List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.
Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different
Organization of this list
This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the
Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.
The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.
The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the
List
Cenozoic
Quaternary
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holocene | |||||||
Meghalayan | 0.0042 |
|
25°15′44″N 91°42′54″E / 25.2622°N 91.7150°E | [1][2] | |||
Northgrippian | 0.0082 | NGRIP1 ice core, |
|
75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W | [1] | ||
Greenlandian | 0.0117 | NGRIP2 ice core, |
|
75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W | [1][3] | ||
Pleistocene | |||||||
Upper/Late | 0.129 | - |
|
- | - | ||
Chibanian | 0.774 | Chiba , Japan
|
|
35°17′39″N 140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E | [4] | ||
Calabrian
|
1.8 | Vrica Section,
Calabria, Italy |
|
39°02′19″N 17°08′05″E / 39.0385°N 17.1348°E | [5] | ||
Gelasian | 2.58 | Monte San Nicola Section, |
|
37°08′47″N 14°12′16″E / 37.146468°N 14.204562°E | [6] |
Neogene
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pliocene | |||||||
Piacenzian | 3.6 | Punta Piccola Section,
Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy |
|
37°17′22″N 13°29′29″E / 37.289386°N 13.491443°E | [7] | ||
Zanclean | 5.333 | Heraclea Minoa section
Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy |
|
37°23′33″N 13°16′52″E / 37.392435°N 13.281052°E | [8] | ||
Miocene | |||||||
Messinian | 7.246 | Oued Akrech section, |
|
33°55′30″N 6°48′33″W / 33.925050°N 6.809047°W | [9] | ||
Tortonian | 11.63 | Monte dei Corvi Beach section,
Ancona, Italy |
|
43°35′14″N 13°33′58″E / 43.587242°N 13.566148°E | [10] | ||
Serravallian | 13.82 | Ras il Pellegrin section, |
|
35°54′50″N 14°20′10″E / 35.9139°N 14.3361°E | [11] | ||
Langhian | 15.98 | At 17.84 m in the 'Lower La Vedova Beach' section, Ancona, Italy |
|
43°35′31″N 13°33′44″E / 43.5919°N 13.5623°E | [4] | ||
Burdigalian | 20.44 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Aquitanian | 23.03 | Lemme-Carrosio Section,
Carrosio, Italy |
|
44°39′36″N 8°50′21″E / 44.6601°N 8.83928°E | [12] |
Paleogene
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oligocene | |||||||
Chattian | 27.82 | Central Apennines , Italy
|
Biological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b) | 43°38′48″N 12°28′04″E / 43.646748°N 12.467771°E | [13] | ||
Rupelian | 33.9 | Massignano quarry section,
Massignano, Ancona, Italy |
|
43°32′10″N 13°35′33″E / 43.536038°N 13.592499°E | [14] | ||
Eocene | |||||||
Priabonian | 37.71 | Alano section,
Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy |
|
45°54′51″N 11°55′05″E / 45.9141°N 11.9180°E | [15] | ||
Bartonian | 41.2 | Contessa highway section
Central Apennines , Italy
|
|
43°22′47″N 12°33′44″E / 43.37972°N 12.56219°E | - | ||
Lutetian | 47.8 | Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,
Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain |
|
43°22′47″N 3°00′51″W / 43.3796°N 3.0143°W | [16] | ||
Ypresian | 56 | Dababiya section, |
|
25°30′00″N 32°31′52″E / 25.5000°N 32.5311°E | [17][18] | ||
Paleocene | |||||||
Thanetian | 59.2 | Zumaia Section,
Basque Country, Spain |
|
43°17′59″N 2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W | [19] | ||
Selandian | 61.6 | Zumaia Section,
Basque Country, Spain |
|
43°17′57″N 2°15′40″W / 43.2992°N 2.2610°W | [19] | ||
Danian | 66 | El Kef Section, |
|
36°09′13″N 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E | [20] |
Mesozoic
Cretaceous
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper
| |||||||
Maastrichtian | 72.1 | Grande Carrière quarry,
Landes, France |
|
43°40′46″N 1°06′48″W / 43.6795°N 1.1133°W | [21] | ||
Campanian | 83.6 | Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy |
|
