List of Latin-script trigraphs
A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script.
A
⟨aai⟩ is used for /aːi̯/ in Dutch and various Cantonese romanisations.
⟨abh⟩ is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
⟨adh⟩ is used for /əi̯/ (/eː/ in Ulster) in Irish, when stressed or for /ə/ (/uː/ in Mayo and Ulster), when unstressed word-finally.
⟨aei⟩ is used for /eː/ in Irish.
⟨agh⟩ is used for /əi̯/ (/eː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
⟨aim⟩ is used for /ɛ̃/ (/ɛm/ before a vowel) in French.
⟨ain⟩ is used for /ɛ̃/ (/ɛn/ before a vowel) in French. It also represents /ɛ̃/ in
⟨air⟩ is used for /ɛː/ in RP, as in chair.
⟨aío⟩ is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants.
⟨amh⟩ is used for /əu̯/ in Irish.
⟨aoi⟩ is used for /iː/ in Irish, between a broad and a slender consonant.
⟨aon⟩ is used for /ɑ̃/ (/ɑn/ before a vowel) in French.
⟨aou⟩ is used for /u/ in French.
⟨aoû⟩ is used in a few words in French for /u/.
⟨aqh⟩ is used for the strident vowel /a᷽/ in Taa (If IPA does not display properly, it is an ⟨a⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath.)
B–C
⟨bhf⟩ is used for /w/ and /vʲ/ in Irish. It is used for the eclipsis of ⟨f⟩.
⟨cʼh⟩ is used for /x/ (a voiceless velar fricative) in Breton. It should not be confused with ch, which represents /ʃ/ (a voiceless postalveolar fricative).
⟨ccs⟩ is used for [tʃː] in Hungarian for germinated ⟨cs⟩. It is collated as ⟨cs⟩ rather than as ⟨c⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨cs⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨cscs⟩.
⟨chd⟩ is used for /dʒ/ in
⟨chh⟩ is used for /tʃʰ/ in
⟨chj⟩ is used in for /c/ Corsican.
⟨chw⟩ is used for /w/ in southern dialects of Welsh
⟨cci⟩ is used for /tʃː/ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ in Italian.
D
⟨dch⟩ is used for the
⟨ddh⟩ is used for the dental affricate /tθ/ in
⟨ddz⟩ is a long Hungarian ⟨dz⟩, [dːz]. It is collated as ⟨dz⟩ rather than as ⟨d⟩. It is not used within roots, where ⟨dz⟩ may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence *⟨dzdz⟩. Examples are eddze, lopóddzon.
⟨djx⟩ is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate /d͡tʃᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
⟨dlh⟩ is used for /tˡʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet of Hmong.
⟨drz⟩ is used for /dʒ/ in English transcriptions of the
⟨dsh⟩ is used for the foreign sound /dʒ/ in German. A common variant is the tetragraph ⟨
⟨dsj⟩ is used for foreign loan words with /dʒ/ Norwegian. Sometimes the digraph dj is used.
⟨dtc⟩ is used for the voiced palatal click /ᶢǂ/ in Naro.
⟨dzh⟩ is used for /dʒ/ in English transcriptions of the
⟨dzi⟩ is used for /dʑ/ when it precedes a vowel and /dʑi/ otherwise in
⟨dzs⟩ is used for the
⟨dzx⟩ is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate /d͡tsᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
⟨dzv⟩ is used for the
E
⟨eai⟩ is used for /a/ in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in French for /e/ after ⟨g⟩.
⟨eái⟩ is used for /aː/ in Irish, between slender consonants.
⟨eau⟩ is used for /o/ in French and is a word itself meaning "water".
⟨eaw⟩ is used for /ɐʏ/ in Lancashire dialect.
⟨ein⟩ is used for /ɛ̃/ (/ɛn/ before a vowel) in French.
⟨eoi⟩ is used for /oː/ in Irish, between slender consonants.
⟨eqh⟩ is used for the strident vowel /e᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an ⟨e⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath).
⟨eeu⟩ is used for /iːu/ in Afrikaans.
G
⟨geü⟩ is used for /ʒy/ in French words such as vergeüre.
⟨ggi⟩ is used for /dʒː/ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ in Italian.
⟨ggj⟩ is used for /ʝː/ in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard; e.g., leggja "lay".
⟨ggw⟩ is used for ejective /kʷʼ/ in Hadza.
⟨ggy⟩ is used for [ɟː] in Hungarian as a geminated ⟨gy⟩. It is collated as ⟨gy⟩ rather than as ⟨g⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨gy⟩ are brought together in a compound
⟨ghj⟩ is used for /ɟ/ in Corsican.
