List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia

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Deportation of Jews from Slovakia
Slovak Jews
Organised bySlovak State, Nazi Germany
Deaths57,000 (1942)
10,000 (1944–1945)
Total: 67,000

During

Theresienstadt
concentration camps. Altogether, these deportations resulted in the deaths of around 67,000 of the 89,000 Jews living in Slovakia.

Background

List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia is located in Slovakia
Patrónka
Patrónka
Žilina
Žilina
Poprad
Poprad
Nováky
Nováky
Selected mentioned locations in Slovakia

In the political crisis that followed the September 1938

deported to the Hungarian border. Although they were allowed to return within a few months, these deportations were a rehearsal for those to follow in 1942.[4][5]

On 14 March 1939, the

Slovak State declared independence with German support. Many Jews lost their jobs and property due to Aryanization, which resulted in large numbers of them becoming impoverished. This became a pressing social problem for the Slovak government, which it "solved" by deporting the unemployed Jews. Slovakia initially agreed with the German government to deport 20,000 Jews of working age to German-occupied Poland, paying Nazi Germany 500 Reichsmarks each (supposedly to cover the cost of resettlement). However, this was only the first step in the deportation of all Jews, because deporting workers while leaving their families behind would worsen the economic situation of the remaining Jews.[6][7]

In the meantime, Nazi Germany had been working towards the

Sobibór and Treblinka—to free up space for the Slovak and German Jews.[8]

1942

Initial phase

Linda Reich (center), deported on the first transport from Slovakia, and other prisoners sort belongings confiscated from Jews deported from Carpathian Ruthenia, 1944

The original deportation plan, approved in February 1942 by the German and Slovak governments, entailed the deportation of 7,000 single women aged 16–35 to Auschwitz and 13,000 single men aged 16–45 to Majdanek as forced laborers.[7][9] The cover name for the operation was Aktion David.[10][11] The SS officer and Judenberater (adviser on Jewish issues) Dieter Wisliceny and Slovak officials promised that deportees would not be mistreated and would be allowed to return home after a fixed period.[12] Initially, many Jews believed that it was better to report for deportation than risk reprisals against their families for failing to do so.[13] However, 3,000 of the 7,000 women who were supposed to be deported refused to report as ordered. Methods of escape included sham marriages, being sent away to live with relatives, or being hidden temporarily by non-Jews. The Hlinka Guard struggled to meet its targets;[14] as a result, only 3,800 women and 4,500 men were deported during the initial phase of deportations.[15] Nevertheless, they opened "a new chapter in the history of the Holocaust" because the Slovak women were the first Jewish prisoners in Auschwitz. Their arrival precipitated the conversion of the camp into an extermination camp.[16]

Department 14, a subsidiary of Slovakia's Central Economic Office, organized the transports,

Zwardon at 08:30, the Hlinka Guard turned the transports over to the German Schutzpolizei.[25][20][26] The transports would arrive in Auschwitz the same afternoon[27] and at Majdanek the next morning.[26]

On 25 March 1942, the

Haredim and tended to marry young: more than half were aged 21 or younger. The women deported from Bratislava were older on average because they married later in life and some did not marry at all; only 40 percent were 21 or younger.[28]

Date Source Destination Number of deportees
25–26 March[23][31]
Poprad
Auschwitz 997[27]
27 March
Žilina
Majdanek 1000[32]
27–28 March
Patrónka
Auschwitz 798,[31][33] 1000,[34] or 1002[22]
28–30 March Sereď Majdanek 1000[32][35]
30–31 March
Nováky
Majdanek 1003[32][21]
1–2 April Patrónka Auschwitz 965[36][37]
2[23]–3 April Poprad Auschwitz 997[31][38]
5 April Žilina Majdanek 1495[32]
Most information can also be verified to Fatran 2007, p. 180

