List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks (before 2001)

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Known as 'Black Friday', an F4 tornado touched down in Edmonton, Alberta, on July 31, 1987.

This page lists

21st century. On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in the southern Canadian Prairies, Southern Ontario and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the country with the second most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of 225 km/h (140 mph). Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation.[1]

Each year on average, about 43 tornadoes occur across the Canadian Prairies and about 17 occur across Ontario and Quebec.[2] New Brunswick and the British Columbia Interior are also recognized tornado zones. All other provinces and territories have significantly less threat from tornadoes. The peak season in Canada is through the summer months, (June to August), when clashing air masses move north, as opposed to the spring season in the United States southern-central plains, although tornadoes in Canada have occurred in spring, fall and very rarely winter.

The reported increase in numbers of tornadoes in recent years may reflect more reporting by citizens and media involvement rather than an actual increase in tornado occurrence (although some natural increase has not been ruled out), in addition to better detection technology i.e. Doppler weather radar and satellite imagery. The upswing could also be attributed to other factors, such as improved aerial and ground damage assessment after the fact in sparsely populated areas (particularly the case in remote parts of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Ontario, for example), better trained spotter capabilities and increased use of digital recording devices by citizens. Tornadoes in Canada are enough of a threat for a public warning system to be in place, overseen by the national weather agency, Environment Canada (EC).

For a variety of reasons, such as Canada's lower population density and generally stronger housing construction due to the colder climate, Canadian tornadoes have historically caused fewer fatalities than tornadoes in the United States. The deadliest tornado in Canadian history, the Regina Cyclone of June 30, 1912, killed 28 and injured 300. Urban centres are not immune from the threat of severe tornadoes. Twelve medium to large size Canadian cities have been hit by significant strength tornadoes (F3 or higher), which caused large-scale damage and fatalities: Toronto (1868); Regina (1912); Windsor (1946 and 1974); Sarnia (1953); LaSalle (1956); Sudbury (1970); Woodstock (1979); Lloydminster (1983); Barrie (1985); Edmonton (1987); Aylmer (1994); and Ottawa-Gatineau (1888 and 2018).

All figures for damages are in Canadian dollars.

Before 1850

1792

  • June 30 or July 1 - the first recorded tornado in Canadian history, an F2, affected the Niagara Peninsula between Fonthill and Port Robinson, Ontario. It levelled houses and uprooted many trees. The tornado cut a path of trees in a west to east line from both communities that became known as "Hurricane Road", which still exists today.[3][4][5]

1795 or 1798

1823

1826

  • August 1 - an unrated tornado crossed
    Chatham, Ontario, where extensive damage was done.[8]

1828

  • June 27 - an unrated tornado struck
    Drummond Centre, Ontario. The tornado destroyed barns and houses, carrying some far distances. An unroofed brick house was carried off its foundation. A strong stone house was partly destroyed. Trees on the third and fourth concession of Drummond Township were uprooted and damaged.[9]

1829

1831

1844

1847

1848

1850s

1850

1851

1854

1855

1856

1857

1859

1860s

1860

1861

  • May 24 - an unrated tornado touched down north of
    Brantford, Ontario, before moving southeast to the east of Brantford. The tornado did considerable amounts of damage to fences, barns, and homes in the area. The tornado did not appear more than 60 feet wide. At times, there were two distinct paths of damage in close proximity that would reunite into a single path.[44]
  • November 14 - an unrated tornado struck
    Garden Island, Ontario. The tornado unroofed weak buildings, damaged sheds, and destroyed fences.[45]

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870s

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

  • April 14 - an unrated tornado Kingston, Ontario, causing significant damage in the city. Many buildings were demolished including a four-story building. Damage was most significant along Princess Street.[98]
  • July 25 - an F0 tornado passed through
    Seneca Township, Ontario.[99]

1877

1878

1879

1880s

1880

1881

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890s

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900s

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

  • May 26 - an F3 tornado touched down near Nixon, Ontario, where much of the town was destroyed. The tornado moved through the countryside before striking Waterford, Ontario. This tornado was locally referred to as "The Nixon Cyclone" in local newspapers.[415]
  • June 3 - an unrated tornado touched down in Nixon, Ontario, west of Simcoe, Ontario. The tornado was narrow, destroying only two houses, a grocery store and a structure with a large coal chute. In the country, several barn roofs were torn off of barns and carried a long distance. In some cases, barn walls were also destroyed.[416]
  • June 16 - two unrated tornadoes touched down in
    Newdale, Manitoba. In this town, numerous farm buildings were damaged or destroyed, including stables, a granary, and homes. Shingles were torn off a roof. Many animals died and one person was injured.[419]
  • June 24 - an unrated probable tornado touched down near Huntsville, Ontario. The probable tornado tore off a dwelling from a store and the flag pole near the school collapsed. Significant tree damage was reported with trees "thrown in every direction." Based on the description of the event, there is question as to whether this was a tornado or not.[420]
  • July 6 - an unrated tornado touched down in the Meridian District, Saskatchewan, destroying the Kimberley school house, several granaries, and nearby fields. The entry in the source lists the closest settlement as Oxbow, Saskatchewan.[421]
  • August 8 - an unrated tornado struck Tuxford, Saskatchewan, damaging and shifting the Anglican church, William's hotel and a large barn off their foundations. A hardware store and ice cream parlor were badly damaged. Sidewalks were ripped up.[422]
  • August 14 - an unrated tornado touched down 20 miles south of Vermilion, Alberta on the Battle River killing 3 children and destroying a house along with stables and corrals.[423]

