List of Arizona hurricanes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The remnants of Hurricane Nora over the Southwestern United States

tropical depression. Arizonans can expect indirect flash floods caused by the remnants of tropical cyclones to occur about every two years.[1]

Tropical cyclones in Arizona are not common, since the

impacted California
.

Despite their rarity, hurricanes are among Arizona's most significant weather makers. In years when Arizona is affected by a tropical cyclone, these can be responsible for up to 25% of the rainfall in areas along the

Tropical Storm Octave in 1983, or the lingering moisture from Tropical Storm Emilia
in 2006.

Climatology

Number of storms affecting Arizona
Month Number of storms
June
2
July
2
August
12
September
21
October
10

Tropical cyclones are not common over Arizona, but on average, a tropical storm or a tropical depression enters the state approximately every five years. However, indirect flash floods caused by the remnants of tropical cyclones are more common, as they tend to occur about every two years.[1]

Storms that approach the southwestern United States, and by extension Arizona, generally form closer to the Mexican shoreline than average, making them more likely to recurve northwards under the influence of an approaching

synoptic-scale flow that is conducive to steering hurricanes towards the southwestern United States.[4]

The infusions of tropical moisture from Arizona-bound tropical cyclones can be a significant portion of the rainfall in the region. In years when hurricanes approach Arizona, eastern and northern portions of the state receive on average 6–8% of the

monsoon-season precipitation from tropical systems and their remnants. This percentage rises towards the southwestern corner of the state, which can receive up to a quarter of its monsoon-season rainfall from tropical cyclones.[4]

Storms

Tropical storms are one of Arizona's main sources of rainfall, as they infuse the

Pacific hurricane season, and only storm remnants have affected the state before August.[2]

Saffir–Simpson scale, 1-minute maximum sustained winds
Category
m/s
 knots mph
km/h
5 ≥ 70 ≥ 137 ≥ 157 ≥ 252
4 58–70 113–136 130–156 209–251
3 50–58 96–112 111–129 178–208
2 43–49 83–95 96–110 154–177
1 33–42 64–82 74–95 119–153
TS 18–32 34–63 39–73 63–118
TD ≤ 17 ≤ 33 ≤ 38 ≤ 62
Chronology of tropical cyclones in Arizona
Storm
Peak intensity
 Season Intensity Date[6]
Unnamed[7] Unknown 1921 Remnant low August 20, 1921
Unnamed[8] Unknown 1921 Tropical depression September 30, 1921
Unnamed[6] Unknown 1926 Remnant low September 20, 1926
Unnamed[6] Unknown 1927 Remnant low September 7, 1927
One[9]
 Category 1[9] 1929 Tropical depression June 30, 1929
Unnamed[10] Unknown 1935 Tropical storm August 22, 1935
Unnamed[11] Tropical storm[12] 1951 Tropical storm August 3, 1951
Unnamed[11] Category 1[12] 1958 Tropical storm October 6, 1958
Claudia[6] Tropical storm[12] 1962 Tropical storm September 25, 1962
Tillie[10]
 Tropical storm[12] 1964 Remnant low September 9, 1964
Emily[11]
 Category 1[12] 1965 Remnant low September 6, 1965
Kirsten[13] Tropical storm[12] 1966 Remnant low September 29, 1966
Katrina[6]
 Category 1[12] 1967 Tropical storm August 29, 1967
Hyacinth[11]
 Tropical storm[12] 1968 Tropical depression August 20, 1968
Pauline[14] Category 1[12] 1968 Remnant low October 3, 1968
Norma[6] Tropical storm[12] 1970 Remnant low September 4, 1970
Irene-Olivia[15] Category 3[12] 1971 Remnant low October 1, 1971
Joanne[6] Category 2[12] 1972 Tropical storm October 4, 1972
Kathleen[6]
 Category 1[12] 1976 Tropical storm September 10, 1976
Liza[16]
 Category 4[12] 1976 Remnant low October 2, 1976
Doreen[6] Category 1[12] 1977 Tropical storm August 13, 1977
Heather[6]
 Category 1[12] 1977 Tropical depression October 4, 1977
Octave[6] Tropical storm[12] 1983 Tropical storm September 28, 1983
Norbert[17] Category 4[12] 1984 Tropical depression September 25, 1984
Polo[18]
 Category 3[12] 1984 Remnant low October 3, 1984
Raymond[11] Category 3[12] 1989 Tropical depression October 5, 1989
Boris[19]
 Category 1[12] 1990 Remnant low[19] June 11, 1990
Lester[11] Category 1[20] 1992 Tropical storm August 22, 1992
Hilary[21] Category 3[12] 1993 Remnant low August 27, 1993
Flossie[22] Category 1[12] 1995 Remnant low August 11, 1995
Ismael[11] Category 1[12] 1995 Remnant low September 15, 1995
Nora[6] Category 4[12] 1997 Tropical storm September 25, 1997
Frank[23]
 Tropical storm[12] 1998 Remnant low August 9, 1998
Isis[24] Category 1[12] 1998 Remnant low September 5, 1998
Olivia[25]
 Tropical storm[12] 2000 Remnant low October 11, 2000
Juliette[26] Category 4[12] 2001 Remnant low October 3, 2001
Ignacio[27] Category 2[12] 2003 Remnant low August 25, 2003
Marty[11] Category 2[12] 2003 Remnant low September 22, 2003
Javier[28] Category 4[12] 2004 Remnant low September 20, 2004
Emilia[29] Tropical storm[12] 2006 Remnant low July 25, 2006
John[30] Category 4[12] 2006 Remnant low September 5, 2006
Henriette[31] Category 1[12] 2007 Remnant low September 6, 2007
Dolly[16] Category 2[12] 2008 Remnant low July 28, 2008
Julio[32] Tropical storm[12] 2008 Remnant low August 25, 2008
Jimena[33] Category 4[12] 2009 Remnant low September 5, 2009
Norbert[34] Category 3[35] 2014 Remnant low September 8, 2014
Odile[36]
 Category 4[37] 2014 Remnant low September 17, 2014
Newton[38] Category 1[39] 2016 Remnant low September 7, 2016
Rosa[40] Category 4[41] 2018 Tropical depression October 2, 2018
Sergio Category 4 2018 Tropical depression October 13, 2018
Hilary Category 4 2023 Tropical depression August 20, 2023

