List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)
The term "
The foundations for the design of today's traditional Japanese residential houses with
The simpler style used in the architecture of tea houses for the tea ceremony developed in parallel with shoin-zukuri. In the 16th century Sen no Rikyū established dedicated "grass hut" (草庵, sōan) style teahouses characterized by their small size of typically two to eight mat, the use of natural materials, and rustic appearance.[12] This teahouse style, exemplified by the Jo-an and Tai-an teahouses, was influenced by Japanese farmhouse style and the shoin style[13] featuring tatami matted floors, recessed alcoves (tokonoma) and one or more ante chambers for preparations.[13]
By the beginning of the Edo period, the features of the shoin and the teahouse styles began to be blended.[14] The result was an informal version of the shoin style, called sukiya-zukuri (数寄屋造).[15][16] Sukiya-zukuri has the characteristic decorative alcove and shelf, and utilizes woods such as cedar, pine, hemlock, bamboo, and cypress, often with rough surfaces including the bark.[16] Compared to shoin style, roof eaves in the sukiya style bend downward.[15] While the shoin style was suitable for ceremonial architecture, it became too imposing for residential buildings. Consequently, the less formal sukiya style was used for the mansions of the aristocracy and samurai after the beginning of the Edo period.[16][17] Examples of sukiya style architecture are found at the Katsura Imperial Villa and the Black Study Hall of Nishi Hongan-ji.
Statistics
In total there are 15[nb 1] structures at ten compounds in five cities.[nb 2] Ten of these structures are located in Kyoto. The compound with most National Treasures of the residential building category is Nishi Hongan-ji, with three structures.[18]
Prefecture | City | National Treasures |
---|---|---|
Aichi | Inuyama | 1 |
Kyoto | Kyoto | 10[nb 1] |
Ōyamazaki | 1 | |
Shiga | Ōtsu
|
2 |
Tokyo | Tokyo | 1[nb 2] |
Compound | National Treasures |
---|---|
Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | 1[nb 1] |
Nishi Hongan-ji | 3 |
Ginkaku-ji | 2 |
Mii-dera | 2 |
Sanbō-in | 2 |
Ryōkō-in (Daitoku-ji) | 1 |
Myōki-an | 1 |
Tō-ji | 1 |
Urakuen | 1 |
Akasaka Palace | 1[nb 2] |
Period[nb 3] | National Treasures |
---|---|
Muromachi period | 2 |
Momoyama period
|
7 |
Edo period | 5[nb 1] |
Meiji period
|
1[nb 2] |
Usage
The table's columns (except for Remarks and Image) are sortable pressing the arrows symbols. The following gives an overview of what is included in the table and how the sorting works.
- Name: name of the structure as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties[3][nb 1]
- Compound: name of the compound in which the structure is located
- Remarks: architecture and general remarks including:
- size measured in meters or ken(distance between pillars); "m × n" denotes the length (m) and width (n) of the structure, each measured in ken
- architectural style (zukuri) and type of roofing
- size measured in meters or
- Date: period and year of the construction; The column entries sort by year. If only a period is known, they sort by the start year of that period.
- Location: "town-name prefecture-name" and geo-coordinates of the structure; The column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name".
- Image: picture of the structure; If the image shows more than one structure, the respective structure is indicated by a blue rectangle.
Treasures
Name | Compound | Remarks | Date | Location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jo-an (如庵)[19] | Uraku-en (有楽苑) | shake roof, chashitsu with 2.5 + 3/4 mat and a three mat mizuya, built by Oda Uraku, a disciple of Sen no Rikyū
|
early Edo period, c. 1618 | Inuyama, Aichi 35°23′16.66″N 136°56′31.35″E / 35.3879611°N 136.9420417°E | |
Kangakuin Guest Hall (勧学院客殿, kangakuin kyakuden)[21] | Mii-dera | 7 × 7, shake shingles.
|
Momoyama period , 1600
|
—
| |
Kōjōin Guest Hall (光浄院客殿, kōjōin kyakuden)[24] | Mii-dera | 7 × 6, shake shingles.