1908

1909

1910s

1910

  • March 5 - an unrated probable tornado struck
    Winnipeg, Manitoba, causing considerable damage. The probable tornado blew down the walls of a six-story furniture warehouse. There is a lack of detail regarding any other damage to determine if this was a tornado or not.[453]
  • June 21 - two unrated tornadoes struck the Canadian Prairies The first tornado struck 60 miles south of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, resulting in widespread damage to homes and farms. Three people were killed, including two children, with seven people injured according to The Granum Press and Lethbridge Herald report that three people died.[454][455] The book, "The Literary History of Saskatchewan," cites another book, "Freeman Wing Searches," stating that it lists all the names of the Euro-Canadians and three Asian men died, implying that more than three deaths occurred.[456][457][458][459] The second tornado struck Gladstone, Manitoba, destroying a skating rink and part of a mill.[460]
  • July 3 - an unrated probable tornado struck Davidson, Saskatchewan, destroying some houses, barns, numerous granaries, and other buildings. Some debris was lofted over 100 yards.[461] The description of the event isn't definitive enough to say if this was a tornado or not with confidence.
  • July 29 - an unrated tornado struck Beverley, Saskatchewan, destroying the Quon Koy restaurant. A home a mile east of the town was also destroyed.[462]
  • July 30 - an unrated probable tornado touched down in London, Ontario, destroying telephone lines west of the city with trees down throughout the region.[463] The lack of information makes this event question whether it was actually a tornado, listed as 'probable' until further evidence is provided.
  • September 8 - an unrated tornado touched down in Creston, British Columbia, resulting in significant damage. The length of the tornado was 500 yards with a wide of 30 feet. The tornado dealt damage to homes and business in the community including barns and farm buildings. Large glass panes were destroyed and large timber blocks weighing up to 400 pounds were picked up and thrown 150 yards.[464][465][466]
  • October 1 - an unrated tornado struck
    Montreal, Quebec, resulting in damaged businesses and telephone services.[467]

1911

1912

1915

  • June 25 - a tornado struck near
    Medicine Hat, Alberta. The business section of Redcliff was also severely damaged, and a freight train was blown off the tracks. The storm killed two people and injured many others.[495]

1917

1918

  • No date - a tornado touched down near Vermilion, Alberta, destroying a log house. Three children were killed, and one woman was carried 27 m (30 yd).[496]

1919

1920s

1920

  • July 22 - a violent tornado passed through a large portion of southeastern
    Estevan. Grazulis rated it as F5.[498]

1921

1922

1923

  • June 24 - a tornado touched down near
    Cooksville, close to the centre of present-day Mississauga
    .

1926

  • July 12 - a rare tornado touched down in
    Lac la Hache, British Columbia
    , destroying farm buildings and knocking down trees.

1927

1928

1930s

1933

  • May 23 - a tornado passed a mile south and west of the town of Winkler, Manitoba, late in the afternoon, and was photographed. The accompanying cloudburst resulted in severe flooding in the town lasting into the following day.[505]

1935

1936

  • July 6 - a tornado destroyed buildings and tossed farm equipment near
    Lavoy, Alberta, about 100 km (62 mi) east of Edmonton.[507]

1939

  • June 11 - a tornado touched down near
    Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
    , knocking down trees and blowing off roofs.

1940s

1942

1944

  • July 1 - two tornadoes struck Lebret, Saskatchewan, killing four people.
  • August 9 - locally known as the "Kamsack Cyclone", a tornado touched down in
    Kamsack, Saskatchewan, destroying 400 homes and 100 businesses. Three people were killed and many more injured.[509]

1946

1948

  • March 19 - a tornado struck the Windsor, Ontario, area. This was the earliest tornado in the year for the province until 2016.

1949

  • July 19 - the small village of Chénéville, Quebec, was devastated by a tornado which lasted about three minutes.

1950s

1950

1953

  • May 21 - an
    Sarnia, Ontario, leaving seven people dead, over 40 injured, and 500 homeless. The path was estimated to be over 150 km (93 mi) long through Michigan and Ontario
    .

1954

1955

  • April 25 - a tornado touched down near
    Nanaimo, British Columbia
    , causing minor damage in the south end of the city.

