List of Internet pioneers
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Instead of having a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early and ongoing development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment.
The pioneers
J. C. R. Licklider
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (1915–1990) was a faculty member of
Paul Baran
Paul Baran (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research at RAND Corporation starting in 1959 when Baran began investigating the development of survivable communication networks. This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed communications"[4] that in 1964 described a detailed architecture for a distributed survivable packet switched communications network.[1] In 2012, Baran was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]
Donald Davies
Donald Davies (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept of packet switching in 1965 at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL).[6] In the same year, he proposed a national data network based on packet switching in the UK. After the proposal was not taken up nationally, during 1966 he headed a team which produced a design for a local area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. He and his team were the first to describe the use of an "Interface computer" to act as a router in 1966;[7] one of the first to use the term 'protocol' in a data-commutation context in 1967;[8] and also carried out simulation work on packet networks, including datagram networks.[9][10]
In 1967, a written version of the proposal entitled NPL Data Network was presented by a member of his team (Roger Scantlebury) at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. Scantlebury suggested packet switching for use in the ARPANET; Larry Roberts incorporated it into the design and sought input from Paul Baran.[11][12][13] Davies gave the first public presentation on packet switching in 1968 and built the local area NPL network in England, influencing other research in the UK and Europe.[14] The NPL network and the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching and NPL was the first to use high-speed links.[15] In 2012, Davies was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5][16]
Charles M. Herzfeld
Charles M. Herzfeld (1925–2017) was an American scientist and scientific manager, best known for his time as Director of DARPA, during which, among other things, he personally took the decision to authorize the creation of the ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet.
In 2012, Herzfeld was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]
Bob Taylor
Robert W. Taylor (1932–2017) was director of
Larry Roberts
Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts (1937–2018) was an American
Leonard Kleinrock
Leonard Kleinrock (born 1934) published his first paper on
Bob Kahn
Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is an American
Steve Crocker
Steve Crocker (born 1944) has worked in the ARPANET and Internet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he helped create the ARPANET protocols which were the foundation for today's Internet.[28] He created the Request for Comments (RFC) series,[29] authoring the very first RFC and many more.[30] He was instrumental in creating the ARPA "Network Working Group", the forerunner of the modern Internet Engineering Task Force.
Crocker has been a program manager at the
For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002
Jon Postel
Jon Postel (1943–1998) was a researcher at the Information Sciences Institute. He was editor of all early Internet standards specifications, such as the RFC series, the creator of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and the co-creator and longtime administrator of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".[32]
The
Vint Cerf
Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is an American
He earned his
Douglas Engelbart
Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013) was an early researcher at the Stanford Research Institute. His Augmentation Research Center laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into the domain name registry.[41]
Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and
John Klensin
John Klensin's involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the File Transfer Protocol.[45] Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.[46]
His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist at
In 2003, he received an International Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award.[49] In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.[50] In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]
Louis Pouzin
Louis Pouzin (born 1931) is a French
Peter Kirstein
Peter T. Kirstein (1933–2020) was a British
Elizabeth Feinler
Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler (born 1931) was a staff member of
Yogen Dalal
Yogen K. Dalal,
After receiving a
Due to his experience in
He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startup
Danny Cohen
Danny Cohen (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over the
Cohen was elected to the
David J. Farber
Starting in the 1980s Dave Farber (born 1934) helped conceive and organize the major American research networks
Farber is an
On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of the Internet Hall of Fame for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.[76]
Paul Mockapetris
Paul V. Mockapetris (born 1948), while working with
Mockapetris received the 1997 John C. Dvorak Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003 IEEE Internet Award for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from the University of California, Irvine. In May 2005, he received the ACM Sigcomm lifetime award. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]
David Clark
We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code. -Dave Clark at IETF 24 [80] |
David D. Clark (born 1944) is an American computer scientist.[81] During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the Internet Architecture Board. He is currently a senior research scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACM SIGCOMM Award "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."[82] In 1998 he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".[83] In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".[84] In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,[85] and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."[86]
Joyce K. Reynolds
Joyce K. Reynolds (1952–2015) was an American computer scientist and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed the IANA function with Jon Postel until this was transferred to ICANN, then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of ISI.[87]
As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the
Together with
Susan Estrada
Susan Estrada founded
Dave Mills
David L. Mills (1938–2024) was an American
Mills was the chairman of the
In 1999 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and in 2002, as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). In 2013 he received the IEEE Internet Award "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."[104]
Radia Perlman
Radia Joy Perlman (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed the
Dennis M. Jennings
Dennis M. Jennings is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, the
- that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to connection of the supercomputers;
- it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and
- it would use the ARPANET's TCP/IP protocols.
Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe (
Steve Wolff
Stephen "Steve" Wolff participated in the development of
In 2002 the
Sally Floyd
Sally Floyd (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilize
Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCP
She received the
Van Jacobson
Van Jacobson is an American
For his work, Jacobson received the 2001
Ted Nelson
Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson (born 1937) is an American
Tim Berners-Lee
Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee (born 1955) is a British physicist and computer scientist.[131] In 1980, while working at CERN, he proposed a project using hypertext to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.[132] While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.[133] Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together with Robert Cailliau, created the first client and server implementations for what became the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of the Web Science Trust, and founder of the World Wide Web Foundation.[134]
In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of the
Robert Cailliau
Robert Cailliau (French:
Nicola Pellow
Nicola Pellow, one of the nineteen members of the WWW Project at
Mark P. McCahill
Mark P. McCahill (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at the University of Minnesota he led the development of the Gopher protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web, and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.[144][145][146]
Simon S. Lam
Simon S. Lam (born 1947) is an American computer scientist. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the Internet Society for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”[147]
In 1990, while a professor at University of Texas at Austin, he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer [148] and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future.
Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). Lam wrote a proposal to the NSA University Research Program, which was funded for two years.[149] By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, named Secure Network Programming (SNP). They demonstrated SNP to their NSA program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in the USENIX Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality [150][151]
SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development of
Lam and his students won the 2004 ACM Software System Award for SNP. He received the 2004 ACM SIGCOMM Award for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
Marc Andreessen
Marc L. Andreessen (born 1971) is an American
Eric Bina
Eric J. Bina (born 1964) is an American
Birth of the Internet plaque
A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at the Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford University.[154] The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the plaque reads:[155]
BIRTH OF THE INTERNET
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OF
THE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP)
WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973
WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY AND
KAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORD
TO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA.
THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND.
CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974.
CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINE
WROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974.
WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER)
WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN),
STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975.
BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER.
IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS,
PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS.
KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS
VINTON CERF
DAG BELSNES JAMES MATHIS
RONALD CRANE JUNIOR BOB METCALFE
YOGEN DALAL DARRYL RUBIN
JUDITH ESTRIN JOHN SHOCH
RICHARD KARP CARL SUNSHINE
GERARD LE LANN KUNINOBU TANNO
DARPA
COLLABORATING GROUPS
BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN
WILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR • RAY TOMLINSON
MIT
NOEL CHIAPPA • DAVID CLARK • STEPHEN KENT • DAVID P. REED
NDRE
YNGVAR LUNDH • PAAL SPILLING
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON
FRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSON
ANDREW HINCHLEY • PETER KIRSTEIN • ADRIAN STOKES
USC-ISI
ROBERT BRADEN • DANNY COHEN • DANIEL LYNCH • JON POSTEL
ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET.
DEDICATED 28 July 2005
See also
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- ISBN 0192862073.
- ^ "MacWWW: the first web browser for the Apple Macintosh platform". internet-guide.co.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Stewart, Bill (2015). "Web Browser History". Living Internet. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ "Mark McCahill, Collaborative Systems Architect", Biographical sketch, Open Cobalt. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ "A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten", Chris Sherman, Search Engine Watch, 5 February 2002.
- ^ "Evolution of Internet Gopher", Mark P. McCahill and Farhad X. Anklesaria, Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol 1, issue 4 (April 1995), pages 235-246.
- ^ Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee
- S2CID 18581606. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Simon S. Lam (PI/PD), "Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification", NSA INFOSEC University Research Program grant no. MDA 904-91-C-7046, 6/28/91 to 6/27/93.
- ^ Woo, Thomas; Bindignavle, Raghuram; Su, Shaowen; Lam, Simon (June 1994). "SNP: An Interface for Secure Network Programming" (PDF). Proceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ "1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference Program, Boston, 6-10 June 1994".
- ^ Frommer, Dan. "Marc Andreessen Joins Facebook Board". Alleyinsider.com. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
- ^ "About NCSA Mosaic" Archived 5 June 2016 at the National and University Library of Iceland, NCSA web site, University of Illinois
- ^ Orenstein, David (13 July 2005). "Cyber-pioneer Vint Cerf to headline July 28 forum on the future of Internet". Press release. Stanford Report. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ "Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque", web page, J. Noel Chiappa, Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT
External links
- Internet Hall of Fame, established by the Internet Society in April 2012.
- G. Malkin (May 1992). Who's Who in the Internet - Biographies of IAB, IESG and IRSG Members. Network Working Group. .
- "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs", IETF web site
- "A Brief History of the Internet Advisory / Activities / Architecture Board" from the IAB web site includes historical lists of IAB Members, IAB Chairs, IAB Ex-Officio and Liaison Members (IETF Chairs), IRTF Chairs, RFC Editors, and much more historical information.
- "Internet Pioneers", web pages at ibiblio.org, a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- "Pioneers Gallery", from the Who Is Who in the Internet World (WiWiW) web site.
- "The Greatest Internet Pioneers You Never Heard Of: The Story of Erwise and Four Finns Who Showed the Way to the Web Browser", Juha-Pekka Tikka, 3 March 2009, Xconomy web page.
Oral histories
- Kahn, Robert E. (24 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Bolt Beranek and Newman(BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
- Cerf, Vinton G. (24 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
- Baran, Paul (5 March 1990). "Oral history interview with Paul Baran" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
- Kleinrock, Leonard (3 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
- Roberts, Lawrence G. (4 April 1989). "Oral history interview with Larry Roberts" (Interview). Interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. The interview focuses on Robert's work at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA including discussion of ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO, J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Steve Lukasik, Wesley Clark, as well as the development of computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln Laboratory.
- McCahill, Mark P. (13 September 2001). "Oral history interview with Mark P. McCahill" (Interview). Interviewed by Philip L. Frana. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Focuses on McCahill's work at the University of Minnesota where he led the team that created Gopher, the popular client/server software for organizing and sharing information on the Internet as well as his work on development of Pop Mail, Gopher VR, Forms Nirvana, the Electronic Grants Management System, and the University of Minnesota Portal.