|
Momoyama period , 1601
|
—
| |
Kanchiin Guest Hall (観智院客殿, kanchiin kyakuden)[nb 4][25] | Tō-ji | 12.7 m × 13.7 m (42 ft × 45 ft), tsumairi style entrance, kirizuma style[ex 4] Both structures are single-storied and covered by copper sheeting. |
Momoyama period , 1605
|
Kyoto, Kyoto 34°58′57.48″N 135°44′52.43″E / 34.9826333°N 135.7478972°E | |
Main drawing room (表書院, omote shoin)[26][27] | Sanbō-in | Consists of lower, middle and upper rooms; The lower (gedan) room could be used as a kirizuma style,[ex 4] sangawarabuki[ex 6] tile roof, entrance porch on west side with a karahafu gable[ex 5] and covered with hinoki cypress bark; The veranda and detached room in the southwest show the adoption of shinden-zukuri .
|
Momoyama period , 1598
|
Kyoto, Kyoto 34°57′7.46″N 135°49′10.43″E / 34.9520722°N 135.8195639°E | |
Karamon (唐門)[26][27] | Sanbō-in | 3 × 2 gate with entrance through the central ken (6.27 m × 2.60 m (20.6 ft × 8.5 ft)) and karahafu gables;[ex 5] Also called Chokushimon (gate for imperial messengers), was entirely black-lacquered with four large chrysanthemum and paulownia motifs, covered with hinoki cypress bark
|
Momoyama period , 1598
|
Kyoto, Kyoto 34°57′6.3″N 135°49′8.95″E / 34.951750°N 135.8191528°E | |
Silver Pavilion (銀閣, ginkaku)[29][30] | Ginkaku-ji | East and west: 8.2 m (27 ft), north: 7.0 m (23.0 ft), south: 5.9 m (19 ft), two-storied: first floor in shake shingles, bronze phoenix on the roof facing east, building originally called Kannonden (観音殿)
|
Muromachi period, 1489 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°1′35.54″N 135°47′52.94″E / 35.0265389°N 135.7980389°E | |
Tōgu-dō (東求堂)[nb 4][32] | Ginkaku-ji | 6.9 m × 6.9 m (23 ft × 23 ft), single-storied, irimoya style,[ex 1] covered with hinoki cypress bark, Buddhist hall of Ashikaga Yoshimasa with two Buddhist altar rooms and two other rooms; oldest extant shoin-zukuri style building[29]
|
Muromachi period, 1485 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°1′36.79″N 135°47′54.43″E / 35.0268861°N 135.7984528°E | |
Retainers' room (遠侍, tōzamurai) and Entrance Hall (車寄, kurumayose)[nb 1][33] | Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | Entrance Hall: 5 × 3, hinoki cypress bark roofing Retainers' room: 8 × 8, hongawarabuki roofing[ex 8] |
early Edo period, 1626 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°0′47.7″N 135°45′0.75″E / 35.013250°N 135.7502083°E | |
Reception Room (式台, shikidai)[nb 1][33] | Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | Dimensions: 3 (front), 5 (back), 4 (right), 6 (left) | early Edo period, 1626 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°0′48.09″N 135°44′59.78″E / 35.0133583°N 135.7499389°E | |
Great Hall (大広間, ōhiroma)[nb 1][33] | Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | Dimensions: 7 (front), 5 (back), 8 (right), 7 (left) | early Edo period, 1626 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°0′48.68″N 135°44′58.84″E / 35.0135222°N 135.7496778°E | |
Japanese fern-palm chamber (蘇鉄之間, sotetsu-no-ma)[nb 1][33] | Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | Dimensions: 1 (front), 3 (back), 8 (right), 9 (left) connecting the kuroshoin with the ōhiroma | early Edo period, 1626 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°0′49.44″N 135°44′58.55″E / 35.0137333°N 135.7495972°E | —