1956

1958

1959

  • June 6 - a tornado destroyed a garage in La Salle, Manitoba, yet the car inside the garage was not damaged. The tornado could be seen 15 km (9.3 mi) away in Winnipeg.

1960s

1960

  • July 18 - a violent cone-shaped tornado was reported to have torn through the Mentmore, Ingelow and Brookdale areas of Manitoba. The twister pushed 59 cars from a Canadian National Railway freight train off their tracks, damaged buildings, flattened crops, snapped power lines, uprooted trees and pushed a garage off its foundation. Damage was estimated at half a million dollars.[514]

1962

  • July 1 - a small tornado was observed near
    Vancouver, British Columbia
    . This was the third tornado recorded since the weather office opened in 1929.

1963

  • June 29 - a large tornado touched down near
    Spy Hill, Saskatchewan, 260 km (160 mi) northwest of Regina, destroying multiple houses and damaging property. One man was killed when he was sucked out of his house. The tornado travelled 6.4 km (4 mi), and left a 1.6 km (1 mi) wide path of destruction.[515]

1966

1967

  • April 17 - a total of four tornadoes, two being F3 in strength, touched down in Southwestern Ontario, causing at least $8.2 million in damage. The first tracked through Huron and Perth counties, flattening barns and homes, and snapping multiple trees and utility poles. The second F3 tracked from St. Jacobs to northwest of Guelph. Two F0 tornadoes were also confirmed and one person was killed.[517][518]

1968

  • April 11 - a weak tornado hit Watson, Saskatchewan, destroying a garage.
  • July 20 - a tornado struck
    La Riviere, Manitoba, destroying several cabins, ripping the roof off the grain elevator, flipping vehicles, and downing many trees. The tornado tracked about 20 miles to northeast of Manitou with a damage path 200 yds wide.[519]

1970s

1970

  • August 20 - an early morning
    Copper Cliff, and the more distant rural community of Field. Lively was the hardest hit, with over 300 homes damaged. The communities were given little warning of bad weather approaching, as the Sudbury Airport did not have radar that detected tornado activity. Over 200 people were injured and six were killed. The damage was estimated at $17 million, and it is listed as the eighth deadliest tornado in Canadian history.[520]

1972

  • July 22 - a tornado near Algonquin Provincial Park left a 25 km (16 mi) path, destroying a portage trail and wide swaths of red pine forest and other trees south of Lake Lavieille.
  • July 28 - a tornado tore through farmland near
    Bawlf, Alberta, destroying a two-storey house and several farm buildings. Two people were injured, and one person was injured and died later from the injuries.[521]

1973

1974

  • April 3 - Windsor, Ontario, was hit with an F3 tornado, part of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Nine people were killed and 30 were injured, with an estimated $500,000 in damage. It is listed as the sixth deadliest tornado in Canadian history.[523]

1975

  • July 24 - a strong tornado hit
    Montreal, destroying over 100 homes and businesses. Three people were killed, and over forty were hospitalized.[524]

1977

1978

1979

1980s

1980

1980 confirmed tornadoes
AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE
9 12 4 24 2 1 2 2
1980 tornado strengths
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
36 16 4 0 0 0

1981

1981 confirmed tornadoes
BC AB SK MB ON QC NB
0 7 13 4 16 0 1
1981 tornado strengths
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
31 8 2 0 0 0

1982

1982 confirmed tornadoes
AB SK MB ON QC NB PE
30 15 8 12 1 1 1
1982 tornado strengths
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
42 23 2 1 0 0

1983

  • Walpole Island saw an F2 tornado, which injured one person. It lasted 15 km (9.3 mi) on the ground and caused C$1 million in damages.[529][532]
  • Reece's Corners had the strongest tornado, rated an F4. 13 people were injured and many more left homeless. The F4 tornado was on the ground for 30 km (19 mi), and was up to 400 m (1,300 ft) in width. Damages were C$20.0 million,[529] with 15 to 25 buildings destroyed. Winds topped out near 400 km/h (250 mph).[532]
  • Kettleby was hit with an F2 tornado that lasted 10.5 km (6.5 mi) on the ground; no major damage or injuries were reported.[529][532]
  • Rexdale, an informally-defined district of Toronto, saw three F0s. They lasted on the ground from 5.87 to 9.93 km (3.65 to 6.17 mi). One caused C$1.2 million in damages. No injuries were reported.[529]

