List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Japanese books)
The term "
although the definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. The written materials in the list adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties that came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".[3][4]Writing was introduced from Korea to Japan around 400 AD (in the form of Chinese books), with work done in Chinese by immigrant scribes from the mainland.
This list contains books of various type that have been compiled in
The objects in this list represent about one third of the 235 National Treasures in the category "writings". They are complemented by 57
Statistics
Prefecture | City | National Treasures |
---|---|---|
Aichi | Nagoya
|
1 |
Fukuoka | Dazaifu | 1 |
Kagawa | Takamatsu
|
1 |
Kōchi | Kōchi | 1 |
Kyoto | Kyoto
|
27 |
Miyagi | Sendai
|
1 |
Nara | Nara
|
2 |
Tenri | 3 | |
Osaka | Izumi | 1 |
Kawachinagano
|
2 | |
Minoh
|
1 | |
Osaka
|
2 | |
Saga | Saga
|
1 |
Shiga | Ōtsu
|
1 |
Tokyo
|
Tokyo
|
24 |
Yamaguchi | Hōfu
|
1 |
Period[nb 2] | National Treasures |
---|---|
Heian period | 51 |
Kamakura period | 17 |
Nanboku-chō period | 2 |
Usage
The table's columns (except for Remarks and Image) are sortable by pressing the arrows symbols. The following gives an overview of what is included in the table and how the sorting works.
- Name: the name as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties[4]
- Authors: name of the author(s)
- Remarks: information about the type of document and its content
- Date: period and year; the column entries sort by year. If only a period is known, they sort by the start year of that period.
- Format: principal type, technique and dimensions; the column entries sort by the main type: scroll (includes handscrolls and letters), books (includes albums, ordinary bound books and books bound by fukuro-toji)[nb 3] and other (includes hanging scrolls)
- Present location: "temple/museum/shrine-name town-name prefecture-name"; the column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name".
- Image: picture of the manuscript or of a characteristic document in a group of manuscripts
Treasures
Japanese literature
The adaption of the Chinese script, introduced in Japan in the 5th or 6th century, followed by the 9th century development of a script more suitable to write in the
A revolutionary achievement was the development of
Another literary genre called
Waka
The early 9th century, however, was a period of direct imitation of Chinese models making kanshi the major form of poetry at the time.
For aristocrats to succeed in private and public life during the Heian period, it was essential to be fluent in the composition and appreciation of waka, as well as having thorough knowledge of and ability in music, and calligraphy.
At the end of the Heian period, the aristocracy lost political and economical power to warrior clans, but retained the prestige as custodians of high culture and literature.
There are 30 National Treasures of 14 collections of waka and two works on waka style, compiled from between the 8th and the mid-13th century with most from the Heian period. The two works of waka theory are Wakatai jisshu (945) and Korai fūteishō (1197). The collections include the two first imperial waka anthologies: Kokinshū (905, ten treasures) and Gosen Wakashū (951); seven private anthologies: Man'yōshū (after 759, four treasures), Shinsō Hishō (1008), Nyūdō Udaijin-shū (before 1065), Sanjūrokunin Kashū (c. 1112), Ruijū Koshū (before 1120), Shūi Gusō (1216), Myōe Shōnin Kashū (1248); and five utaawase contents: including one imaginary content (Kasen utaawase), the Konoe edition of the Poetry Match in Ten Scrolls (three treasures), Ruijū utaawase, the Poetry competition in 29 rounds at Hirota Shrine and the Record of Poetry Match in Fifteen Rounds. The designated manuscripts of these works found in this list date from the Heian and Kamakura periods.[4]