43°21′46″N 12°34′58″E / 43.3627°N 12.5828°E | [22][23] | ||
Santonian | 86.3 | Olazagutia, Spain |
|
42°52′00″N 2°11′48″W / 42.8668°N 2.1968°W | [4] | ||
Coniacian | 89.8 | Salzgitter-Salder quarry, Germany |
|
52°07′27″N 10°19′46″E / 52.1243°N 10.3295°E | [4] | ||
Turonian | 93.9 | Rock Canyon,
Colorado, United States |
|
38°16′56″N 104°43′39″W / 38.2822°N 104.7275°W | [24] | ||
Cenomanian | 100.5 | Mont Risoux,
Hautes-Alpes, France |
|
44°23′28″N 5°30′39″E / 44.391120°N 5.510970°E | [25] | ||
Lower
| |||||||
Albian | 113 | Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France |
|
44°30′28″N 5°17′50″E / 44.507861°N 5.297250°E | [26] | ||
Aptian | 121.4 | Candidate section:
|
|
- | - | ||
Barremian | 125.77 | Río Argos, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia Province , Spain
|
|
- | [28] | ||
Hauterivian | 132.6 | La Charce, Drôme, France |
|
44°28′10″N 5°26′37″E / 44.4694°N 5.4437°E | [29][30] | ||
Valanginian | 139.8 | Candidates sections:
|
|
- | - | ||
Berriasian | 145 | Candidate section:
|
Candidates:
|
Jurassic
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper
| |||||||
Tithonian | 149.2 | Candidate sections: |
|
- | - | ||
Kimmeridgian | 154.8 | Flodigarry, Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K. |
|
57°39′40″N 6°14′44″W / 57.6610°N 6.2455°W | [4] | ||
Oxfordian
|
161.5 | Candidate sections: |
|
- | - | ||
Middle | |||||||
Callovian | 165.3 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | - | ||
Bathonian | 168.2 | Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France |
|
43°57′38″N 6°18′55″E / 43.9606°N 6.3153°E | [32] | ||
Bajocian | 170.9 | Cabo Mondego, Portugal |
|
40°11′57″N 8°54′15″W / 40.1992°N 8.9042°W | [33] | ||
Aalenian | 174.7 | Fuentelsaz, Spain |
|
41°4′44.9″N 1°49′49.2″W / 41.079139°N 1.830333°W | [34] | ||
Lower
| |||||||
Toarcian | 184.2 | Peniche, Portugal |
|
39°22′15″N 9°23′07″W / 39.3708°N 9.3853°W | [35] | ||
Pliensbachian | 192.9 | Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England, U.K. |
|
54°24′25″N 0°29′51″W / 54.4069°N 0.4975°W | [36] | ||
Sinemurian | 199.5 | East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, England, UK |
|
51°11′27″N 3°14′11″W / 51.1909°N 3.2364°W | [37] | ||
Hettangian | 201.4 | Kuhjoch section, Northern Calcareous Alps , Austria
|
|
47°29′02″N 11°31′50″E / 47.4839°N 11.5306°E |
Triassic
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper
| |||||||
Rhaetian | ~208.5 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | - | ||
Norian | ~227 | Candidate sections: |
|
- | - | ||
Carnian | ~237 | Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy |
|
46°31′37″N 11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E | [39] | ||
Middle | |||||||
Ladinian | ~242 | Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy |
|
45°49′06″N 10°28′13″E / 45.818380°N 10.470270°E | [40] | ||
Anisian | 247.2 | Candidate sections:
|
|
45°04′27″N 28°48′08″E / 45.0742°N 28.8022°E | |||
Lower
| |||||||
Olenekian | 251.2 | Candidate sections:
|
|
31°57′55″N 78°01′29″E / 31.9654°N 78.0246°E | |||
Induan | 251.9 | Meishan, Zhejiang, China |
|
31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E |
Paleozoic
Permian
Carboniferous
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvanian | |||||||
Gzhelian | 303.7 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Kasimovian | 307 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Moscovian | 315.2 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Bashkirian | 323.2 | Arrow Canyon, Nevada, United States |
|
36°44′00″N 114°46′40″W / 36.7333°N 114.7778°W | [46] | ||
Mississippian
| |||||||
Serpukhovian | 330.9 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Visean
|
346.7 | Pengchong Section,
Guangxi, China |
|
24°26′00″N 109°27′00″E / 24.4333°N 109.4500°E | [4] | ||
Tournaisian | 358.9 | La Serre, Montagne Noire, France |
|
43°33′20″N 3°21′31″E / 43.55554°N 3.35868°E | [47] |
Devonian
Silurian