1984

1985

1986

  • June 1 - three tornadoes touched down in
    Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
    . There were no official ratings given for the tornadoes, although some damage indicated F3 strength winds. Roofs were thrown off houses and a warehouse was destroyed. No one was injured, and damage was estimated at over $1 million.
  • June 16 - severe storms produced an F3 tornado that travelled from Brady Lake to Maynooth, Ontario. Two other tornadoes were also reported.[539]
  • June 16 - an F3 tornado was confirmed near Lac Gareau, Quebec. It severely damaged summer chalets and overturned a truck. Two other tornadoes were reported further east. This was from the same weather system that had affected Ontario earlier in the day.[539]
  • June 18 - two tornadoes touched down near
    High Prairie, Alberta, tossing farm equipment and tearing the roof off a house.[540] A third tornado, an F2, grazed the outskirts of Provost, causing $100,000 in damages.[512]
  • June 24 - a tornado touched down in Tingwick, Quebec, damaging 12 properties.[541]
  • June 25 - an F1 tornado touched down southeast of Wainwright, Alberta.[512]
  • June 30 - one tornado touched down near Stirling, Alberta near Lethbridge, and another tore through Cayley, 60 km (37 mi) south of Calgary. They destroyed a storage shed, tossed a van across the yard, and hurled a large horse against a barbed wire fence. No injuries were reported.[542]
  • July 9 - three tornadoes briefly touched down throughout Central Alberta. Two were spotted near Penhold and one reported south of Sylvan Lake.[543]
  • July 13 - an F0 tornado hit the northeastern limits of Cochrane, Alberta.[512]
  • July 15 - one person was killed from an F0 tornado near
    Maniwaki, Quebec
    .
  • July 29 - four tornadoes touched down in central Saskatchewan, causing minimal damage.[539]

1987

  • May 28 - an F0 tornado struck the community of Glen-Sutton, Quebec.[544]
  • June 8 - an F1 tornado was confirmed near the town of
    Fort-Coulonge, Quebec
    , causing minor damage.
  • July 22 - an F1 tornado was confirmed in Foam Lake Ontario. It was the only known tornado in Ontario that year.[545]
  • June 25 - eight tornadoes were confirmed in Alberta after storms tore through the province. The strongest was an F2 near
    Jalna, and in the town of Lacombe. An F0 also touched down near Eckville.[512]
  • July 26 - an F1 twister was confirmed near the town of Kinnear's Mills, Quebec.
  • July 29 - an F1 tornado struck north of
    Grande Cache, Alberta
    . It was on the ground for 5.64 km (3.51 mi) and had a max width of 310 meters.
  • July 30 - an F1 tornado touched down in the Castle Downs neighborhood in Edmonton, Alberta, one day before a devastating F4 damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings on the east side of the city. A second F1 also touched down in the town of Nisku.[512]
  • July 31 - one of Canada's deadliest tornadoes, an F4, ripped through the eastern part of
    Edmonton Area and Central Alberta on the same day; a F1 in southeast Edmonton, F2 near Beaumont, and an F2 between Millet and Vegreville that caused $40,000 in damages. The last four were given an F0 rating.[546][547][548]

1988

1989

1990s

1990

  • June 28 - a large tornado touched down south of
    Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
    .
  • August 28 -
    Komoka, near London, destroying a church. An F1 tornado touched down near the small town of Kendal, just north of Newtonville. Only six minor injuries were reported.[553]

1991

1992

  • June 22 - tornadoes touched down across southern Manitoba, including two F1s near Winkler and an F0 in St. Claude.[512]
  • June 24 - tornadoes, large hail and torrential downpours affected southern Manitoba. Tennis ball sized hail fell near Morden and winds gusting to 154 km/h (96 mph) were recorded at Pilot Mound. There were seven confirmed tornado touchdowns and numerous funnel clouds in Manitoba that day. There was some very crisp video footage of one F0 rope tornado traversing farmland near Kelwood. Ground scouring occurred and a hydraulic filter pipe was carried 600 yards (550 m) before being embedded about 5 feet (150 cm) into ground.[557][558][559] The region had been affected by severe weather the day before as well.[560]
  • August 8 - an F1 tornado struck north of Deloraine, Manitoba.[512]

1993

1994

1995

1996

  • April 20 - Multiple tornadoes hit Grey, Wellington and Dufferin counties. Two F3 class tornadoes touched down in Grey County (Williamsford), Wellington County and Dufferin County. Significant property damage occurred; nine people were injured by the two tornadoes. These tornadoes were part of the larger Tornado outbreak sequence of April 1996.
  • May 20 - a strong thunderstorm damaged one of the four screens of a drive-in theatre at
    Thorold, Ontario, in the Niagara Region. Coincidentally, this drive-in was planning to show the movie Twister that evening. Eyewitnesses reported seeing a small funnel cloud, but the physical evidence was inconclusive. Distorted and exaggerated media reports of this event abound; most claimed that the storm blew down the screen while Twister was being shown on it. The storm actually took place before sundown. However, a small tornado did touch down in Stoney Creek
    that same evening.
  • July 4 - an estimated nine tornadoes touched down in the Saskatoon, Maymont and Osler, Saskatchewan, areas. An F3 was measured in the Maymont area, destroying power lines. Homes and property were damaged in the Osler area. Wind gusts in Saskatoon reached 120 km/h (75 mph) and 141 km/h (88 mph), damaging many trees and properties on the east end of the city. A drive-in theatre and a nightclub on the eastern outskirts of the city were also heavily damaged; ironically, the movie that was going to be shown at the drive-in that night was Twister.
  • September 6 - A tornado struck
    Trinity, Newfoundland, damaging houses and a shipyard building.[568][569]