Transports to Lublin

Sobibór extermination camp
, 14 June 1942

SS leader Reinhard Heydrich visited Bratislava on 10 April 1942. He and Vojtech Tuka agreed that further deportations would target whole families and eventually remove all Jews from Slovakia.[39][40] Ostensibly, the change was to avoid separating families, but it also solved the problem of caring for the children and elderly family members of able-bodied deportees.[19] The family transports began on 11 April and took their victims to the Lublin district.[39][40] This change disrupted the SS's plans in the Lublin district. Instead of able-bodied male Slovak Jews being deported to Majdanek, the SS needed to prepare space for Slovak Jewish families in the region's overcrowded ghettos.[15] The transports from Slovakia were the largest and longest of all the deportations of Jews to the Lublin District.[26]

The trains went through two railway distribution points, in Nałęczów and Lublin, where they were met by a ranking SS officer. In Lublin, there was usually a selection and able-bodied men were selected for labor at Majdanek, while the remainder were sent to ghettos along the rail lines. For the trains that went through Nałęczów, the Jews were dispatched to locations seeking forced labor, usually without separating families.[41] Most of the trains brought their victims (30,000 in total)[42] to ghettos whose inhabitants had been recently deported to the Bełżec or Sobibór death camps,[15] as part of a "revolving door" policy in which foreign Jews were brought in to replace those murdered.[43] The final transports to the Lublin district occurred during the first half of June 1942; ten transports stopped briefly at Majdanek, where able-bodied men (generally those aged 15–50) were selected for labor; the trains continued to Sobibór, where the remaining victims were murdered.[39][44]

The victims were given only four hours warning to prevent them from escaping. Beatings and forcible beard shaving were commonplace, as was subjecting Jews to invasive searches to uncover hidden valuables.[45] Although some guards and local officials accepted bribes to keep Jews off the transports, the victim would typically be deported on the next train.[46] Others took advantage of their power to rape Jewish women.[47] Jews were only allowed to bring 50 kilograms (110 lb) of personal items with them, but even this was frequently stolen.[48] Official exemptions were supposed to keep Jews from being deported, but local authorities sometimes deported exemption holders.[49]

Most groups stayed only briefly in the Lublin ghettos before they were deported again to the death camps, while a few remained in the ghettos for months or years.

Dęblin–Irena.[55]