Name | Authors | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves (万葉集, Man'yōshū)[69][70] | possibly Fujiwara no Korefusa (藤原伊房), grandson of Fujiwara no Yukinari | Also called Aigami Edition (or Ranshi Edition) after the blue dyed paper; transcription is said to have been completed within 4 days only (according to postscript in first volume); written in a masculine style atypical for the period | Heian period | lateFragments of one handscroll (vol. 9), ink on aigami dyed paper, 26.6 cm × 1,133 cm (10.5 in × 446.1 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves (万葉集, Man'yōshū) or Kanazawa Manyō (金沢万葉) | unknown | Handed down in the Kanazawa
|
Heian period, 11th century | One bound book (fragments of vol. 3 (two sheets) and 6 (five sheets)), ink on decorative paper with five-colored design (彩牋, saisen), 21.8 cm × 13.6 cm (8.6 in × 5.4 in) | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves (万葉集, Man'yōshū) or Kanazawa Manyō (金沢万葉)[71] | Fujiwara no Sadanobu | Handed down in the Kanazawa
|
Heian period, 12th century | One bound book (fragments of vol. 2 and 4, ink on decorative paper with five-colored design (彩牋, saisen), 21.7 cm × 13.6 cm (8.5 in × 5.4 in) | Museum of the Imperial Collections, Tokyo | |
Anthology of Ten Thousand Leaves, Genryaku Edition (元暦校本万葉集, Genryaku kōbon Man'yōshū)[72] | various | Man'yōshū edition with the largest number of poems | Heian period, 11th century; vol. 6: Kamakura period, 12th century; postscript on vol. 20 from June 9, 1184 | 20 books bound by fukuro-toji,[nb 3] ink on decorated paper, 25.0 cm × 17.0 cm (9.8 in × 6.7 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今集, Kokinshū) | Fujiwara no Kiyosuke | attributed to—
|
Heian period, 12th century | Two bound books | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今集, Kokinshū), Kōya edition | unknown | Oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū | Heian period | Fragments of scroll 19 | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū), Gen'ei edition[73][74] | possibly Fujiwara no Sadazane, grandson of Fujiwara no Yukinari | Oldest complete manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū | Heian period, July 24, 1120 | Two bound books, ink on decorative paper, 21.1 cm × 15.5 cm (8.3 in × 6.1 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū), Manshu-in edition | unknown | —
|
Heian period, 11th century | One scroll, ink on colored paper | Manshu-in, Kyoto | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū) | Fujiwara no Teika | transcription byWith attached imperial letters by Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, Emperor Go-Nara and the draft of a letter by Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | Kamakura period, April 9, 1226 | One bound book | Reizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko (冷泉家時雨亭文庫), Kyoto | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū), Kōya edition | unknown | Oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū | Heian period, 11th century | One handscroll (no. 5), ink on decorative paper, 26.4 cm × 573.6 cm (10.4 in × 225.8 in) | Tokyo | private,|
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū), Honami edition[75][76] | unknown | The name of the edition refers to the painter Honami Kōetsu who once owned this scroll; 49 waka from the twelfth volume ("Poems of Love, II); written on imported, Chinese paper with design of mica-imprinted bamboo and peach blossoms
|
Heian period, 11th century | lateFragments of one scroll (no 12), ink on decorated paper. 16.7 cm × 317.0 cm (6.6 in × 124.8 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū), Kōya edition | unknown | Oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū | Heian period, 11th century | One scroll (no. 20) | Tosa Yamauchi Family Treasury and Archives, Kōchi, Kōchi | |
Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集, Kokin Wakashū), Kōya edition[77] | possibly Fujiwara no Yukinari | Oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū | Heian period, 11th century | One scroll (no. 8), ink on decorated paper | Hōfu, Yamaguchi
