List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Classical Chinese books)
The term "
Written language was introduced to Japan around 400 AD in the form of Chinese books written in
The objects in this list represent about one fourth of the 235 National Treasures in the category "writings". They are complemented by 71 Japanese book National Treasures of the List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Japanese books) and 107 other written National Treasures of the List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others).[4]
Statistics
Prefecture | City | National Treasures |
---|---|---|
Aichi | Nagoya
|
3 |
Chiba | Sakura | 3 |
Fukuoka | Dazaifu | 1 |
Hyōgo | Itami
|
1 |
Kanagawa | Yokohama
|
1 |
Kyoto | Kyoto
|
9 |
Mie | Ise | 1 |
Miyagi | Sendai
|
1 |
Nara | Tenri | 2 |
Osaka | Osaka
|
4 |
Shiga | Ōtsu
|
5 |
Tochigi | Ashikaga | 4 |
Tokyo
|
Tokyo
|
19 |
Wakayama | Kōya | 2 |
Yamaguchi | Hōfu
|
1 |
Period[nb 1] | National Treasures |
---|---|
Tang dynasty | 22 |
Nara period | 4 |
Heian period | 15 |
Southern Song dynasty
|
14 |
Kamakura period | 2 |
Usage
The table's columns (except for Remarks and Image) are sortable by pressing the arrows symbols. The following gives an overview of what is included in the table and how the sorting works.
- Name: the name as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties[4]
- Authors: name of the author(s)
- Remarks: information about the type of document and its content
- Date: period and year; The column entries sort by year. If only a period is known, they sort by the start year of that period.
- Format: principal type, technique and dimensions; The column entries sort by the main type: scroll (includes handscrolls and letters), books (includes albums, ordinary bound books and books bound by fukuro-toji)[nb 2] and other (includes hanging scrolls)
- Present location: "temple/museum/shrine-name town-name prefecture-name"; The column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name".
- Image: picture of the manuscript or of a characteristic document in a group of manuscripts
Treasures
Chinese manuscripts
Japan's first experience with books and written language
The distribution of Chinese books to Japan reached its first peak in the
Some books such as the
Name | Authors | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Bo collection (王勃集, Ōbotsu-shū) vol. 28 | unknown | Ueno Family collection; part of a 30 volume collection | Tang Dynasty
|
One handscroll | Tokyo | private,|
喪乱帖 (Sōranjō)[19] | Copy of calligraphy by Wang Xizhi | A traced copy of a letter originally from 356 expressing the sorrow that the ancestral grave was destroyed by war. | Tang Dynasty , 8th century
|
One hanging scroll, ink on bamboo blind patterned paper, 26.2 cm × 58.9 cm (10.3 in × 23.2 in) | Museum of the Imperial Collections, Tokyo | |
Wang Bo collection (王勃集, Ōbotsu-shū) vol. 29, 30[20] | unknown | Oldest extant copy of a portion of Wang Bo's 30 scroll collected writings: one verse from the biography section, five of six verses from the prayer section (all vol. 29) and four memorial prayer verses (vol. 30); brought from China during the Nara period and stored at Kōfuku-ji; later owned by the painter Tomioka Tessai | Tang Dynasty , 7th–8th century
|
One handscroll, ink on paper, 26.5 cm × 447.7 cm (10.4 in × 176.3 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Spring and Autumn Annals collected commentaries (春秋経伝集解, Shunjū keiden shikkai) fragments of vol. 2[21] | unknown | Reverse side contains a 1078 transcription by a Meiji period , returned to Japan 50 years later
|
Tang Dynasty , 7–8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper | Fujii Saiseikai Yūrinkan Museum, Kyoto
|
|
Book of Han, biography of Sima Xiangru (漢書楊雄伝, Kanjo yōyūden) vol. 57 | unknown | —
|
Tang Dynasty
|
One scroll, ink on paper | Tokyo | private,—
|
Anthology of Emperor Huizong of Song (徽宗文集序, Kisō bunshūjo) | Emperor Gaozong of Song | Written in regular script | Southern Song , 1154
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 27.4 cm × 137.0 cm (10.8 in × 53.9 in) | Agency for Cultural Affairs, Tokyo | |