Date Source Destination Secondary destination Number of deportees Notes
11[56]–13 April[57] Trnava Lubartów/Majdanek Kamionka, Firlej 1040 About 900 Jews arrived in Lubartów from the first transport and 680 from the second. They were soon transferred elsewhere, mostly to Firlej and Ostrów.[58]
14[32]–15 April[57] Nitra Lubartów/Majdanek Ostrów Lubelski 1038
16[34]–17 April[59] Nitra Rejowiec/Majdanek Trawniki 1048 About 840 Jews arrived in Rejowiec.[59]
20 April[59] Nitra Rejowiec 1030
21[35]–22 April[60] Topoľčany/Sereď Opole 1001 From the five transports to Opole (totaling 4,302 deportees), only 1,400 Jews remained in the ghetto; the remainder were sent to labor camps in the area.[60]
27 April Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Piešťany, and Hlohovec Opole Poniatowa 1179–1382[61]
5[32]–7 May[57] Trebišov Lubartów/Majdanek Kamionka 1040 841 Slovak Jews arrived in Lubartów.[57]
6[32]–8 May[62] Michalovce Łuków 1038 Slovak Jews remained at Łuków until the ghetto's liquidation on 2 May 1943.[63]
7[32]–9 May[62] Michalovce Łuków 1040
8 May Michalovce Międzyrzec Podlaski 1001[32] or 1,025[64]
11 May[65] Humenné Chełm 1009 The SS confiscated the deportees' luggage. Some were conscripted to work for the Wasserwirtschaftsinspektion (Water Regulation Authority) at Siedliszcze. Others were deported to
Sobibór extermination camp on 22–23 May. The ghetto was liquidated on 5–9 November 1942.[65]
12 May[65] Žilina Chełm 1002
13 May[66] Prešov
Dęblin–Irena
1040 On 15 October 1942, most of the Slovak Jews were deported to Treblinka extermination camp.[66] About a hundred Slovak Jewish men and women—the last significant group of Slovak Jews to survive in the Lublin area—were kept by the Luftwaffe to work as forced laborers on the nearby airfield. On 22 July 1944, they were sent to Częstochowa where a few dozen managed to survive until the liberation.[54][67][66]
14 May[66] Prešov Dęblin–Irena 1040
17[32]–20 May[68] Bardejov Końskowola[68] 1,025[68] or 1028 The first transport to Końskowola included 700 elderly individuals and children.[68] The second arrived before 2 June. At Końskowola, Slovak Jews were employed in agricultural labor and suffered from severe hunger. In early October, the ghetto was liquidated. Except for 500 to 1,000 craftsmen who were deported to labor camps in the area, the remaining Jews were shot, either during the roundups or in ravines near Rudy.[69]
18 May Bardejov Opole Poniatowa 1015
19 May Vranov Opole Kazimierz 1005
20 May Medzilaborce Końskowola[68] 1001[32] or 1,630[68]
23 or 27 May[59] Sabinov/Prešov Rejowiec 1630 At Rejowiec, some Slovak Jews worked for the
Krychów forced-labor camp.[70][71]
24 or 28 May[59] Stropkov/Bardejov Rejowiec 1022
24[23]–25 May[59] Poprad Rejowiec 1000
25[60] or 26 May to 30 May[72] Žilina Opole 1000
29 May[73] Spišská Nová Ves Izbica/Majdanek 1032[32] or 1052[73] At Izbica, Jews were held temporarily under extremely overcrowded conditions before being deported to
Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibór.[74]
29[23]–30 May[73] Poprad Izbica/Majdanek 1000
30 May[23]–1 June Poprad
Sobibór
/Majdanek
1000 These transports were the only ones that went directly from Slovakia to one of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps. They signified the end of the "revolving door", as German policy shifted from temporarily warehousing Jews deported to Poland in ghettos to murdering them immediately.[75][76]
2 June
Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš
Sobibór/Majdanek 1014
5 June Bratislava/Žilina Sobibór/Majdanek 1000
7 June Bratislava/Žilina Sobibór/Majdanek 1000
8 June Žilina Sobibór/Majdanek 1001
9 June Zvolen/Kremnica Sobibór/Majdanek 1019
11 June Nováky Sobibór/Majdanek 1000
12 June Sereď/Žilina Sobibór/Majdanek 1000
12[23]–13 June Poprad Sobibór/Majdanek 1000
14 June Nováky/Žilina Sobibór/Majdanek 1000
Where two primary destinations are listed, there was a selection in Lublin and able-bodied men (generally those aged 15–50 years) were sent to Majdanek.[44] All information from Büchler 1991, p. 166 unless otherwise indicated. Most information can also be verified to Fatran 2007, p. 180; Silberklang 2013, pp. 303–306.

Transports to Auschwitz

Slovenské Železnice (Slovak Railways).[11]

A moratorium on transports to the east was imposed on 19 June 1942 due to military campaigns on the

Auschwitz II-Birkenau, which became a regular event. The majority of deportees—especially mothers with children—were not chosen for forced labor and instead were killed in gas chambers.[78][79] By 1 August, most of the Jews not exempt from deportation had already been deported or had fled to Hungary to avoid the deportations, leading to a six-week halt in the transports.[80] An additional three trains departed for Auschwitz in September and October.[81]

For the first three months after the arrival of the first transport in March, Slovak Jewish women were the only female Jewish prisoners in Auschwitz.

subcamps[85][86]—about half of whom had obtained privileged positions in administration which allowed them to obtain the necessities for survival.[87]