Storm systems

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Arizona
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 344.4 13.56 Unnamed 1951
Crown King
 [42]
1 305.1 12.01 Nora 1997 Harquahala Mountains [16]
2 304.8 12.00 Octave 1983 Mount Graham [16]
3 289.6 11.40 Norma 1970 Workman Creek [42]
4 210.8 8.30
Heather 1977
 Nogales [16]
5 209.8 8.26 Unnamed 1926 Hereford [42]
6 178.6 7.03 Unnamed 1939
Wikieup
 [42]
7 178.1 7.01 Doreen 1977 Yuma Valley [16]
8 177.8 7.00 Javier 2004 Walnut Creek [16]
9 166.9 6.57 Newton 2016 Rincon Mountains [43]
10 158.8 6.25 Norbert 2014 Tempe 3.1 WSW [42]

Several of these tropical cyclones have caused deaths or heavy property damage, usually due to flooding caused by rain.

Before 1960

Records of tropical cyclones in the East Pacific before 1950 are sparse, but there were still several storms that produced rainfall over Arizona in this period.

1960s

1970s

Hurricane Heather
was concentrated along the United States–Mexico border.
  • September 1970: The remnants of Tropical Storm Norma became Arizona's deadliest storm when they contributed to the disaster known as the "Labor Day storm of 1970". As Norma dissipated, moisture from the cyclone was entrapped in a large extratropical low.[6] Much of the southern and central parts of the state saw 2 to 5 inches (51 to 127 mm) of rainfall, and mountainous locations saw between 8 and 11.4 inches (200 and 290 mm). Much of the region saw extensive flash flooding that killed 23 people and caused significant damage.[50]
  • October 1971: The following year, Hurricane Olivia produced over 2 inches (51 mm) of rainfall across Arizona,[51] triggering flash flood warnings throughout the region.[52] Pinal Ranch reported 5.33 inches (135 mm) of precipitation, while Mount Lemmon measured 3.81 inches (97 mm).[15] Olivia's remnants also caused three major power outages near Yuma and produced flooding that resulted in the closure of a portion of U.S. Route 95.[53] In Navajo and Pinal counties, the rainfall damaged roads, bridges, sewers, and homes, which amounted to about $250,000 in repair work for the state of Arizona.[54]
  • October 1972: Hurricane Joanne entered Arizona as a tropical storm before dissipating near Flagstaff. Many areas of the state received between 1 and 3 inches (25 and 76 mm) of rainfall, with isolated locations receiving over 5 inches (130 mm). The Nogales Highway Bridge over the Santa Cruz River was washed away by the flooding.[55] The heavy rain from Joanne saturated the soils for a later storm that produced flooding that caused $10 million (1972 USD) in property damage and eight deaths.[5]
  • September 1976: On September 11,
    Hurricane Kathleen entered southern California, producing tropical-storm-force winds over western and possibly southern Arizona. Yuma reported maximum sustained winds of 57 miles per hour (92 km/h) and gusts of 76 miles per hour (122 km/h) before the measuring station lost power.[56] The winds from Kathleen killed a man when a gust of wind blew a palm tree down onto his mobile home. Severe flooding and hailstorms also resulted.[6] While most of the rainfall from the storm fell in California,[57] 2.87 inches (73 mm) fell at the Davis Dam on the Colorado River.[16]
  • October 1976: The next month,
    Hurricane Liza brought light rain to the state, with the state maximum being 1.48 inches (38 mm) on Willow Beach.[16]
  • August 1977:
    Bullhead City. A rain gauge near the city of Yuma saw more than 7 inches (180 mm) of precipitation during the storm.[58]
  • October 1977: The remnants of
    Hurricane Heather caused 8.30 inches (211 mm) of rain in Nogales.[59] Extensive bank erosion occurred across southeastern Arizona, as rivers crested over their 100-year flood levels, and 400 people were forced to evacuate their homes. Total damage from the storm was assessed at $15 million (1977 USD).[60]