Classic of Rites annotated edition (礼記子本疏義, raiki shihonsogi) vol. 59[22]
|
Tei Shaku (鄭 灼) | Formerly in the possession of Tanaka Mitsuaki | Tang Dynasty
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 28.5 cm × 642.5 cm (11.2 in × 253.0 in) | Waseda University, Tokyo | |
Poetry anthology of members of the Hanlin Academy (翰林学士詩集, Kanrin gakushi shishū)[23][24] | unknown | 60 four and five character verses (shigonshi/gogonshi) by great calligraphers working under Emperor Taizong of Tang: Chu Suiliang, Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan; reverse side contains a mid Heian period transcription of volume 5 of 正広智三蔵表制集 | Tang Dynasty
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 28 cm × 643 cm (11 in × 253 in) | Nagoya, Aichi
|
—
|
Yupian (玉篇, gyokuhen), fragments of vol. 9[25][26] | unknown | Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary | Tang Dynasty , 8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 26.9 cm × 1,625.9 cm (10.6 in × 640.1 in) | Waseda University, Tokyo | |
Yupian (玉篇, gyokuhen), first half of vol. 27[17] | unknown | Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary; one half of an extant complete volume[nb 7] | Tang Dynasty , 7th–8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 27.2 cm × 915.0 cm (10.7 in × 360.2 in) | Kōzan-ji, Kyoto | |
Yupian (玉篇, gyokuhen), second half of vol. 27[17] | unknown | Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary; one half of an extant complete volume[nb 8] | Tang Dynasty , 7th–8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper | Ōtsu, Shiga
|
|
Old-Script Document of Antiquities (Guwen Shangshu) (古文尚書, kobun shōsho), vol. 6[27][28] | unknown | "Document of Antiquities" is another name for the Book of History; brought to Japan in Nara period; Japanese annotations from the mid-Heian period in red and black ink; on back of scroll: Genpisho, a document on the research of era names
|
Tang Dynasty , 7th century
|
beginning of One scroll, ink on paper, 26.3 cm × 328.0 cm (10.4 in × 129.1 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Document of Antiquities (Guwen Shangshu) (古文尚書, kobun shōsho), vol. 3, 5, 12 | unknown | "Document of Antiquities" is another name for the Book of History ; on back of scroll: Genpisho, a document on the research of era names
|
Tang Dynasty
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 26.8 cm × 1,138 cm (10.6 in × 448.0 in) | Tōyō Bunko, Tokyo | —
|
Shuowen Jiezi (説文木部残巻, setsumon mokubu zankan, "Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters"), fragment | unknown | Chinese dictionary; oldest extant manuscript of this work; brought to Japan by Naitō Torajirō; fragment concerns the 木 section header
|
Tang Dynasty , 9th century, presumably 820
|
One scroll of six pages, ink on paper, 25.4 cm × 243 cm (10.0 in × 95.7 in) | (武田科学振興財団, Takeda Kagaku Shinkōzaidan), Osaka | Takeda Science Foundation|
A New Account of the Tales of the World (世説新書, sesetsu shinsho) fragments of vol. 6; parts of the "Admonitions and warnings" and "Quick perception" chapters[29][30] | unknown | Collection of anecdotes about distinguished people of the Meiji period
|
Tang Dynasty , second half of 7th to first half of 8th century
|
One scroll, ink on linen paper,27.1 cm × 397.0 cm (10.7 in × 156.3 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
A New Account of the Tales of the World (世説新書, sesetsu shinsho) fragments of vol. 6; "Virile Vigor" chapter[31][32] | unknown | Collection of anecdotes about distinguished people of the Meiji period
|
Tang Dynasty , second half of 7th to first half of 8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper, 26.9 cm × 196.0 cm (10.6 in × 77.2 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
A New Account of the Tales of the World (世説新書, sesetsu shinsho) fragments of vol. 6[33] | unknown | Collection of anecdotes about distinguished people of the Meiji period
|
Tang Dynasty , second half of 7th to first half of 8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper | Agency for Cultural Affairs, Tokyo | |