|
|
Preface to the Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times (古今和歌集序, Kokin Wakashū-jō) | attributed to Minamoto no Shunrai | —
|
Heian period, 12th century | One handscroll, 33 sheets, ink on colored paper | Okura Museum of Art, Tokyo | |
Later Collection (後撰和歌集, Gosen Wakashū) | Fujiwara no Teika | collated by1,425 poems, primarily those that were rejected for inclusion in the Kokin Wakashū | Kamakura period, March 2, 1234 | One bound book | Reizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko (冷泉家時雨亭文庫), Kyoto | |
Poetry Contest (歌合, utaawase), ten volume edition | purportedly Prince Munetaka | Handed down in the Konoe clan
|
Heian period, 11th century | Five scrolls (vol. 1, 2, 3, 8, 10), ink on paper | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Poetry Contest (歌合, utaawase), ten volume edition | purportedly Prince Munetaka | Handed down in the Konoe clan
|
Heian period, 11th century | One scroll (vol. 6), ink on paper, 28.8 cm × 284.1 cm (11.3 in × 111.9 in) | Yōmei Bunko, Kyoto | |
Poetry Contest of Great Poets (歌仙歌合, kasen utaawase)[78] | attributed to Fujiwara no Yukinari | Poems in two-column style of 30 famous poets including Kakinomoto no Hitomaro and Ki no Tsurayuki | Heian period, mid 11th century | One scroll, ink on paper | Kubosō Memorial Museum of Arts, Izumi, Osaka | |
Poems from the Poetry Match Held by the Empress in the Kanpyō era (寛平御時后宮歌合, kanpyō no ontoki kisai no miya utaawase)[79] | purportedly Prince Munetaka | This scroll was part of the fourth scroll of the ten scroll Poetry Match in Ten Scrolls which was handed down in the Konoe clan ; contains 36 of the extant 43 poems from this collection
|
Heian period, 11th century | One scroll, ink on paper, 28.8 cm × 1,133.2 cm (11.3 in × 446.1 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Foolish Verses of the Court Chamberlain (拾遺愚草, Shūi gusō, lit.: Gleanings of Stupid Grass)[80] | Fujiwara no Teika | Private anthology of 2,885 poems by Fujiwara no Teika | Kamakura period, 1216 | Three bound books | Reizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko (冷泉家時雨亭文庫), Kyoto | |
Notes on Poetic Style Through the Ages (古来風躰抄, korai fūteishō) | Fujiwara no Shunzei | Original (first) edition | Kamakura period, 1197 | Two bound books | Reizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko (冷泉家時雨亭文庫), Kyoto | |
Record of Poetry Match in Fifteen Rounds (十五番歌合, Jūgoban utaawase) | Fujiwara no Korefusa (藤原伊房), grandson of Fujiwara no Yukinari | —
|
Heian period, 11th century | One scroll, colored paper, 25.3 cm × 532.0 cm (10.0 in × 209.4 in) | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Poetry competition in 29 rounds at Hirota Shrine (広田社二十九番歌合, Hirota-sha nijūkuban utaawase) | Fujiwara no Shunzei | —
|
Heian period, 1172 | Three scrolls, ink on paper | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Ten Varieties of Waka Style (和歌躰十種, Wakatai jisshu)[81] | Possibly Fujiwara no Tadaie[nb 6] | Discussion of the ten waka styles with five examples written in hiragana each; also named "Ten Styles of Tadamine" after the purported author of the 945 original work, Mibu no Tadamine; oldest extant manuscript of this work | Heian period, c. 1000 | One scroll, ink on decorative paper, 26.0 cm × 324.0 cm (10.2 in × 127.6 in); one hanging scroll (fragment of a book), ink on decorative paper, 26.0 cm × 13.4 cm (10.2 in × 5.3 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Collection of Nishi Hongan-ji edition[82]
|
unknown | Attached to the nomination is a letter by Emperor Go-Nara | Heian period, around 1100 (32 bound books); Kamakura period (one bound book), Edo period (four bound books) | 37 bound books | Nishi Honganji, Kyoto
|
|