1980s

Rainfall due to Tropical Storm Octave throughout its track

The 1980s saw destructive tropical cyclones pass through the state, as was the case with the previous decade.

  • October 1983: A weather system, including moisture from
    San Francisco, Gila, San Pedro, and Santa Cruz rivers. The latter breached its banks near Red Rock, and by its intersection with Interstate 8, had flooded an area over 8 miles (13 km) wide.[10] Fourteen people drowned, 975 were injured, and roughly 10,000 people were left homeless after the flooding ended. The amount of damage from the disaster was put at $370 million (year unknown) USD. Other cities in the state also saw heavy rain, with 9.83 inches (250 mm) of precipitation measured at Nogales, 6.67 inches (169 mm) at Safford, 6.40 inches (163 mm) at Tucson, 3.93 inches (100 mm) at Flagstaff, 2.65 inches (67 mm) at Phoenix, and 2.62 inches (67 mm) at Prescott.[6]
  • September 1984: Hurricane Norbert entered Arizona as a weakening tropical depression. Sustained winds of 20 to 30 miles per hour (30 to 50 km/h) were recorded in the Tucson area. Modest rainfall occurred throughout south-central to northeast Arizona, with most locations reporting between 1 and 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) of rain. However, Kitt Peak reported a 30-hour storm rainfall total of 4.15 inches (105 mm).[17]
  • October 1984: The following month, the remnants of
    Hurricane Polo caused about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain over southern and eastern Arizona, with Nogales reporting 1.93 inches (49 mm) of precipitation.[18]
  • October 1989:
    tropical depression, and produced heavy rainfall on the southeastern portion of the state, with 4.72 inches (120 mm) of rain falling in Nogales.[63] About three-quarters of the streets in Willcox were flooded in up to 2 feet (0.61 m) of water, and sustained winds of 25 to 35 mph (40 to 56 km/h) were reported throughout the southeastern corner of the state.[64]

1990s

During the 1990s, several tropical systems affected Arizona even after losing all tropical characteristics. However, two hurricanes survived long enough to reach Arizona while still considered tropical systems.

  • June 1990: The moisture from
    Boris in 1990 produced 3.28 inches (83 mm) of rainfall on the Santa Rita Mountains.[19]
  • August 1990: The remnants of Hurricane Diana entered Arizona and quickly dissipated, though no rainfall was report throughout the state.
  • August 1992: Hurricane Lester, reached the state as a tropical storm, and caused over 5 inches (130 mm) of precipitation near Phoenix and Tucson.[65] The center of circulation of Lester passed near Tucson on August 24, producing sustained winds of 31 mph (50 km/h) at Tucson International Airport; the airport also reported gusts of up to 45 mph (72 km/h), and a drop in central barometric pressure to 999 mbar (29.52 inHg).[66] Much of the rest of the state reported over 1 inch (25 mm) of rain as a result of Lester,.[65] with a peak precipitation measurement of 5.5 inches (140 mm) at Cascabel.[66]
  • August 1993: Hilary's remnants caused flash flooding in Pima County after 3.75 inches (95 mm) of rain fell on Green Valley, and 3.50 inches (89 mm) of precipitation was recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.[21]
  • August 1995: Flossie's remnants dumped over 3 inches (76 mm) of rain over Tucson; one woman died as she tried to cross a flooded stream, and 11 other motorists were stranded in the city.[22] Damage from the storm in Arizona totaled to $5 million (1995 USD; $10 million 2024 USD).[67]
  • September 1995: That same year, Ismael produced most of its damage south of the state, but light rainfall fell over Cochise County,[68] with the highest reported rainfall being 1.44 inches (37 mm).[16]
  • September 1997:
    earthen dam, to fail;[3] localized rainfall amounts of up to 3 inches (76 mm) occurred throughout the state.[69] Nora also caused 12,000 people to lose electric power in Yuma.[70] Nora is believed to be the strongest tropical storm to strike Arizona, as it produced sustained winds of 50 to 60 mph (80 to 97 km/h) over Yuma.[71] Nora caused $150–200 million (1997 USD) in agricultural losses in Arizona.[72]
  • August 1998: The remnants of
    Tropical Storm Frank produced up to 2 inches (51 mm) of rainfall in parts of the state.[23]
  • September 1998: The following month, Hurricane Isis's remnants dropped more than 2 inches (51 mm) of rainfall across southern Arizona, resulting in some flash flood warnings and flooding on roadways.[24][73] Isis also caused up to 3 inches (76 mm) across the Santa Catalina and Rincon Mountains that surround Tucson. However, there was no flooding reported in the area, and Tucson International Airport reported only 1.1 inches (28 mm) as a result of the storm.[74]