A New Account of the Tales of the World (世説新書, sesetsu shinsho) fragments of vol. 6 | unknown | Collection of anecdotes about distinguished people of the Meiji period
|
Tang Dynasty , second half of 7th to first half of 8th century
|
One scroll, ink on paper | (小西新右衛門), Itami, Hyōgo
|
private Ninishi Shinemon—
|
Mao Shi (毛詩, mōshi) fragments of vol. 6; Zheng Jian edition[34]
|
unknown | Collection of Chinese poems | Tang Dynasty
|
early One scroll | Tōyō Bunko, Tokyo | |
Meihōki (冥報記)[17] | unknown | Collection of Buddhist karmic tales; oldest extant manuscript of this work; thought to have been brought to Japan by Engyō (円行), a pupil of Kūkai, in 838; one of two Chinese collections that the Nihon Ryōiki was modelled on[35] | Tang Dynasty
|
late Three scrolls , ink on paper, height: 28.2 cm (11.1 in), lengths: 339.3 cm (133.6 in), 557.7 cm (219.6 in) and 672.7 cm (264.8 in) for scrolls 1, 2 and 3
|
Kōzan-ji, Kyoto | |
"Elegant Orchid" in the Jieshi Tuning (Jieshidiao Youlan) (碣石調幽蘭, kessekichōyūran) vol. 5[36][37] | unknown | Abridged copy of "Score for the seven-stringed zither" (guqin); transcription of the original by the zither player Qiugong (also known as Ming) from Huiji province; in text explanation of the finger movements to perform the piece "Elegant Orchid" and titles of 59 pieces at the end; original lost in China | Tang Dynasty , 7th–8th century
|
One handscroll, ink on paper, 27.4 cm × 423.1 cm (10.8 in × 166.6 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo |
Japanese manuscripts
In Japan, until the Heian period, the language of government and ritual was Classical Chinese in which was composed decrees, codes, commands, communications and certificates.[38][39][40] Consequently, Chinese books were essential for the education of the (male) aristocracy, and beginning readers studied books such as the Mencius or the Thousand Character Classic.[41][42] Towards the end of the 7th century, to prepare selected sons of the nobility for a government career, Emperor Tenji established the Daigaku-ryō ("Academy").[43][44] At first the curriculum consisted mainly of Confucian Classics and Chinese history.[nb 9][43][44] Chinese learning thrived in the 9th century, and the academy's curriculum saw a rise in literary composition based on the Chinese books Wen Xuan, Records of the Grand Historian and the Books of Han and Later Han.[38][40][45][46] Unlike in China at the time, Classical Confucian studies, especially the historical and political side of Confucianism, were still held in high esteem in the Heian period with commentaries used for study dating to the Han Dynasty.[47] In fact, one of the Japanese emperor's prescribed activities was listening to lectures on the Chinese classics, histories, and poetic anthologies.[48]
Chinese books had reached Japan since circa 400 AD and had been imported in large quantities through a number of missions during the
The first state library was the Zusho-ryō ("Bureau of Archives") established by the Taihō Code from 701.[nb 10][52] Attached to the Daigaku-ryō, it oversaw the custody (collection and preservation) and transmission of Buddhist and Confucian books from the Nara period, until its destruction by fire in the mid-Heian period (11th century).[8][43][52][53] Collection depended largely on the copying of texts held elsewhere.[50][52] In addition to the Zusho-ryō, books were also copied at imperial palace libraries, private libraries of aristocrats, temple libraries and at libraries of organs of the state.[43][52][54] In the Heian period, the majority of works held in libraries (both those produced in China and those copied in Japan) consisted of Chinese works and scholarly collections were dominated by Chinese secular works.[55] At the end of the Heian period, the great fire of Kyoto in 1177, and the burning of temples by the Taira in 1180, destroyed a large part of the literary heritage.[56][57] During the Kamakura period, the warrior class founded new libraries such as the Kanazawa Bunko.[57]