1997

1998

1999

  • May 8 - a tornado over Hull, Quebec, caused $2M damage and tore roofs off buildings. It was caused by the same system that produced the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak between May 3 and May 8. It was the second significant tornado in the Hull-Gatineau area in five years.
  • May 18 - three tornadoes touched down close to the western limits of
    Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
    . The supercell associated with the tornadoes pelted the city with quarter-sized hail, wind gusts of nearly 100 km/h (62 mph), and over 51 mm (2 in) of rain fell from the half-hour storm.
  • July 3 - an F2 tornado north of
    Kimberley, Ontario, destroyed barns, damaged farmhouses, and uprooted or snapped hundreds of trees.[570]
  • July 6 - a Bois-Francs, Quebec, region tornado left 4,000 without power and 200 in need of temporary shelter in Berthierville, Yamaska and Drummondville. Environment Canada records show one person was killed in the event.[556]
  • August 4 - an F2 tornado with a twisting but narrow path caused damage in the rural north end of Burlington, Ontario, relocating a motorhome 2 km (1.2 mi) from where it was parked. The tornado track was over 10 km (6.2 mi) long.
  • August 18 - a small tornado struck Pugwash, Nova Scotia, causing some localized structural damage. There were no serious injuries.

2000

For tornadoes after 2000, see

list of 21st-century Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

2000

  • May 5 - an F0 tornado was confirmed near Hazzards Corners, Ontario, 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Madoc. It left a 10 km (6.2 mi) long path, causing minor damage to a house and knocking over approximately 100 trees.[571]
  • May 9 - two anticyclonic tornadoes touched down in Southern Ontario, causing minor damage. The first was given an F0 rating, and occurred north of Amherstburg. Multiple trees were knocked over along a 7 km (4.3 mi) path. The second tornado, an F1, touched down in Malden Centre. It tore the roof from a storage shed, and knocked over a large shipping container along a 1 km (0.62 mi) path. No injuries were reported with either storm.[572]
  • May 23 - an F2 tornado touched down near Appin, Ontario, damaging a pig barn and killing several pigs. Multiple homes also sustained damage, and hydro poles were snapped. No injuries were reported.[571]
  • May 24 - a confirmed F1 tornado hit Gloucester, Ontario, a suburb within the city of Ottawa. It snapped trees, tore the roof off a house and ripped the canopy from a gas station.[573]
  • June 22 - an F0 tornado was confirmed near the town of
    Quyon, Quebec.[544]
  • July 14 - an F3 tornado struck Green Acres Campground in Pine Lake, Alberta. Known as the Pine Lake tornado, it killed 12 people and caused over $13 million in damage. It was ranked as the fourth deadliest tornado in Canadian history.
  • July 17 - three tornadoes were confirmed in Ontario after several supercell thunderstorms developed over the province. An F2 tornado formed over the city of Guelph, lasting approximately 23 minutes and leaving a path of damage 13 km (8.1 mi) long. Damage was estimated at over $2 million and one minor injury was reported. The same storm also produced a second, unrated tornado near Waterdown.[574] The third tornado, an F1, occurred in Simcoe County, near the town of Melduf. It snapped and uprooted trees, and caused minor crop damage. An aluminum shed was destroyed.[575]
  • July 18 - an F0 tornado touched down near Saint-Jean-Chrysostome, Quebec.[544]
  • July 23 - an F3 tornado touched down and destroyed one home and tossed farm equipment near
    Marwayne, Alberta, 35 km (22 mi) northwest of Lloydminster.[576]
  • July 24 - a tornado outbreak in southern
  • July 26 - a tornado touched down briefly near Wabamun, Alberta, about 70 km (43 mi) west of Edmonton, causing minor damage.[578]
  • August 1 - a tornado struck Viking, Alberta.
  • August 6 - a tornado touched down near Elnora, Alberta, southeast of Pine Lake. The tornado occurred while people were gathering for a memorial service in Pine Lake for those who died in the Pine Lake tornado just a few weeks earlier.
  • August 9 - a tornado was confirmed near
    Sangudo, Alberta
    .
  • August 9 - an F1 tornado touched down near Tilbury, Ontario, destroying a barn and causing heavy damage to two farmhouses. No injuries were reported.[573]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Environment and Climate Change Canada - Spring and summer weather hazards". February 3, 2017. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "The Weather Doctor's Diary: June". islandnet.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
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  10. ^ ArticleColumns, Advertiser StaffArchived; Opinion; History, Valuing Our (September 27, 2018). "Tornado partially destroyed infant town of Guelph in 1829". Wellington Advertiser. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  11. Guelph, Ontario
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  13. ^ "Kingston Upper Canada Herald". NewspapersArchive.com. June 29, 1831. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
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  32. ^ "25 Jul 1856, 3 - The Ingersoll Chronicle and General Intelligencer for the County of Oxford at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  33. ^ "4 Jul 1856, 2 - The Brantford Weekly Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  34. ^ NTP Archives (June 29, 1856). "Golspie to Eastwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  35. ^ NTP Archives (July 21, 1856). "Brighton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  36. ^ "26 Sep 1856, 2 - The Ingersoll Chronicle and General Intelligencer for the County of Oxford at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  37. ^ NTP Archives (September 10, 1856). "West Winchester". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  38. ^ NTP Archives (July 31, 1857). "Toronto". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  39. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 28, 1859, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. September 28, 1859. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  40. ^ NTP Archives (September 11, 1859). "Ross Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  41. ^ NTP Archives (October 24, 1859). "Coldwater". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  42. ^ NTP Archives (May 26, 1860). "Aurora to Gormley". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  43. ^ NTP Archives (August 30, 1860). "Cashmere". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  44. ^ "31 May 1861, 3 - The Brantford Weekly Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  45. ^ "15 Nov 1861, 2 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  46. ^ NTP Archives (May 2, 1862). "Lindsay". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  47. ^ NTP Archives (May 21, 1862). "Port Dover - York". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  48. ^ NTP Archives (July 22, 1862). "Galt". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  49. ^ NTP Archives (July 28, 1862). "Barrie". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  50. ^ NTP Archives (August 18, 1862). "Burlington Bay". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  51. ^ NTP Archive (August 24, 1863). "Brockville". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  52. ^ NTP Archives (October 6, 1864). "Erin". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  53. ^ NTP Archives (October 6, 1864). "Rama". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  54. ^ NTP Archives (May 17, 1865). "Boston". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  55. ^ NTP Archives (September 14, 1865). "Johnstown". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  56. ^ NTP Archive (June 25, 1866). "Oil Springs". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  57. ^ NTP Archives (July 13, 1866). "Hornby". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  58. ^ NTP Archives (September 14, 1866). "Brampton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  59. ^ NTP Archive (June 7, 1867). "Douglas". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  60. ^ NTP Archives (July 28, 1867). "North of Woodstock". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  61. ^ NTP Archives (March 16, 1868). "Toronto". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  62. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Jun 16, 1868, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. June 16, 1868. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  63. ^ NTP Archive (April 29, 1868). "Bayfield". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  64. ^ NTP Archive (August 12, 1868). "Collingwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  65. ^ NTP Archives (June 20, 1869). "Birr". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  66. ^ NTP Archives (July 10, 1869). "Peel & Garafraxa Townships". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  67. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 5, 1869, p. 5". NewspaperArchive.com. August 5, 1869. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  68. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 5, 1869, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. August 5, 1869. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  69. ^ NTP Archives (June 16, 1870). "Township of East Nissouri". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  70. ^ NTP Archives (June 26, 1870). "Huntingdon & Hungerford Townships". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  71. ^ NTP Archives (July 2, 1870). "Bobcaygeon". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  72. ^ NTP Archives (July 14, 1870). "West Dumfries". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  73. ^ "TORNADOS.; The Storm in Montreal--Church Spires, Roofs, Chimneys, and Walls Blown Down. Destructive Gale and Mail-Storm in Maine--Buildings Destroyed and Crops Damaged" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  74. ^ NTP Archives (July 20, 1870). "Douglas (Belwood)". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  75. ^ NTP Archives (July 21, 1870). "Clear Creek". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  76. ^ NTP Archives (July 24, 1870). "Chatham". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  77. ^ NTP Archives (July 26, 1870). "St. Marys". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  78. ^ NTP Archives (August 15, 1871). "Stratford". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  79. ^ "Bluevale". pubdocs.huroncounty.ca. April 26, 1872. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  80. ^ NTP Archives (May 27, 1872). "Canboro". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  81. ^ NTP Archives (July 1, 1872). "Prescott". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  82. ^ NTP Archives (July 4, 1872). "Minto Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  83. ^ NTP Archives (August 1, 1872). "Blanshard Township to Fullerton Townline". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  84. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Nov 8, 1872, p. 5". NewspaperArchive.com. November 8, 1872. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  85. ^ NTP Archives (May 23, 1873). "Lavant to Middleville-Glouchester". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  86. ^ NTP Archives (May 23, 1873). "Perth to Smith Falls". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  87. ^ NTP Archives (July 10, 1873). "Tuscarora Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  88. ^ "9 Jun 1874, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  89. ^ NTP Archives (August 7, 1874). "Morven to Wilton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  90. ^ "12 May 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  91. ^ NTP Archives (June 24, 1875). "Belmont Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  92. ^ "1 Jul 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  93. ^ NTP Archives (June 24, 1875). "Bradford". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  94. ^ NTP Archives (June 24, 1875). "Moore Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  95. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 21, 1875, p. 4". NewspaperArchive.com. August 21, 1875. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  96. ^ "12 Aug 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  97. ^ "9 Aug 1875, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  98. ^ "15 Apr 1876, 2 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  99. ^ NTP Archives (July 25, 1876). "Seneca Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  100. ^ NTP Archives (July 9, 1877). "Galt". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  101. ^ NTP Archives (August 15, 1877). "Gourock". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  102. ^ NTP Archives (August 31, 1877). "Windsor". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  103. ^ "10 May 1878, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  104. ^ "16 May 1878, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  105. ^ NTP Archives (August 8, 1878). "Norwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  106. ^ NTP Archives (August 9, 1878). "Warminster-Orillia". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  107. ^ "22 Aug 1878, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  108. ^ NTP Archives (July 3, 1879). "Paris-Harrisburg". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  109. ^ "12 Jul 1879, 2 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  110. ^ "17 Jul 1879, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  111. ^ NTP Archives (July 11, 1879). "Sarnia". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  112. ^ "29 Jul 1879, 1 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  113. ^ "8 Aug 1879, 1 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  114. ^ "2 Jun 1880, 4 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  115. ^ "10 Jun 1880, 3 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  116. ^ NTP Archives (May 31, 1880). "Florence". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  117. ^ "3 Jun 1880, Page 4 - Manitoba Free Press at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  118. ^ NTP Archives (June 10, 1880). "Rothsay". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  119. ^ NTP Archives (June 10, 1880). "Lebanon to Salem". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  120. ^ "22 Jun 1880, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  121. ^ NTP Archives (June 28, 1881). "West Erin". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  122. ^ NTP Archives (June 28, 1881). "Muirkirk". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  123. ^ "PDF.js viewer" (PDF). newspapers.brucemuseum.ca. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  124. ^ "11 Aug 1881, 3 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  125. ^ "25 May 1883, 4 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  126. ^ NTP Archives (June 18, 1882). "Saugeen-Kincardine". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  127. ^ "Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jul 14, 1883, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. July 14, 1883. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  128. ^ "3 Aug 1883, 8 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  129. ^ NTP Archives (September 9, 1882). "Newburgh". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  130. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, May 27, 1884, p. 4". NewspaperArchive.com. May 27, 1884. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  131. ^ NTP Archives (May 15, 1884). "Elora to Speedside". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  132. ^ NTP Archives (May 15, 1884). "Goldstone to Alma to Orton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  133. ^ "25 Jun 1884, 4 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  134. ^ NTP Archive (July 16, 1884). "Lobo to Melrose". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  135. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 6, 1884, p. 4". NewspaperArchive.com. September 6, 1884. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  136. ^ "3 Aug 1883, 8 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  137. ^ "30 May 1885, 1 - Times Colonist at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  138. ^ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, May 29, 1885, p. 5". NewspaperArchive.com. May 29, 1885. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  139. ^ "2 Sep 1885, 1 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  140. ^ "12 Aug 1886, 8 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  141. ^ "14 Apr 1887, 2 - Manitoba Weekly Free Press at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  142. ^ "21 Jul 1887, 1 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  143. ^ "27 Aug 1887, 4 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  144. ^ "24 Aug 1887, Page 1 - Manitoba Free Press at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  145. ^ "14 Jun 1888, 3 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  146. ^ "13 Jun 1888, 5 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  147. ^ "8 Jun 1888, 4 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  148. ^ NTP Archives (June 6, 1888). "Lanark to Ottawa". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  149. ^ NTP Archives (June 6, 1888). "St. Raphael's to St. Lambert". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  150. ^ NTP Archives (July 11, 1888). "Morrisburg". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  151. ^ NTP Archives (July 11, 1888). "Hagarsville Townsend Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  152. ^ NTP Archives (July 11, 1888). "Aylmer". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  153. ^ "24 Jul 1888, 2 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  154. ^ NTP Archives (July 22, 1888). "Alliston". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  155. ^ "Weather Events: Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes". islandnet.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  156. ^ "23 Aug 1888, 3 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  157. ^ NTP Archives (August 26, 1888). "Waterford". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  158. ^ "8 Apr 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  159. ^ "20 May 1889, 3 - Nanaimo Daily News at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  160. ^ "22 Jul 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  161. ^ "14 Aug 1889, 1 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  162. ^ "7 Aug 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  163. ^ "11 Sep 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  164. ^ NTP Archives (June 4, 1890). "Elora". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  165. ^ "13 Jun 1890, 1 - The Saskatchewan Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  166. ^ "A Tornado In Ontario". The Lethbridge News. June 18, 1890. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
  167. ^ "Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jun 19, 1890, p. 2". NewspaperArchive.com. June 19, 1890. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
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  169. ^ "30 Jul 1890, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  170. ^ "28 Jul 1890, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  171. ^ NTP Archive (July 25, 1890). "Millgrove". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  172. ^ a b c Ox Trails to Blacktop (PDF). Oak Lake, Manitoba: Oak Lake History Committee. 1982. pp. 51, 126–127, 342, 363. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
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  179. ^ NTP Archives (July 14, 1891). "Mount Forest & Elora". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  180. ^ NTP Archives (August 9, 1891). "Damascus to Belwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  181. ^ NTP Archives (August 9, 1891). "Hamilton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  182. ^ NTP Archives (August 9, 1891). "North of Waterloo". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