Poetry Match on Related Themes (類聚歌合, Ruijū utaawase), 20 volume edition | compiled by Minamoto Masazane and Fujiwara no Tadamichi | Large scale compilation of poetry contents until 1126; project started by Minamoto Masazane who was later joined by Fujiwara no Tadamichi | Heian period, 12th century | 19 scrolls, ink on paper, 26.8 cm × 2,406.4 cm (10.6 in × 947.4 in) (vol. 8) and 27.0 cm × 2,637.1 cm (10.6 in × 1,038.2 in) (vol. 11) | Yōmei Bunko, Kyoto | |
Ruijū Koshū (類聚古集, lit. Collection of similar ancient literature)[83][84] | Fujiwara no Atsutaka | Re-edited version of the Man'yōshū; poems are categorized by themes such as: season, heaven and earth, and landscape; written in man'yōgana followed by hiragana. | Heian period, before 1120 | 16 bound books, ink on paper | Ryukoku University, Kyoto | |
Collection of Poems by Priest Myōe (明恵上人歌集, Myōe Shōnin Kashū)[85][86] | Kōshin (高信) | Collection of 112 poems by Myōe and 43 by other poets, compiled by Myōe's disciple Kōshin on the 17th anniversary of Myōe's death | Kamakura period, 1248 | One handscroll, ink on paper, 27.8 cm × 1,350 cm (10.9 in × 531.5 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
Collection concealed behind a secluded window (深窓秘抄, Shinsō Hishō) | Fujiwara no Kintō | Collection of 101 poems | Heian period, 1008 | One scroll, ink on paper, 26.3 cm × 830 cm (10.4 in × 326.8 in) | Fujita Art Museum, Osaka | |
Nyūdō Udaijin-shū (入道右大臣集)[87] | Minamoto no Shunrai and Fujiwara no Teika (pages 6 and 7) | Transcription of poetry anthology by Fujiwara no Yorimune (藤原頼宗) | Heian period | One book bound of 31 pages by fukuro-toji,[nb 3] ink on decorative paper with five-colored design (彩牋, saisen) | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo |
Monogatari, Japanese-Chinese poetry, setsuwa
There are eleven National Treasures of seven works of Japanese prose and mixed Chinese-Japanese poetry compiled from between the early 9th and the first half of the 13th century. The manuscripts in this list date from between the early 10th to the second half of the 13th century.[4] The three volume Nihon Ryōiki was compiled by the private[nb 7] priest Kyōkai around 822.[88][89][90] It is the oldest collection of Japanese anecdotes or folk stories (setsuwa) which probably came out of an oral tradition.[88][90] Combining Buddhism with local folk stories, this work demonstrates karmic causality and functioned as a handbook for preaching.[88][89][91] Two[nb 8] out of four[nb 9] extant distinct but incomplete manuscripts have been designated as a National Treasures.[92]
One of the earliest
The 984 Sanbō Ekotoba ("The three jewels" or "Tale of the three brothers" or "Notes on the pictures of the three jewels"), was written by Minamoto no Tamenori in Chinese for the amusement of a young tonsured princess.[103][104][105] It is a collection of Buddhist tales and a guide to important Buddhist ceremonies and figures in Japanese Buddhist history.[106][107] The designated manuscript from 1273 is known as the Tōji Kanchiin[nb 12] manuscript and is the second oldest of the Sanbō Ekotoba. It is virtually complete unlike the late Heian period (Tōdaiji-gire) which is a scattered assortment of fragments.[108]
The cultural interaction between Japan and China is exemplified by the
The Konjaku Monogatarishū from ca. 1120 is the most important setsuwa compilation.[120][121] It is an anonymous collection of more than 1,000 anecdotes or tales.[122][123] About two-thirds of the tales are Buddhist, telling about the spread of Buddhism from India via China to Japan.[120][122] As such it is the first world history of Buddhism written in Japanese.[122] This National Treasure is also known as the Suzuka Manuscript and consists of nine volumes[nb 15] covering setsuwa from India (vols. 2 and 5), China (vols. 7, 9, 10) and Japan (vols. 12, 17, 27, 29).[4][122] It is considered to be the oldest extant manuscript of the Konjaku Monogatarishū and has served as a source for various later manuscripts.[124][125]
A commentary on the
Name | Authors | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nihon Ryōiki (日本霊異記) vol. 2, 3 | unknown | Japan's oldest collection of Buddhist Nara is also a National Treasure.
