List of Frankish synods
A list of
Background and importance
Regional synods had been held regularly in the Church of Gaul, more than thirty of them between 314 and 506.[1] The synods listed here (some of which are also referred to as "General synods of the German empire") mark a particularly Germanic development in the Western Church: to the usual regional or provincial councils, Germanic peoples added a traditional element from their systems of government, the idea of a national council, which was influenced by the Christian East.[2]
They also indicate a growing congruence between church and state. While Arian rulers kept their distance from the general councils, Visigoth rulers began influencing the councils only after the conversion of Reccared I. As soon as they had established themselves, Merovingian kings (and the Carolingians after them) exerted their influence on the councils.[2] According to Gregory Halfond, such congruence was a particular quality of the Gallo-Roman church, in which the Roman aristocracy made up an important part of the leadership of the Gallo-Roman (and later the Frankish) church; continuity in this power nexus is indicated also by the continued use of Roman procedures in the councils.[3]
An early important churchman is
The basic model established by Clovis entailed a meeting of church leaders (at any level) which could be convoked by religious or secular authorities. The result of such meetings were ecclesiastical legislative decisions called
Many of the synods (sometimes also called "councils"—"synod" is sometimes applied to smaller gatherings
Post-Roman synods held in Gaul before the Frankish period
Visigoth synods
- Synod of Agde (506)[2]
- Synod of Marseilles (533)[16]
- Council of Septimania (589)[17]
Ostrogoth synods
- Synod of Arles (506)[2]
- Synod of Arles (524)[16]
- Synod of Carpentras (527)[16]
- Second Council of Orange (529)[16]
- Second Council of Vaison (529)[16]
Burgundian synods
- Council of Lyon (516) (c. 516)[16]
- Council of Epaone (517), united the ecclesiastical provinces of Lyon and Vienne[2]
- Council of Lyon (518/9)[16]
- Second Council of Valence (ca. 528)[16]
Frankish synods
Sixth century
- First Council of Orléans (511)[2]
- Second Council of Orléans (533)[16]
- First Council of Clermont (Auvergne) (535)[16][18]
- Third Council of Orléans (538)[16]
- Fourth Council of Orléans (541)[16]
- Second Council of Clermont (Auvergne) (549)[18]
- Fifth Council of Orléans (549)[16]
- Synod of Paris (550)[18]
- Synod of Metz (550/5)[16]
- Synod of Éauze (551)[16]
- Second Synod of Paris (551/2[16] / 556/73[clarification needed] / 567[19])
- Synod of Brittany (552)[16]
- Synod of Arles (554)[16]
- Second Council of Tours (567)[20]
- Synod of Paris (573), by order of Guntram[16]
- Synod of Paris (577), by order of Chilperic I[16]
- Synod of Saintes (579)[16]
- Synod of Mâcon (581/3)[16]
- Council of Lyon (583)[16]
- Third Council of Valence (583/5)[16]
- Third Council of Clermont (Auvergne) (584/91)[16]
Seventh century
- Council of Paris (614)
- Sixth Council of Orléans (621)
- Council of Clichy (626/7)[21][22]
- Synod of Mâcon (627)[23]
- Council of Clichy (636)[16]
- Sixth Council of Orléans (639/41), convoked by Clovis II[16]
- Council of Bourges (ca. 643), declared invalid by Sigebert III[16]
- Synod of Chalon-sur-Saône (647/53)[16]
- Synod of Arles (648/60)[16]
- First Synod of Rouen (650), decided on simonyand on liturgical and canonical matters
- Synod of Paris (653)[16]
- Council of Clichy (654)[16]
- Synod of Nantes (655/8)[16]
- Synod of Bordeaux (662/75), convoked by Childeric II[16]
- Synod of Autun (662/76)[16]
- Synod of Saint-Jean-de-Losne (673/75), convoked by Childeric II[16]
- Synod of Malay-le-Roi (677), convoked by Theuderic III[16]
- Synod of Auxerre (695)[12]
Eighth century
- Concilium Germanicum, presided over by Boniface (742/3)[24]
- Council of Estinnes (1 March 744), Boniface's second reform council[25]
- Council of Soissons (744) (3 March 744)[25]
- Synod of Gentilly (767), sanctioned the traditional trinity (the matter of the Filioque) and veneration of images in the Western Church[26]
- Council of Frankfurt (794)
- Council of Friuli (796)
Ninth century
- Council of Aachen (809)
- Synod of Worms (868)[27]
References
- Notes
- ^ Halfond 2.
- ^ a b c d e f Rahner 301–302.
- ^ Halfond 4–6.
- ^ Halfond 6.
- ^ a b Markus 155–56.
- ^ a b Halfond 8–9.
- ^ Halfond 10–13.
- ^ Halfond 12–13.
- ^ Lumpe passim.
- ^ Halfond viii, 21, 59.
- ^ Hartmann 59.
- ^ a b c Schuler 364.
- ^ Wolf 1–5.
- ^ There is some discussion on the appropriateness of the term "reform"; see Halfond 1.
- ^ Schieffer.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Halfond, "Appendix A: Frankish Councils, 511–768." 223–46.
- ^ Halfond 185 n.3.
- ^ a b c d Herbermann et al. 53.
- ^ Acta Conciliorum tom. 3 col. 353
- ^ Acta Conciliorum tom. 3 col. 355
- ^ Delaney 579–80.
- ^ Bachrach 25.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Wolf passim.
- ^ a b Dierkens 15.
- ^ Herbermann et al. 577–578.
- ^ a b Herberman et al. 276–78.
- Bibliography
- Bachrach, David Steward (2003). Religion and the conduct of war, c. 300-1215. Boydell. ISBN 978-0-85115-944-7.
- Delaney, John J. (2005). "Sulpicius". Dictionary of Saints. Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51520-7.
- Dierkens, Alain (1984). "Superstitions, christianisme et paganisma à la fin de l'epoque mérovingienne: A propos de l'Indiculus superstitionem et paganiarum". In Hervé Hasquin (ed.). Magie, sorcellerie, parapsychologie. Brussels: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles. pp. 9–26.
- Halfond, Gregory I. (2009). Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17976-9.
- Hartmann, Wilfried (1985). "Die fränkische Kirche in der Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts". In Heinz Dopsch, Roswitha Juffinger (ed.). Salzburg: Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung, Kulturabteilung. pp. 59–65.
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(help) - Herbermann, Charles George; et al. (1911). "Paul I, Pope". The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church, Volume 11. Robert Appleton. pp. 577–78.
- Lumpe, Adolf (1970). "Zur Geschichte der Wörter 'Concilium' und 'Synodus' in der antiken christlichen Latinität". Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum. 2 (1): 1–21.
- Markus, Robert A. (1992). "From Caesarius to Boniface: Christianity and Paganism in Gaul". In Jacques Fontaine, J.N. Hillgarth (ed.). Le septième siècle: changements et continuités/The seventh century: changes and continuities. Studies of the Warburg Institute. Vol. 42. London: Warburg Institute. pp. 154–72. ISBN 978-0-85481-083-3.
- Rahner, Karl (1975). Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi. Freiburg: Herder. ISBN 978-0-86012-006-3.
- ISBN 3-534-06065-2.
- Schuler, Matthias (1947). "Zum 1200jähr. Jubiläum des fränkischen Generalkonzils vom Jahre 747. Der höhepunkt der Reformtätigkeit des hl. Bonifatius". Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift. 56: 362–70.
- Wolf, Gunther G. (1999). "Die Peripetie in des Bonifatius Wirksamkeit und die Resignation Karlmanns d.Ä.". Archiv für Diplomatik. 45: 1–5.