased aridification and competition with domestic cattle have both been suggested as causes of its extinction.[10]
Disappeared from the wild in 1968, being last seen in Western Sahara.[52] The first reintroduction program began in Senegal in 1984[53] and was followed by others in Morocco and Tunisia. The Tunisian project ended in failure with the death of the last animal in 2020.[52]
Between the Oum er Rbia and Sebou rivers of Morocco
Last recorded with certainty in the wild in the 1950s. It succumbed to habitat destruction and over-hunting. Reports of a captive population in the 1980s are unsubstantiated.[56]
Last recorded at Lakes Merzouga and Tamezguidat between 1987 and 1993. All Arabian bustard subspecies declined due to hunting and habitat destruction.[56]
Last recorded in Senegal between 1968 and 1981. Its decline was probably a result of overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates and disturbance by people, although predation by rats and cats has also been implicated.[57]
Mediterranean area and south Arabia,[58] but has declined due to intense hunting in the wintering grounds and habitat destruction in the breeding grounds. Slender-billed curlews were regular visitors to Merja Zerga, Morocco until 1995.[56]
A bone found in El Harhoura 2, Morocco was dated to 5050-3850 BCE.[59] This is the second southernmost record of this species in the eastern Atlantic, after another bone from Madeira.[60] The species became extinct globally in 1852.[61]
Could have disappeared as a breeder from Morocco before 1950,
Moulouya river in 1977. Vagrant juveniles still visit the northern part of the country from the Guadalquivirmarshes[64] and are sometimes killed in unprotected power lines.[63]
Last recorded in the wild in 2004, with an unconfirmed report in 2005. The species declined due to drought, chytridiomycosis, pesticide use in maize agriculture, and possibly other causes. Nevertheless, thousands exist in captivity and a reintroduction program began with large numbers in 2012.[69]
Last recorded in 2001. The rivers it inhabited have been affected by pollution and damming, but the precise causes of extinction are poorly understood.[71]
^The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
lions have disappeared from Thessaly, because hippopotamoi have been gotten rid from the marshes of the Nile."[6]
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