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Přídolí
|
423 | Požáry Section, |
|
50°01′40″N 14°19′30″E / 50.0277°N 14.3249°E | [54] | ||
Ludlow
| |||||||
Ludfordian | 425.6 | Sunnyhill, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K. |
|
52°21′33″N 2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W | [55] | ||
Gorstian | 427.4 | Pitch Coppice, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K. |
|
52°21′33″N 2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W | [55] | ||
Wenlock
| |||||||
Homerian | 430.5 | Whitwell Coppice, Homer, England, U.K. |
|
52°36′56″N 2°33′53″W / 52.6156°N 2.5647°W | [55] | ||
Sheinwoodian | 433.4 |
|
52°34′52″N 2°38′20″W / 52.5811°N 2.6389°W | [4][55] | |||
Llandovery
| |||||||
Telychian | 438.5 | El Pintado section, |
|
- | [56][57] | ||
Aeronian | 440.8 | Hlásná Třebaň section, Czech Republic |
|
- | [57][58] | ||
Rhuddanian | 443.8 |
|
55°25′48″N 3°16′19″W / 55.429889°N 3.272036°W | [54] |
Ordovician
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper
| |||||||
Hirnantian | 445.2 | Wangjiawan section
Wangjiawan, Yichang, China |
|
30°59′03″N 111°25′11″E / 30.9841°N 111.4197°E | [59] | ||
Katian | 453 | Black Knob Ridge section,
Oklahoma, United States |
|
34°25′50″N 96°04′29″W / 34.4305°N 96.0746°W | [60] | ||
Sandbian | 458.4 | Fågelsång section
Skåne , Sweden
|
|
55°42′49″N 13°19′32″E / 55.7137°N 13.3255°E | [61] | ||
Middle
| |||||||
Darriwilian | 467.3 | Huangnitang Section |
|
28°51′14″N 118°29′23″E / 28.8539°N 118.4897°E | [62] | ||
Dapingian | 470 | Huanghuachang section
Huanghuachang, Yichang, China |
|
30°51′38″N 111°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 111.3740°E | [63][64] | ||
Lower
| |||||||
Floian | 477.7 | Diabasbrottet quarry ,
Västergötland, Sweden |
|
58°21′32″N 12°30′09″E / 58.3589°N 12.5024°E | [65] | ||
Tremadocian | 485.4 | Greenpoint section
Green Point, Newfoundland , Canada
|
|
49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W | [66] |
Cambrian
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Furongian | |||||||
Stage 10 | 489.5 | Candidate sections:
|
Candidates:
|
- | [67] | ||
Jiangshanian | ~494 | Duibian B Section |
|
28°48′57″N 118°36′54″E / 28.815967°N 118.614933°E | [68] | ||
Paibian | ~497 | Paibi section |
|
28°23′22″N 109°31′33″E / 28.3895°N 109.5257°E | [69] | ||
Miaolingian | |||||||
Guzhangian | ~500.5 | Luoyixi section
Guzhang, Hunan , China
|
|
28°43′12″N 109°57′53″E / 28.7200°N 109.9647°E | [70] | ||
Drumian | ~504.5 | Drumian section |
|
39°30′42″N 112°59′29″W / 39.5117°N 112.9915°W | [71] | ||
Wuliuan | ~509 | Wuliu-Zengjiayan, Guizhou, China |
|
26°04′51″N 108°24′50″E / 26.0807°N 108.4138°E | [72][73] | ||
Series 2 | |||||||
Stage 4 | ~514 | None |
|
- | [74] | ||
Stage 3 | ~521 | None |
|
- | [75][76] | ||
Terreneuvian | |||||||
Stage 2 | ~529 | None |
|
- | - | ||
Fortunian | 538.8 | Fortune head section,
Newfoundland, Canada |
|
47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W | [77] |
Precambrian
Proterozoic
Era | Period | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neoproterozoic | |||||||
Ediacaran | ~635 | Enorama Creek section |
|
31°19′53″S 138°38′00″E / 31.3314°S 138.6334°E | [78] | ||
Cryogenian | ~720 | Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of ca. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress. |
|
- | [79] | ||
Tonian | 1000 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Mesoproterozoic | |||||||
Stenian | 1200 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Ectasian | 1400 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Calymmian | 1600 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Paleoproterozoic | |||||||
Statherian | 1800 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Orosirian | 2050 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Rhyacian | 2300 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Siderian | 2500 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] |