⟨ghw⟩ is used for a labialized velar/uvular /ʁʷ/ in Chipewyan. In Canadian Tlingit it represents /qʷ/, which is written ⟨gw⟩ in Alaska.
⟨gli⟩ is used for /ʎː/ before a vowel other than ⟨i⟩ in Italian.
⟨gln⟩ is used for /ŋn/ in
⟨gni⟩ is used for /ɲ/ in a few French words such as châtaignier /ʃɑtɛɲe/.
⟨guë⟩ and ⟨güe⟩ are used for /ɡy/ at the ends of words that end in the feminine suffix -e in French. E.g. aiguë "sharp" and ambiguë "ambiguous". In the French spelling reform of 1990, it was recommended that traditional ⟨guë⟩ be changed to ⟨güe⟩.
⟨gqh⟩ is used for the
⟨gǃh⟩ ⟨gǀh⟩ ⟨gǁh⟩ ⟨gǂh⟩ are used in
⟨gǃk⟩ ⟨gǀk⟩ ⟨gǁk⟩ ⟨gǂk⟩ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate ejective-contour clicks, /ᶢᵏǃ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǀ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǁ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǂ͡χʼ/.
⟨gǃx⟩ ⟨gǀx⟩ ⟨gǁx⟩ ⟨gǂx⟩ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, /ᶢᵏǃ͡χ, ᶢᵏǀ͡χ, ᶢᵏǁ͡χ, ᶢᵏǂ͡χ/.
H–I
⟨hhw⟩ is used for a labialized velar/uvular /χʷ/ in Chipewyan.
⟨hml⟩ is used for /m̥ˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨hny⟩ is used for /ɲ̥/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨hky⟩ is used for the aspirated voiceless post-alveolar affricate /t͡ʃʰ/ in some romanizations of Burmese ချ or ခြ.
⟨idh⟩ is used for an unstressed word-final /əj/ in Irish, which is realised as /iː/, /ə/ and /əɟ/ depending on dialect.
⟨ieë⟩ represents /iː/ in Afrikaans.
⟨igh⟩ is used for an unstressed word-final /əj/ in Irish, which is realised as /iː/, /ə/ and /əɟ/ depending on dialect. In English it may be used for /aɪ/, e.g. light /laɪt/.
⟨ign⟩ is used for /ɲ/ in a few French words such as oignon /ɔɲɔ̃/ "onion" and encoignure "corner". It was eliminated in the French spelling reform of 1990, but continues to be used.
⟨ije⟩ is used for /je/ or /jeː/ in the ijekavian reflex of Serbo-Croatian.
⟨ilh⟩ is used for /ʎ/ in Breton.
⟨ill⟩ is used for /j/ in French, as in épouiller /epuje/.
⟨iqh⟩ is used for the strident vowel /i᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa. (If IPA does not display properly, it is an ⟨i⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath.)
⟨iúi⟩ is used for /uː/ in Irish, between slender consonants.
J–L
⟨khu⟩ is used for /kʷʼ/ in Ossete.
⟨khw⟩ is used for /qʷʰ/ in Canadian Tlingit, which is written ⟨kw⟩ in Alaska.
⟨kkj⟩ is used for /çː/ in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard, e.g. in ikkje "not".
⟨kng⟩ is used for /ᵏŋ/ in Arrernte.
⟨k'u⟩ is used for /kʷʰ/ in Purépecha.
⟨kwh⟩ is a common convention for /kʷʰ/.
⟨lhw⟩ is used for /l̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨lli⟩ is used for /j/ after /i/ in a few French words, such as coquillier.
⟨lly⟩ is used for [jː ~ ʎː] in Hungarian as a geminated ⟨ly⟩. It is collated as ⟨ly⟩ rather than as ⟨l⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨ly⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨lyly⟩.
⟨lyw⟩ is used for /ʎʷ/ in Arrernte.
N
⟨nch⟩ is used for /ɲɟʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨ndl⟩ is used for /ndˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Xhosa is represents /ndɮ/.
⟨ndz⟩ is used for /ndz/ in Xhosa.
⟨ngʼ⟩ is used for /ŋ/ in Swahili. Technically, it may be considered a digraph rather than a trigraph, as ⟨ʼ⟩ is not a letter of the Swahili alphabet.
⟨ngb⟩ is used for /ⁿɡ͡b/, a
⟨ngc⟩ is used for /ŋǀʱ/ in Xhosa.
⟨ngg⟩ is used for /ŋɡ/ in several languages such as Filipino and Malay that use ⟨ng⟩ for /ŋ/.
⟨ngh⟩ is used for /ŋ/, before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, in
⟨ng'h⟩ is used for voiceless /ŋ̊/ in Gogo.