2000s

Hurricane Javier produced heavy precipitation in Arizona.

The last decade saw no storms reach Arizona while retaining

tropical characteristics
; however, numerous remnant lows caused heavy rainfall and flooding throughout the state.

  • October 2000: The remnants of the first system,
    Tropical Storm Olivia, produced heavy flash floods in spite of Olivia losing tropical characteristics while located 600 miles (965 km) west-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur. However, after being captured by an extratropical cyclone, the remnant low produced widespread heavy rains, with 1.5 to 4 inches (38 to 102 mm) of rain falling over most of southeastern Arizona; Hereford saw 8.64 inches (219 mm) of rain.[25]
  • October 2001: Hurricane Juliette dissipated in the Gulf of California, and brought only trace amounts of rainfall to the southern half of the state;[75] the largest amount recorded occurred near Patagonia, where 0.90 inches (23 mm) fell.[26]
  • August 2003: Two years later, the remnants of Hurricane Ignacio produced rainfall over southern Arizona. About 40 residences in Catalina were evacuated due to the risk of flash flooding after 2 inches (51 mm) of rainfall fell over the Aspen Fire burn area.[27]
  • September 2003: That same year, Hurricane Marty brought locally heavy rains to extreme southwestern Arizona in September; in spite of this, there were no reports of flooding from the storm. The highest rain total was 2.83 inches (72 mm) at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.[76]
  • September 2004: Javier produced heavy rain throughout the state, helping to alleviate a prolonged drought in the Southwestern United States.[77] The heaviest rainfall occurred at Walnut Creek, which saw a total of 7.00 inches (178 mm) of precipitation during the storm.[28] The Tucson airport saw rainfall of 0.37 inches (9.4 mm), while the University of Arizona reported 0.89 inches (23 mm) of rain. The rain from Javier flooded several roads in the city and, combined with frequent lightning, forced the university to delay one of its football games.[78]
  • July 2006: The remnants of
    Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.[29] The next day, another thunderstorm near Elfrida also produced 1-inch (25 mm) hail.[79] After one week of widespread rainfall over southeastern Arizona, extensive flooding began to occur. Mount Lemmon saw a 7-day rainfall total of 11.10 inches (282 mm); Rillito Creek near the Catalina Mountains conveyed a record flow of 30,000 cu ft/s (850 m3/s). Other streams in the area also saw record flooding, and the Santa Cruz River exceeded flood stage in Marana. The floods caused $4 million (2006 USD) in damage.[80]
  • September 2006: Hurricane John produced about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain over Cochise County.[30]
  • September 2007: Hurricane Henriette also produced flooding over Cochise County the following year; one woman died after trying to cross a flooded wash near Sierra Vista.[31]
  • July 2008: The remnants from Atlantic hurricane Hurricane Dolly caused rainfall in the eastern portion of the state, with 1.49 inches (38 mm) falling southwest of Portal.[16]
  • August 2008: Moisture from
    USD).[81] The storms also dropped heavy rainfall, reaching over 1 inch (25 mm) in Gilbert.[32]
  • September 2009: The remnants of
    Quartzsite, washes overflowed their banks, causing street flooding, and $30,000 in damage.[89] In Tanca, 1 inch (25 mm) of precipitation fell within a 30-minute period, thus causing minor flooding with one road being washed out. Damage from that flood totaled $30,000. Yuma also reported 1.62 inches (41 mm) of rain from the cyclone.[90] On the afternoon of September 5, a haystack caught fire due to lighting, and was eventually responsible for an additional $20,000 in damage.[91]

2010s

2020s

See also

References

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