There are 23 Chinese book National Treasures that are transcriptions produced in Japan. Of these four date to the Nara period, 17 to the Heian period and two to the Kamakura period. The designated items are of various type: four are historical chronicles, four are poetry collections, three are dictionaries or reference books, two are medical or botanical books and one is a book on politics.[4]
Name | Authors | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Records of the Grand Historian (史記, shiki, Chin. Shiji) vol. 10 of the Imperial Biographies (本紀, Chin. Benji): Chronicle of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty[58] | Ōe no Iekuni (大江家国) | Transcription; oldest manuscript of the shiki; handed down in the Ōe family | Heian period, 1073 | One scroll, ink on paper, 28.5 cm × 972.7 cm (11.2 in × 383.0 in) | Sendai, Miyagi
|
|
Qin Dynasty
|
unknown | Transcription | Heian period, 1145 | Two scrolls, ink on paper | Tōyō Bunko, Tokyo | —
|
Records of the Grand Historian (史記, shiki, Chin. Shiji), vol. 11 of the Imperial Biographies (本紀, Chin. Benji): Chronicle of the Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty | Ōe no Iekuni (大江家国) | Transcription; oldest manuscript of the shiki; handed down in the Ōe family | Heian period, 1073 | One scroll, ink on paper | Daitōkyū Memorial Library (大東急記念文庫, daitōkyū kinen bunko), Tokyo | —
|
Ōe no Iekuni (大江家国) | Transcription; oldest manuscript of the shiki; handed down in the Ōe family | Heian period, 1073 | One scroll, ink on paper | Hōfu, Yamaguchi
|
||
Records of the Grand Historian (史記, shiki, Chin. Shiji), vol. 96 and fragments of vol. 97 | unknown | Transcription; oldest extant manuscripts of the shiki | Nara period, 8th century | One scroll, ink on paper | Ōtsu, Shiga
|
—
|
Spring and Autumn Annals collected commentaries (春秋経伝集解, Shunjū keiden shikkai), vol. 10 | unknown | Part of a 30 volume work; backside contains considerations on the Diamond Realm | Heian period | One scroll, ink on paper | Tōyō Bunko, Tokyo | |
Spring and Autumn Annals collected commentaries (春秋経伝集解, Shunjū keiden shikkai), fragments of vol. 26[61] | unknown | Part of a 30 volume work | Heian period | midOne scroll, ink on paper | Ōtsu, Shiga
|
—
|
Spring and Autumn Annals collected commentaries (春秋経伝集解, Shunjū keiden shikkai), fragments of vol. 29[61] | unknown | Part of a 30 volume work | Heian period | midOne scroll, ink on paper | Ōtsu, Shiga
|
—
|
Book of Han (漢書, kanjo), Annals of Han Gaozu No. 2 and fragments of No.4 from the section Biographies[62] | unknown | Transcription; red annotations from the mid 10th century | Nara period | Two scrolls, ink on paper | Ōtsu, Shiga
|
—
|
Book of Han (漢書, kanjo), No. 4 from Treatise on food and merchandise[63] | unknown | Transcription; end sheet with red ink marks of ministries of ceremonies | Nara–Heian period | One scroll, ink on jute paper, 20 sheets, 27 cm × 1,311 cm (11 in × 516 in) | Nagoya, Aichi
|
—
|
Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内経, kōteidaikei): Myōdō (明堂) vol. 1 and Taiso (太素) | unknown, member(s) of Tanba family | Annotated editions of the Chinese medical text Huangdi Neijing; transcribed and handed down in the Tanba family | Heian period 1167–1168 (Taiso) and 1296 and 1383 (Myōdō) | Myōdō: Two scrolls; Taiso: 23 scrolls | Ninna-ji, Kyoto | |
Wenguan cilin (文館詞林, Bunkan shirin, lit. "Forest of officials' poems and prose") fragments | unknown | Tang Dynasty imperial poetry collection; other manuscripts of work had been lost in China as early as 9th century
|
Heian period, 677–823 | Tang Dynasty, andTwelve scrolls | ||
Wenguan cilin (文館詞林, Bunkan shirin, lit. "Forest of officials' poems and prose") fragments | unknown | Tang Dynasty imperial poetry collection; work had been lost in China as early as 9th century
|
Tang Dynasty, Heian period
|
One scroll | —
| |
Yupian (玉篇, gyokuhen) vol. 22 | unknown | Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary; one of two extant complete volumes of the work[nb 11] | Heian period, 904 | One scroll, ink on paper | —
| |
Book of Odes commentary fragment (毛詩鄭箋残巻, mōshi teisen zankan)[64]
|