Date Source Women registered Men registered Murdered in gas chambers Total Notes
12–13 April Sereď[35][34] 443 634 1077 These transports contained single men and women as well as childless couples.[88]
17 April Žilina[34] 27 973 1000
19 April Žilina[34] 536 46 1000
22–23 April Poprad[23][34] 457 543 1000
24 April Žilina[34] 558 442 1000
29 April Žilina[34] 300 423 300 1054 These two transports had to be supplemented with families with children to meet the quota.[88]
19–20 June Žilina[84] 255 404 341 1000
3–4 July Žilina[89] 108 264 628 1000 This was the first family transport to Auschwitz, the first selection ever on the ramp at Birkenau, and the first group to be murdered in Bunker II.[88][79]
10–11 July Žilina[89] 148 182 670 1000
16[89]–18 July Žilina[89] 178 327 459 1000
24–25 July Žilina[89] 93 192 715 1000
31 July–1 August Žilina[89] 75 165 608 848 By 1 August, most of the Jews not exempt from deportation had already been deported or had fled to Hungary, leading to a six-week halt in the transports.[80]
19 September Žilina[81] 71 206 723 1000 The final transports targeted Jews in the labor camps, especially those who were mentally or physically disabled.[90]
23 September Žilina[81] 67 294 639 1000
20–21 October Žilina[24][89] 78 121 649 848 (or 860)[89]
All information from Büchler 1996, p. 320 except source locations, from Fatran 2007, pp. 180–181. Most of it can also be verified to Czech 1997, pp. 154, 157–160, 184, 191–192, 196, 199, 203, 208, 241, 243, 256.

Summary

Between 25 March and 20 October 1942, about 57,700[c] Jews (two-thirds of the population) were deported.[92][93] Sixty-three of the deportation trains from Slovakia were organized by Franz Novak.[94] The deportations disproportionately affected poor, rural, and Orthodox Jews; although the Šariš-Zemplín region in eastern Slovakia lost 85 to 90 percent of its Jewish population, Žilina reported that almost half of its Jews remained after the deportation.[95] The deportees were held briefly in camps in Slovakia before deportation; 26,384 from Žilina,[24] 7,500 from Patrónka,[22] 7,000 from Poprad,[23] 4,160[96] (or 4,463)[97] from Sereď, and 4,000 to 5,000 from Nováky.[98] Eighteen trains with 18,746 victims[42] went to Auschwitz, and another thirty-eight transports (with 39,000 to 40,000 deportees)[a] went to ghettos and concentration and extermination camps in the Lublin district.[100][20] Only a few hundred (estimated at 250[101] or 800[102]) survived the war.[20][103] Czech historian Daniel Putík estimates that only 1.5 percent (around 280 people) of those deported to Auschwitz in 1942 survived, while the death rate of those deported to the Lublin region approached 100 percent.[104]

Attempts by Germany and Slovak People's Party radicals to resume the transports in 1943 were unsuccessful due to the opposition of Slovak moderates and were followed by a two-year hiatus.[105][106]

1944–1945

Auschwitz II-Birkenau in 1944 (from the Auschwitz Album
)

Increasing

Slovak partisan activity triggered a German invasion on 29 August 1944. The partisans responded by launching a full-scale uprising. The insurgents seized a large portion of central Slovakia but were defeated by the end of October.[107] Einsatzgruppe H, one of the SS death squads, was formed to deport or murder the estimated 25,000 Jews remaining in Slovakia.[108] Einsatzgruppe H was aided by local collaborators, including SS-Heimatschutz, Abwehrgruppe 218, and the Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions.[109][110] Most of the Jews who were exempted from the 1942 deportations lived in western Slovakia,[111] but following the invasion many fled to the mountains.[112]

Slovak historian

satellite camps, where they worked mostly in war industries.[119] On four transports from Sereď, selections were carried out at the camp with different cars being directed to Sachsenhausen, Bergen-Belsen, Ravensbrück, and/or Theresienstadt.[117] Many details of the transports are unknown, because much of the documentation was destroyed by the perpetrators, requiring historians to rely on survivor testimonies.[120][113][121]