|
Black study room (黒書院, kuroshoin)[nb 1][33] | Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | Dimensions: 7 (front), 8 (back), 6 (right), 8 (left) | early Edo period, 1626 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°0′49.91″N 135°44′57.85″E / 35.0138639°N 135.7494028°E | |
White study room (白書院, shiroshoin)[nb 1][nb 5][33] | Ninomaru Palace (Nijō Castle) | 6 × 6, single-storied, | early Edo period, 1626 | Kyoto, Kyoto 35°0′51.07″N 135°44′57.76″E / 35.0141861°N 135.7493778°E | |
Black study hall (黒書院, kuroshoin) and Denrō gallery (伝廊, denrō)[34][35] | Nishi Honganji
|
Black study hall: length 6 shake shinglesDenrō gallery: 4 × 2, single-storied, ryōsage style[ex 10] with shake shingles |
early Edo period, 1657 | Kyoto, Kyoto 34°59′28.5″N 135°45′4.24″E / 34.991250°N 135.7511778°E | |
Shoin (書院): Meeting room (対面所, taimenjo) and White study room (白書院, shiroshoin)[34][38][39] | Nishi Honganji
|
38.5 m × 29.5 m (126 ft × 97 ft), single-storied, | early Edo period, 1618 | Kyoto, Kyoto 34°59′27.24″N 135°45′3.51″E / 34.9909000°N 135.7509750°E | |
Flying Cloud Pavilion (飛雲閣, hiunkaku)[34][42][43] | Nishi Honganji
|
South and north side: 25.8 m (85 ft), east side: 11.8 m (39 ft), west side: 12.5 m (41 ft), three-storied with shake shingles;1st floor: shoin-zukuri, study room (招賢殿, shōkenden), room of eight scenes (八景之間, hakkei no ma), veranda and tea ceremony room (ikujaku (憶昔)); |
Momoyama period , 1587–1614
|
Kyoto, Kyoto 34°59′26.01″N 135°45′8.78″E / 34.9905583°N 135.7524389°E | |
Tai-an (待庵)[44][45][46] | Myōki-an (妙喜庵) | 3 m × 3.3 m (9.8 ft × 10.8 ft), 2 teahouse in Japan, designed by Sen no Rikyū
|
Momoyama period , 1582
|
Ōyamazaki, Kyoto | |
Shoin (書院)[47] | Ryōkō-in (竜光院) (Daitoku-ji) | 6 × 4, single-storied, yosemune style;[ex 9] four rooms with ten (with attached alcove), eight, six and 4.5 tatami mats, spacious veranda, with a 4.5 + 3/4 mat chashitsu called mittan-seki (密庵席); constructed by Kuroda Nagamasa
|
early Edo period, chashitsu from Kan'ei era | Kyoto, Kyoto | —
|
Former | State Guesthouse Akasaka Palace (迎賓館赤坂離宮, geihinkan akasaka rikyū) | Katayama Tokuma, former residence of Crown Prince Haru-no-miya Yoshihito (明宮嘉仁), the later Emperor Taishō
|
late Meiji period , 1909
|
Tokyo 35°40′48.93″N 139°43′43.29″E / 35.6802583°N 139.7286917°E |
Notes
General
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The National Treasure structures of Nijō Castle form a continuous structure (Ninomaru Palace) and are registered as a single National Treasure under one registration number. Only in the main treasure table of this article, the single entry is split in parts for readability.
- ^ a b c d e The Tokyo Akasaka Palace is the only structure in the category of "modern residences" (Meiji period and later). All other structures in this list are much older from the late 15th to early 17th century.
- ^ If a National Treasure was constructed during more than one period, only the oldest period is counted.
- ^ a b One munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction is attached to the nomination.
- ^ An attached room and the connecting corridor between shiroshoin and kuroshoin are included in the nomination.
- ^ A board placed in the part of a room that can not be covered by a standard-size tatami.