|
Heian period, 12th century | lateTwo bound books (vol. 2, 3), ink on paper | Raigō-in (来迎院), Kyoto | |
Nihon Ryōiki (日本霊異記) vol. 1[130] | unknown | Japan's oldest collection of Buddhist setsuwa. A copy of the second volume housed at Raigō-in (来迎院), Kyoto is also a National Treasure. | Heian period, 904 | One handscroll (17 pages), ink on paper, 29.6 cm × 870 cm (11.7 in × 342.5 in) | Nara, Nara
|
|
Tosa Diary (土左日記, tosa no nikki)[131]
|
Fujiwara no Tameie | transcription byFaithful transcription of the 10th century original by Ki no Tsurayuki | Kamakura period, 1236 | One bound book, ink on paper, 16.8 cm × 15.3 cm (6.6 in × 6.0 in), 50 pages | (大阪青山学園, Ōsaka Aoyama gakuen), Minoh, Osaka
|
Osaka Aoyama Junior College|
Tosa Diary (土佐日記, tosa nikki)
|
Fujiwara no Teika | transcription byFaithful transcription of the 10th century original by Ki no Tsurayuki | Kamakura period, 1235 | One bound book, ink on paper | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Sarashina Diary (土佐日記, sarashina nikki)[71]
|
Fujiwara no Teika | transcription byOldest manuscript of the Sarashina Diary, formerly in possession of Emperor Go-Sai | Kamakura period, 13th century | One bound book, ink on paper, 16.4 cm × 14.5 cm (6.5 in × 5.7 in) | Museum of the Imperial Collections, Tokyo | |
Illustration of the | unknown | Illustrated interpretation of the three important concepts of Buddhism: Sangha ; copy of an original by Minamoto no Tamenori (源為憲) (? – 1011)
|
Kamakura period, 1273 | Three books, ink on paper, 27.5 cm × 16.7 cm (10.8 in × 6.6 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Wakan rōeishū in ashide-e technique (芦手絵和漢朗詠抄, ashide-e wakan rōeishō)[119][134] | Fujiwara no Koreyuki (藤原伊行) | Combination of script and decorative motifs (ashide-e technique): reeds, water fowl, flying birds, rocks and wheels, in navy blue, greenish-blue, brownish-red and silver | Heian period, 1160 | lateTwo handscrolls, ink on paper, 27.9 cm × 367.9 cm (11.0 in × 144.8 in) and 27.9 cm × 422.9 cm (11.0 in × 166.5 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
Wakanshō, second volume (倭漢抄下巻, wakanshō gekan), Konoe edition[135] | Fujiwara no Yukinari | attributed toWritten on paper imprinted with motifs of plants, tortoise shells and phoenix in mica | Heian period, 11th century | Two handscrolls, ink on decorative paper with five-colored design (彩牋, saisen) | Yōmei Bunko, Kyoto | |
Wakan rōeishū (倭漢朗詠抄, wakan rōeishō), fragments of second volume or Ōtagire (太田切)[136][137] | Fujiwara no Yukinari | attributed toHanded down in the daimyōs of the Kakegawa Domain
|
Heian period, early 11th century | Two handscrolls, ink on decorated paper (gold drawings on paper printed and dyed), height: 25.7 cm (10.1 in), lengths: 337.3 cm (132.8 in) and 274.4 cm (108.0 in) | Seikadō Bunko Art Museum, Tokyo | |
Wakan rōeishū on cloud-patterned paper (和漢朗詠集 雲紙, wakan rōeishū kumogami)[138] | Minamoto no Kaneyuki | Oldest surviving complete relic of cloud paper with a unique arrangement of clouds diagonally in the lower right and upper left corners. | Heian period, 11th century | Two handscrolls, ink on decorated paper (cloud paper with indigo cloud shapes), 27.6 cm × 1,468.9 cm (10.9 in × 578.3 in) | Museum of the Imperial Collections, Tokyo | |
Anthology of Tales from the Past (今昔物語集, Konjaku Monogatarishū)[139]
|
unknown | Collection of tales | Heian period | lateNine books bound by fukuro-toji[nb 3] (vol. 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 17, 27, 29) | Kyoto University, Kyoto | |
Commentary on The Tale of Genji (源氏物語奥入, Genji Monogatari okuiri) | Fujiwara no Teika | Oldest extant commentary on The Tale of Genji | Kamakura period, c. 1233 | One handscroll, ink on paper | Kyoto | private,
History books and historical tales
The oldest known