Date Source Destination Number of deportees Notes
1 September Čadca Auschwitz 100+ Six men and eight women were registered at the camp. 72 males and an unknown number of females were sent to the gas chambers.[122]
5 September Čadca Auschwitz One man and two women were registered at the camp. An unknown number were sent to the gas chambers.[122]
20 September Unknown Auschwitz 177 From this transport, 146 people were sent to the gas chambers and the remainder were registered.[122] Israeli historian Gila Fatran estimates a total of 400 Jews were deported on the three transports.[116]
30 September Sereď Auschwitz 1860 [123][124]
3 October Sereď Auschwitz 1836 [125][124]
10[125]–12 October[126] Sereď Auschwitz 1882 or 1890 [125][124]
17[127]–19 October[128] Sereď Auschwitz 862 or 920[127][124] 113 Jewish women were registered.[128]
2 November Sereď Auschwitz 920 or 930 The gas chambers of Auschwitz were used for the last time on the previous day. All of the deportees were registered at the camp without a selection.[125][129][130]
2–3 November Prešov Ravensbrück 364 Mostly Jews, some Romani people.[131] According to Fatran, about 100 Jews in total were deported from Prešov.[116]
9 November Ilava Germany 183 This transport included Jews but the prisoners were predominantly non-Jewish. According to a German official, another transport with 100 individuals had been dispatched from Ilava the previous week, and also sent to Germany.[122] According to Fatran, the total number of Jews deported from Ilava was about 100.[116]
c. 15 November Sereď Ravensbrück 488 Jews[131]
16 November Sereď Sachsenhausen, Bergen-Belsen 600–800 (Sachsenhausen), 100–200 (Bergen-Belsen) Mostly Jews; there were some
Mischlinge sent to Bergen-Belsen[131]
28 November Prešov Ravensbrück 53 Women and children, mostly Jewish[132]
2–3 December Sereď Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück, Theresienstadt about 580 (Sachsenhausen), 160–200 (Ravensbrück),[132] 416[133] or 421 (Theresienstadt)[132] Jews and several political prisoners were sent to Sachsenhausen; the transport to Ravensbrück consisted of Jewish women; those sent to Theresienstadt were exclusively Jews.[132] According to Slovak historian Katarína Hradská, the transport arrived in Theresienstadt on 23 December; 382 of those deported to Theresienstadt survived.[133]
c. 10 January Kežmarok Ravensbrück 47 Women and children, mostly Jews and some Romani people; also some political prisoners.[132]
16 January Sereď Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück, Theresienstadt 370 (Sachsenhausen), 260–310 (Ravensbrück), 127[132] or 129[133] (Theresienstadt) Sent to Sachsenhausen were Jewish men and political prisoners; Jewish women were sent to Ravensbrück; the Jews sent to Theresienstadt were mostly those incapable of work[132] The transport arrived in Theresienstadt 19 January and 127 of the 129 deportees survived.[133]
9–12 March Sereď Theresienstadt 548 According to Hradská, there were 546 survivors.[125][133]
31 March–7 April Sereď Theresienstadt 354 According to Hradská, there were 352 survivors.[125][133]

An estimated 10,000 of the deportees died.

death marches.[135] Between several hundred[107] and 2,000[116][136] Jews were killed in Slovakia, and about 10,850 survived to be liberated by the Red Army in March and April 1945.[116][137]

Destination Killed Total Notes
Auschwitz Most 6,734–7,936
Bergen-Belsen 30–50 percent 200–300 Very few of the children deported to Bergen-Belsen survived.[138]
Ravensbrück Less than 30 percent About 2,000
Sachsenhausen At least 25 percent 1,550–1,750
Theresienstadt 2 percent (40 people[133]) 1,454–1,467 Hradská attributes the deaths to
natural causes[133]
Not deported Several hundred[107] to 2,000[116][136] 10,850 survived[116]
All information from Putík 2015, p. 47 unless otherwise indicated.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Estimates include 39,006 (Katarína Hradská),[91] 39,875 (Gila Fatran), 39,883 (Yehoshua Büchler),[50] or 39,899 passengers (Laura Crago[99] and Janina Kiełboń). The exact number is unknown and impossible to determine due to discrepancies in the sources. For example, some Jews died or committed suicide before they were deported or during transport and were not counted consistently.[61]
  2. ^ Transports left Patrónka,[22] Poprad,[23] and Nováky in the evening,[20] and Žilina at 03:20.[24]
  3. ^ Estimates include 57,628[20] and 57,752.[91]

References

Citations

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General sources

Books

Journals

Theses

Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos

Volume 2—open access
Volume 3

Web

Further reading

  • Macadam, Heather Dune (2019). 999: The Extraordinary Young Women of the First Official Jewish Transport to Auschwitz. New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation. .

External links