Architecture
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n (irimoya-zukuri, 入母屋造): a hip-and-gable roof combining a ridge and two gable pediments on the upper part with a hipped roof on all sides in the lower part of the roof[20]
- ^ a b c d (tsumairi, 妻入): entrance in one of the gable ends with the axis of the approach parallel to the ridge of the roof
- ^ a b (nokikarahafu, 軒唐破風): an undulating Karahafu gable at eave ends[22]
- ^ gabled roof with equal lengths from the ridge to the eaves[23]
- ^ a b c d (karahafu, 唐破風): an undulating bargeboard flowing downwards from the top center with convex curves on each side that change to concave curves which either level off or turn upward at the ends[22]
- ^ (sangawarabuki, 桟瓦葺): a roof tile combining a broad concave tile with a semi-cylindrical convex tile into one tile. The tile is square undulating from concave to convex.[28]
- ^ a b (hōgyō-zukuri, 宝形造): a pyramid shaped roof over a square building[31]
- ^ a b c d e f g (hongawarabuki, 本瓦葺): a tile roof composed of flat broad concave tiles and semi-cylindrical convex tiles covering the seams of the former[41]
- ^ a b (yosemune-zukuri, 寄棟造): a hipped roof where the front and back are trapezoidal and the sides triangular in shape; in Japan generally used for buildings of less importance[36]
- ^ (ryōsage-zukuri, 両下造): a gable roof without gable pediments because other structures connect to it[37]
- ^ (nure-en, 濡縁): shallow veranda outside of the sliding storm doors which is open to the elements even if the eaves have a long overhang[40]
References
- ISBN 0-415-05754-X. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ "Cultural Properties for Future Generations" (PDF). Tokyo, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Properties Department. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
- ^ a b c 国指定文化財 データベース. Database of National Cultural Properties (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ 国宝・重要文化財(建造物)の指定について [Designation of National Treasure and Important Cultural Property structure] (PDF) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2009-10-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e Young & Young 2007, p. 80
- ^ a b c Young & Young 2007, p. 81
- ^ JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Young & Young 2007, p. 79
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Nishi & Hozumi 1996, p. 76
- ^ Nishi & Hozumi 1996, p. 75
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ a b Young, Young & Yew 2004, p. 63
- ^ Young & Young 2007, p. 90
- ^ a b Young, Young & Yew 2004, p. 100
- ^ JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ Nishi & Hozumi 1996, p. 78
- ^ The Agency for Cultural Affairs (2008-11-01). 国指定文化財 データベース. Database of National Cultural Properties (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ 名鉄犬山ホテル 有 楽苑/如庵 [Meitetsu Inuyama Hotel Urakuen/Joan] (in Japanese). Meitetsu Inuyama Hotel. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 勧学院客殿 [Kangakuin Guest Hall] (in Japanese). Mii-dera. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 光浄院客殿 [Kōjōin Guest Hall] (in Japanese). Mii-dera. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 観智院客殿 [Kanchiin Guest Hall] (in Japanese). Tō-ji. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ a b Daigoji Sanboin. Daigo-ji.
- ^ a b "World Heritage Kyoto DAIGOJI Temple : Guide to Daigoji Complex Guide to Sanboin" (in Japanese). Daigo-ji. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ a b Ginkakuji Temple (in Japanese and English). Ginkaku-ji.
- ^ "The Silver Pavilion or Kannon Hall". Shōkoku-ji. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ "Hall of the Eastern Quest". Shōkoku-ji. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ a b c d e f "元離宮二条城" [Nijō Castle]. Kyoto. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ a b c 本願寺(西本願寺) [Hongan-ji (Nishi Hongan-ji)] (in Japanese). Nishi Hongan-ji. Archived from the original on 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ 黒書院 [Black study hall] (in Japanese). Nishi Hongan-ji. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 対面所 [Meeting room] (in Japanese). Nishi Hongan-ji. Archived from the original on 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ 白書院 [White study room] (in Japanese). Nishi Hongan-ji. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ 飛雲閣 [Flying Cloud Pavilion] (in Japanese). Nishi Hongan-ji. Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "Tai-an teahouse". artofjpn. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 待庵-光 の 空 間 [Tai-an, room of light] (in Japanese). vivi planning. Archived from the original on 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 待庵 [Tai-an] (in Japanese). goo. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ 龍光院書院 [Ryōkō-in Shoin] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ "State Guest Houses". Cabinet Office Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
Bibliography
- Young, David; Young, Michiko (2007) [2004]. The art of Japanese architecture. Architecture and Interior Design (illustrated, revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3838-2. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- Young, David; Young, Michiko Kimura; Yew, Tan Hong (2004). Introduction to Japanese architecture. Periplus Asian architecture (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-7946-0100-6. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- Nishi, Kazuo; Hozumi, Kazuo (1996) [1983]. What is Japanese architecture? (illustrated ed.). Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-1992-0. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
External links