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  187. ^ "5 Jun 1892, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  188. ^ "14 Jun 1892, 7 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  189. ^ Inc, Pelmorex Weather Networks (June 14, 2021). "Canada's ninth deadliest tornado hit Laval, Quebec in 1892". www.theweathernetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
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  191. ^ "Death and Destruction Along the Ottawa River". Lethbridge News. June 22, 1892. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
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  193. ^ "15 Jun 1892, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  194. ^ "26 Jun 1892, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  195. ^ "16 Jun 1892, 1 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  196. ^ "23 Jun 1892, 3 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
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  199. ^ "Terrible Tornado in Manitoba". Lethbridge News. July 13, 1892. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
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  201. ^ "14 Jul 1892, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  202. ^ NTP Archives (July 15, 1892). "Creek Bank". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  203. ^ NTP Archives (July 15, 1892). "Midhurst". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  204. ^ NTP Archives (July 15, 1892). "Beaverton to Rice Lake". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  205. ^ NTP Archives (July 15, 1892). "Hastings". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  206. ^ "19 Jul 1892, Page 7 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  207. ^ "20 Jul 1892, 4 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  208. ^ "19 Jul 1892, Page 7 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  209. ^ "16 Jul 1892, 1 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  210. ^ "25 Jul 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
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  212. ^ NTP Archives (July 27, 1892). "Wiarton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  213. ^ NTP Archives (July 29, 1892). "Ottawa to Templeton, QC". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  214. ^ a b "12 Aug 1892, 4 - The Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  215. ^ "11 Aug 1892, 5 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  216. ^ "11 Aug 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  217. ^ "12 Aug 1892, 12 - The Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  218. ^ "11 Aug 1892, 8 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  219. ^ "22 Aug 1892, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  220. ^ "20 Aug 1892, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  221. ^ "27 Sep 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  222. ^ "26 Sep 1892, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  223. ^ "3 Dec 1892, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  224. ^ "4 Dec 1892, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  225. ^ "Fort Macleod Gazette Newspaper Archives, Apr 7, 1893, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. April 7, 1893. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  226. ^ "13 Apr 1893, 8 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  227. ^ NTP Archives (April 13, 1893). "Goronville". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  228. ^ "27 Apr 1893, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  229. ^ NTP Archives (May 23, 1893). "Aurora". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  230. ^ NTP Archives (May 23, 1893). "Tillsonburg to Brantford". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  231. ^ NTP Archives (May 23, 1893). "Belleville". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  232. ^ "1 Jun 1893, 7 - Vancouver Weekly World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  233. ^ "Cyclone Down East". Lethbridge News. May 25, 1893. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
  234. ^ "31 May 1893, 5 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  235. ^ "24 May 1893, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  236. ^ "1 Jun 1893, 6 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  237. ^ "10 Jul 1893, 3 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  238. ^ "20 Jul 1893, 7 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  239. ^ "29 Jul 1893, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  240. ^ "Quite a Breeze". Lethbridge News. August 10, 1893. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
  241. ^ "11 May 1894, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  242. ^ "31 May 1894, 6 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  243. ^ "31 May 1894, 1 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  244. ^ "26 Jul 1894, 2 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  245. ^ "19 Sep 1894, 8 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  246. ^ "19 Sep 1894, 4 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  247. ^ "21 Sep 1894, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  248. ^ "9 May 1895, Page 7 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  249. ^ "4 Jun 1895, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  250. ^ "Ox Point point, Ontario, Canada". ca.geoview.info. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  251. ^ "6 Jun 1895, 8 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  252. ^ "6 Jun 1895, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  253. ^ "13 Jun 1895, 6 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  254. ^ "18 Jun 1895, 7 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  255. ^ "28 Aug 1895, Page 4 - The Chilliwack Progress at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  256. ^ "8 Aug 1895, 2 - Free Press Prairie Farmer at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  257. ^ "19 Sep 1895, 4 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  258. ^ "20 Sep 1895, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  259. ^ "19 Sep 1895, 7 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  260. ^ NTP Archives (September 11, 1895). "Kingston". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  261. ^ "26 Sep 1895, 5 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  262. ^ "26 Sep 1895, 2 - Free Press Prairie Farmer at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
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Michael Newark, 1977: Tornadoes in Ontario Before 1900. Ontario History Vol.69, No. 4, pp. 257-276. Ontario Historical Society, University of Waterloo

External links