unknown | Commentary on the Book of Odes by Zheng Xuan | Heian period | One scroll, ink on paper | Dainenbutsu-ji, Osaka | |
Kan'en (翰苑) vol. 30[65] | unknown | Description of people and geography of ancient Japan, the Three Kingdoms of Korea and China; only extant old manuscript of this work | Heian period, 10th century | One scroll, ink on paper, 28 sheets of 22–23 lines each with 16–17 characters per line 27.6 cm × 1,585.2 cm (10.9 in × 624.1 in) | ||
Anthology of Tang Dynasty Poems (新撰類林抄, shinsen ruirin-shō) fragment of vol. 4[66] | presumably transcribed by Kūkai | Part of an anthology of Chinese poems by Tang Dynasty poets containing 40 poems (282 lines); only extant part of this work
|
Heian period, 9th century | One scroll, ink on paper, 27.0 cm × 558.0 cm (10.6 in × 219.7 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
New book of the two capitals (両京新記, Ryōkyō shinki, Chin. Liangling xinji) vol. 3, Kanazawa Bunko edition[67] | unknown | Account of the life[nb 12] in the capitals Luoyang and Chang'an; other manuscripts of this work had been lost in China; formerly stored at the Kanazawa Bunko library | Kamakura period | One scroll | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Annotated edition of Wen Xuan (文選集注, monsen shicchū) | unknown | Chinese poetry collection | Heian period | midSeven scrolls, ink on paper | Tōyō Bunko, Tokyo | |
Annotated edition of Wen Xuan (文選集注, monsen shicchū) | unknown | Chinese poetry collection | Heian period | 19 scrolls, ink on paper | Yokohama, Kanagawa; custody of Kanazawa Bunko
|
—
|
Book of politics (群書治要, gunsho chiyō)[68][69] | various unknown | Summary of good governing skill from various materials; transcription of a Tang Dynasty manuscript; oldest extant copies of the text; paper made of sheets dyed in purple, pale blue, and brown, as well as sheets decorated with flying-clouds; with annotations and grammatical notes; handed down in the Kujō family
|
Heian period, 11th century | mid13 scrolls, ink on colored and decorated paper, 27.0 × (721.2 – 1,472.7) cm (10.6 × (283.9 – 579.8) in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Chōgyokushū (琱玉集), vol. 12 and 14[70] | unknown | Collection of various topics concerning the Six Dynasties | Nara period, 747 | Two scrolls, ink on paper, 21 sheets (vol. 12) and 17 sheets (vol. 14), height: 28 cm (11 in), lengths: 1,037 cm (408 in) (vol. 12), 874 cm (344 in) (vol. 14) | Nagoya, Aichi
|
—
|
Newly Revised Pharmacopoeia (新修本草, Shinshū honzō) (Xinxiu bencao), vol. 4, 5, 12, 17, 19[71] | unknown | Transcription of the Tang Dynasty , worldwide first pharmacopoeia; also called Tang bencao (Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty)
|
Kamakura period, 13th century | Five scrolls, ink on Japanese tissue | Ninna-ji, Kyoto |
Song printed editions
Printing had been known in Japan from at least the 8th century, when a large number of dharani known as Hyakumantō Darani[nb 13] were printed from 764 to 770 and placed in miniature wooden pagodas. These count among the oldest extant printed texts in East Asia and were likely made by woodblock printing.[72][73] The Hyakumantō Darani were ritual Buddhist printings, neither meant for distribution nor for reading.[72][73][74] This practice of devotional printing continued into the Heian period. The first practical printing in Japan can be dated to the 11th century and is associated with sutra commentaries and doctrinal works for which handcopying did not entail religious merit.[74][75][76] Despite the increasing popularity of printing, many texts, particularly Japanese literature, continued to be copied by hand on manuscript scrolls. Commercial printing did not become common until the early 17th century.[75][77]
Printing in China initially had a similar development, starting with the printing of religious scriptures, prayers and popularly useful texts such as
The supply of imported printed editions of Chinese texts was insufficient to meet the demand and by the time of the Taira supremacy collections of Chinese books had become status symbols among the upper class of Japan.