⟨ngk⟩ is used for a back velar stop, /ⁿɡ̠ ~ ⁿḵ/, in Yanyuwa
⟨ngm⟩ is used for
⟨ngq⟩ is used for /ŋǃʱ/ in Xhosa.
⟨ngv⟩ is used for /ŋʷ/ in Bouyei and Standard Zhuang.
⟨ngw⟩ is used /ŋʷ/ or /ŋɡʷ/ in the orthographies of several languages.
⟨ngx⟩ is used for /ŋǁʱ/ in Xhosa.
⟨nhw⟩ is used for /n̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨nkc⟩ is info for /ŋ.ǀ/ in Xhosa.
⟨nkh⟩ is used in for /ŋɡʱ/ the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨nkp⟩ is used for /ⁿk͡p/, a
⟨nkq⟩ is used for the alveolar click /ŋ.ǃ/ in Xhosa.
⟨nkx⟩ is used for the prenasalized lateral click /ŋ.ǁ/ in Xhosa.
⟨nng⟩ is used in Inuktitut and Greenlandic to write a long (geminate) velar nasal, /ŋː/.
⟨nny⟩ is a long Hungarian ⟨ny⟩, [ɲː]. It is collated as ⟨ny⟩ rather than as ⟨n⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨ny⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨nyny⟩.
⟨nph⟩ is used for /mbʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨npl⟩ is used for /mbˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨nqh⟩ is used for /ɴɢʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨nrh⟩ is used for /ɳɖʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨ntc⟩ is used for the click /ᵑǂ/ in Naro.
⟨nth⟩ is used for /ndʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Yanyuwa it represents a dental stop, /n̪t̪ ~ n̪d̪/.
⟨ntj⟩ is used for /nt͡ʃ/ in Cypriot Arabic.
⟨ntl⟩ is used for /ntɬʼ/ in Xhosa.
⟨nts⟩ is used for /ɳɖʐ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Malagasy it represents /ⁿts/.
⟨ntx⟩ is used for /ndz/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨nyh⟩ is used for /n̤ʲ/ in Xhosa. In Gogo it's voiceless /ɲ̊/.
⟨nyk⟩ is used for a pre-velar stop, /ⁿɡ̟ ~ ⁿk̟/ in Yanyuwa.
⟨nyw⟩ is used for /ɲʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨nzv⟩ is used for the prenasalized
⟨nǃh⟩ is used for the alveolar
⟨nǀh⟩ is used for the dental murmured nasal click /ᵑǀʱ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
⟨nǁh⟩ is used for the lateral murmured nasal click /ᵑǁʱ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
⟨nǂh⟩ is used for the palatal murmured nasal click /ᵑǂʱ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
O
⟨obh⟩ is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
⟨odh⟩ is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
⟨oeë⟩ is used for /uː/ in Afrikaans.
⟨oei⟩ is used for /uiː/ in Dutch and Afrikaans.
⟨oen⟩ is that represents a Walloon nasal vowel.
⟨oeu⟩ is used for /ø/ and /øː/ in the Classical Milanese orthography for the Milanese dialect of Lombard.
⟨ogh⟩ is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
⟨oin⟩ is used for /wɛ̃/ (/wɛn/ before a vowel) in
⟨oío⟩ is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants.
⟨omh⟩ is used for /oː/ in Irish.
⟨ooi⟩ is used for /oːi̯/ in Dutch and Afrikaans.
⟨oqh⟩ is used for the strident vowel /o᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an ⟨o⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath.)
P–R
⟨plh⟩ is used for /pˡʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨pmw⟩ is used for /ᵖmʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨pqb⟩ is used for /ᵖqᵇ/ in Soninke.
⟨p'h⟩ is used in Kuanua, in p'hoq̄e'ẽ "water".
⟨pss⟩ is used for /psˤ/ in Silesian.
⟨que⟩ is used for final /k/ in some English words of French origin, such as macaque, oblique, opaque, and torque.
⟨quh⟩ is used for /k/ in several English names of Scots origin, such as Sanquhar, Farquhar, and Urquhart or /h/, as in Colquhoun.
⟨qxʼ⟩ is used for the affricate /qχʼ/ in the practical orthography of Taa.
⟨rds⟩ is used for the
⟨rlw⟩ is used for /ɭʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨rnd⟩ is used for a retroflex stop /ɳʈ ~ ɳɖ/ in Yanyuwa.
⟨rng⟩ is used for [ɴŋ], a uvular nasal followed by velar nasal, in Inuktitut.
⟨rnw⟩ is used for /ɳʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨rrh⟩ is used for /r/ in words of Greek derivation such as diarrhea.
⟨rrw⟩ is used for /rʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨rsk⟩ is used for the
⟨rtn⟩ is used for /ʈɳ/ in Arrernte.