Archean and Hadean
Eon | Era | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP/GSSA location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archean | |||||||
Neoarchean | 2800 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | - | ||
Mesoarchean | 3200 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | - | ||
Paleoarchean | 3600 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | - | ||
Eoarchean | 4031 | Along the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada | Defined chronometrically
Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages |
65°10′26″N 115°33′14″W / 65.1738°N 115.5538°W | [4] | ||
Hadean | - | 4567.3 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | [4] |
See also
- Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
- International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)
- Geologic Time Scale
- History of the Earth
- Geological history of Earth
References
- ^ . Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- S2CID 182783922. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- doi:10.1002/jqs.1227.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- .
- .
- S2CID 56126092. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- S2CID 10836910. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- .
- .
- S2CID 31907781. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- .
- hdl:11573/1611823.
- .
- S2CID 224987455. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- S2CID 131503804.
- .
- .
- ^ .
- .
- .
- S2CID 253436620.
- S2CID 256539746. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- .
- .
- .
- ^ Galbrun, B.; Aretz, M.; Bert, O.; Desmares, D.; Fernandez-Lopez, S. (2022). "Les Points Stratotypiques Mondiaux (PSM) de France". Géochronique (163). Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Barremian GSSP Ratified by IUGS". Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ "Hauterivian GSSP Working Group". International Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ "GSSP of the Hautervian Stage". International Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the High Andes of Mendoza: New geochronological constraints
- S2CID 51754708.
- .
- .
- S2CID 131791652. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- .
- .
- ISSN 1502-3931.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - .
- .
- .
- .
- ISSN 1684-5927. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy GSSPs". Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- ^ .
- ^ .
- doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13314.15044. Retrieved 1 March 2024.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ^ a b "Silurian Telychian and Aeronian stage GSSPs have been relocated". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ Štorch, Petr. "Formal proposal for a new Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Aeronian Stage at Hlásná Třebaň, Czech Republic" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- S2CID 43893965.Note: there is an apparent typo in the article referenced; they give the coordinates as "a latitude of 30°51'37.8"N and a longitude of110°22'26.5"E", but their map and location description better corresponds to 30°51'37.8"N 111°22'26.5"E.
- S2CID 32506478.
- .
- .
- ^ "GSSP for Jiangshanian". Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- .
- .
- .
- ^ Ahlberg, Per; Babcock, Lauren E. ISCS Annual Report 2017. International Commission on Stratigraphy http://www.palaeontology.geo.uu.se/ISCS/ISCS%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "A new "Golden Spike" settled in China: GSSP of the Wuliuan Stage and the Miaolingian Series, Cambrian". Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- . Retrieved 21 November 2012.
- ^ "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- . Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- .
- . Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ ISSN 0705-3797.
- ^ .