Thirteen sets of
Name | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giso Rokujō, Song edition (宋刊義楚六帖, sōhan giso rokujō)
|
Encyclopedic account of Buddhism | Southern Song , 1127
|
12 books bound by fukuro-toji[nb 2] | Tōfuku-ji, Kyoto | —
|
Compilation of Song printed edition (宋刊本欧陽文忠公集, sōkanpon ōyō bunchūkōshū) Kanazawa Bunko edition (金沢文庫本, kanazawa bunkobon)
|
Formerly stored at the Kanazawa Bunko library | Southern Song , 1196
|
39 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] 28 cm × 18.5 cm (11.0 in × 7.3 in) | Tenri Central Library, Tenri, Nara | |
Song printed edition (宋刊本史記集解, sōkanpon shiki shikkai)
|
—
|
Southern Song
|
Eleven books bound by fukuro-toji[nb 2] | Takeda Science Foundation (武田科学振興財団, Takeda Kagaku Shinkōzaidan), Osaka | —
|
With contributions by Hōjō Ujimasa and Kyūka Zuiyo (九華瑞璵) from 1560; formerly stored at the Kanazawa Bunko library; from June 1560 in possession of Ashikaga Gakko | Southern Song
|
21 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] 29.1 cm × 19.1 cm (11.5 in × 7.5 in) | —
| ||
Song edition (宋版漢書, sōhan kanjo), Keigen printed edition (慶元刊本, keigen kanpon)
|
Handed down in the Kōjōkan (興譲館), an Edo period clan school of the Yonezawa Domain | Southern Song , Keigen era (1195–1200)
|
61 books bound by fukuro-toji[nb 2] | National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Chiba | —
|
Song edition (宋版後漢書, sōhan gokanjo), Keigen printed edition (慶元刊本, keigen kanpon)
|
Chinese historical work, handed down in the Kōjōkan (興譲館), an Edo period clan school of the Yonezawa Domain | Southern Song
|
60 books bound by fukuro-toji[nb 2] | National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Chiba | —
|
Song edition (宋版史記, sōhanshiki) Huang Shanfu printed edition (黄善夫刊本)
|
Oldest Song edition of this work; formerly in possession of the Kōjōkan (興譲館), an Edo period clan school of the Yonezawa Domain | Southern Song
|
90 books bound by fukuro-toji[nb 2] | National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Chiba | —
|
Detailed Commentary to the Changes of Zhou ( Song edition (宋版周易注疏, Sōban Shūeki Chūso)[93]
|
Postscript near the end of each volume indicating the year (1234–1236) | Southern Song , 1234–1236
|
13 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] ink on paper, 27.0 cm × 19.1 cm (10.6 in × 7.5 in) | —
| |
Commentary on the Song edition (宋版尚書正義, sōban shōshoseigi)[94]
|
Each page has 8 lines with 16–21 characters per line with annotation lines consisting of two rows instead of one | Southern Song
|
8 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] ink on paper, 28.3 cm × 18.2 cm (11.1 in × 7.2 in) | ||
Commentary on the Song edition (宋版礼記正義, sōban raikiseigi)[95]
|
With red seals and text in India ink indicating the hereditary in the Ashikaga Gakko Library | Southern Song
|
2 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] ink on paper, 26 cm × 18.7 cm (10.2 in × 7.4 in) | ||
Song edition (宋版太平御覧, sōban taiheigyoran)
|
Massive encyclopedia, part of the Four Great Books of Song | Southern Song , 1199
|
103 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] ink on paper | Tōfuku-ji, Kyoto | |
Commentary on the Song edition (宋版毛詩正義, sōban mōshiseigi), Kanazawa Bunko edition (金沢文庫本, kanazawa bunkobon)
|
Formerly stored at the Kanazawa Bunko library | Southern Song , 1139
|
17 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] ink on paper | Takeda Science Foundation (武田科学振興財団, Takeda Kagaku Shinkōzaidan), Osaka | —
|
Anthology of Liu Mengde, Song edition (宋版劉夢得文集, sōhan ryūbōtoku bunshū)
|
Anthology by Liu Yuxi | Southern Song
|
12 bound books by fukuro-toji,[nb 2] ink on paper | Tenri Central Library, Tenri, Nara |
See also
- Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties
- Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties
- Independent Administrative Institution National Museum
Notes
- ^ Only the oldest period is counted, if a National Treasure consists of items from more than one period.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n (袋とじ) binding folded uncut pages in a book, so that there are two blank pages between two pages outside.
- ^ Inscriptions on imported coins and artefacts are older but were not perceived as language by the Japanese at the time.
- ^ The Thousand Character Classic as known today was not compiled at the time of Wani throwing doubt on the accuracy of this legend.
- Han Feizi.
- ^ Bai Juyi was the most influential Tang Dynasty poet in Japan and his collected works were imported in 836.
- Ise Shrine. It has been designated as a National Treasure.
- Ise Shrine. It has been designated as a National Treasure.
- ^ In addition medicine, astronomy, mathematics and music were taught.
- ^ Promulgated one year later in 702.
- ^ The other complete volume is number 27 and exists in two halves located at Kōzan-ji and Ishiyama-dera, both designated as National Treasures.
- ^ At the palace, government offices, monks' quarters, temples and residences
- ^ There are about 1000 extant, but contemporary sources such as the Shoku Nihongi mention that up to one million dharani were produced.
References
- ISBN 0-415-05754-X. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
- ^ Enders & Gutschow 1998, p. 12
- ^ "Cultural Properties for Future Generations" (PDF). Tokyo, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Properties Department. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
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