⟨rtw⟩ is used for /ʈʷ/ in Arrernte.
S
⟨sch⟩ is used for [
⟨sci⟩ is used in Italian for /ʃː/ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩.
⟨shʼ⟩ is used in Bolivian
⟨shr⟩ is used in Gwich'in for [ʂ].
⟨skj⟩ represents a fricative phoneme /ʃ/ in some
⟨ssi⟩ is used for /ʃ/ in English such as in mission. It is used in a few French loanwords in
⟨ssj⟩ is used for the sje sound /ɧ/ in a few Swedish words between two short vowels, such as hässja "hayrack".
⟨sth⟩ is found in words of Greek origin. In French, it is pronounced /s/ before a consonant, as in isthme and asthme; in American English, it is pronounced /s/ in isthmus and /z/ in asthma.
⟨stj⟩ is used for the sje sound /ɧ/ in 5 native Swedish words, it can also represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ or the consonant cluster /stʲ/ in Norwegian depending on dialect.
⟨ssz⟩ is a long Hungarian ⟨sz⟩, [sː]. It is collated as ⟨sz⟩ rather than as ⟨s⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨sz⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨szsz⟩.
⟨sze⟩ is used for /siː/ in Cantonese romanization.
⟨s-c⟩ and ⟨s-cc⟩ are used for the sequence /stʃ/ in Piedmontese.
⟨s-g⟩ and ⟨s-gg⟩ are used for the sequence /zdʒ/ in Piedmontese.
T
⟨tcg⟩ is used for the click /ǂχ/ in Naro.
⟨tch⟩ is used for the aspirated click /ǂʰ/ in Naro, the aspirated affricate /tʃʰ/ in
⟨tcx⟩ is used for the uvularized affricate /tʃᵡ/ in
⟨thn⟩ and ⟨tnh⟩ are used for /ᵗ̪n̪/ in Arrernte.
⟨ths⟩ is used for /tsʰ/ in Xhosa. It is often replaced with the ambiguous trigraph ⟨tsh⟩.
⟨thw⟩ is used for /t̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨tlh⟩ is used for /tɬʰ/ in languages such as
⟨tnh⟩ and ⟨thn⟩ are used for /ᵗ̪n̪/ in Arrernte.
⟨tnw⟩ is used for /ᵗnʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨tny⟩ is used for /ᶜɲ/ in Arrernte.
⟨tsg⟩ is used for /tsχ/ in Naro.
⟨tsh⟩ is used in various languages, such as
⟨tsj⟩ is used for /tʃ/ in Dutch and Norwegian.
⟨tsv⟩ is used for the
⟨tsx⟩ is used for the uvularized affricate /tsᵡ/ in
⟨tsy⟩ is used for /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ in Seneca, can also be ⟨j⟩.
⟨tsz⟩ is used for the syllables /t͡si/ and /t͡sʰi/ in Cantonese romanization.
⟨tth⟩ is used for dental affricate /tθʰ/ in Chipewyan.
⟨ttl⟩ is used for ejective /tɬʼ/ in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).
⟨tts⟩ is used for ejective /tsʼ/ in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).
⟨tty⟩ is used for [cː] in Hungarian as a geminated ⟨ty⟩. It is collated as ⟨ty⟩ rather than as ⟨t⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨ty⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨tyty⟩.
⟨txh⟩ is used for /tsʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
⟨tyh⟩ is used for /tʲʰ/ in Xhosa.
⟨tyw⟩ is used for /cʷ/ in Arrernte.
⟨tze⟩ is used for /t͡si/ in Cantonese names (such as Cheung Tze-keung) or in Chinese names (such as Yangtze).
U–Z
⟨uío⟩ is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants.
⟨uqh⟩ is used for the strident vowel /u᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an ⟨u⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath.)
⟨urr⟩ is used for /χʷ/ in
⟨xhw⟩ is used for /χʷ/ in Canadian Tlingit, which is written ⟨xw⟩ in Alaska.
⟨zzs⟩ is used for [ʒː] in Hungarian as a geminated ⟨zs⟩. It is collated as ⟨zs⟩ rather than as ⟨z⟩. It is only used within roots; when two ⟨zs⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨zszs⟩.
Other
⟨ŋgb⟩ (capital ⟨Ŋgb⟩) is used for [ŋ͡mɡ͡b] in Kabiye, a pre-nasalized ⟨gb⟩.
⟨ǃʼh⟩ ⟨ǀʼh⟩ ⟨ǁʼh⟩ ⟨ǂʼh⟩ are used in
⟨ǃkx⟩ ⟨ǀkh⟩ ⟨ǁkx⟩ ⟨ǂkx⟩ are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain aspirated clicks, /ǃʰ, ǀʰ, ǁʰ, ǂʰ/.