In 713, Empress Genmei ordered provincial governors to compile official reports on the history, geography and local folk customs.[153][154][155] These provincial gazetteers are known as fudoki (lit. "Records of wind and earth") and provide valuable information about economic and ethnographic data, local culture and tales.[155][156] Of more than 60 provincial records compiled in the early 8th century only five survived: one, the Izumo Fudoki (733), in complete form and four, Bungo (730s), Harima (circa 715), Hitachi (714–718) and Hizen (730s) as fragments.[153][154][156] The Nihon Shoki is the first official history of Japan and the first of a set of six national histories (Rikkokushi) compiled over a 200-year period on Chinese models.[147][157][158] Based on these six histories, Sugawara no Michizane arranged historical events chronologically and thematically in the Ruijū Kokushi which was completed in 892.[159][160]
With the cessation of official missions to China and a general trend of turning away from Chinese-derived institutions and behavioral patterns in the latter part of the 9th century, the compilation of such national histories patterned on formal Chinese dynastic histories was abandoned.[161] With the development of kana script, new styles of uniquely Japanese literature such as the monogatari appeared around that time.[161] The newer style of historic writing that emerged during the Fujiwara regency, at the turning point of ancient imperial rule and the classical era, was called historic tale (rekishi monogatari) and became influenced by the fictional tale, especially by the Tale of Genji, with which it shared the scene-by-scene construction as fundamental difference to earlier historic writings.[nb 18][161][162][163] The oldest historical tale is the Eiga Monogatari ("A Tale of Flowering Fortunes"), giving a eulogistic chronological account of the Fujiwara from 946 to 1027, focusing particularly on Fujiwara no Michinaga.[164][165][166] It was largely[nb 19] written by Akazome Emon, probably shortly after the death of Michinaga in 1027.[163][167]
There are eleven National Treasures in the category of historical books including one manuscript of the Kojiki, five manuscripts of the Nihon Shoki, the Harima and Hizen Fudoki, two manuscripts of the Ruijū Kokushi and one of the Eiga Monogatari. All of these treasures are later copies and with the exception of the Eiga Monogatari, the complete content of the works has to be assembled from several of these (and other) fragmentary manuscripts or be inferred from other sources. The Kojiki, long neglected by scholars until the 18th century, was not preserved as well as the Nihon Shoki which has been studied from soon after its compilation. While being the oldest text in this list, the extant manuscript dating to the 14th century is the earliest entry.[4][145]
Name | Authors | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Records of Ancient Matters (古事記, Kojiki), Shinpukuji manuscript (真福寺本)
|
(賢瑜) | transcription by the monk Ken'yuOldest extant manuscript of the Kojiki | Nanboku-chō period, 1371–1372 | Three bound books | Nagoya, Aichi
|
|
The Chronicles of Japan (日本書紀, Nihon Shoki), Maeda edition
|
unknown | Part of the six national histories (Rikkokushi); handed down in the Maeda clan | Heian period, 11th century | Four handscrolls (volumes 11, 14, 17, 20), ink on paper | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
The Chronicles of Japan (日本書紀, Nihon Shoki), Iwasaki edition[168]
|
unknown | Part of the six national histories (Rikkokushi); handed down in the Iwasaki family | Heian period, around 1100 | Two handscrolls (volumes 22, 24: "Empress Suiko", "Emperor Jomei"), ink on paper | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
The Chronicles of Japan (日本書紀神代巻, Nihon Shoki jindai-kan), Yoshida edition[169]
|
Urabe Kanekata (卜部兼方) | With a postscript by Urabe Kanekata; handed down in the Yoshida branch of the Urabe family; part of the six national histories (Rikkokushi) | Kamakura period, 1286 | Two handscrolls (volumes 1, 2), ink on paper, 29.7 cm × 3,012 cm (11.7 in × 1,185.8 in) and 30.3 cm × 3,386 cm (11.9 in × 1,333.1 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
The Chronicles of Japan (日本書紀神代巻, Nihon Shoki jindai-kan), Yoshida edition
|
Urabe Kanekata (卜部兼方) | transcription and postscript byHanded down in the Yoshida branch of the Urabe family; part of the six national histories (Rikkokushi) | Kamakura period, 1303 | Two handscrolls (volumes 1, 2), ink on paper, 29 cm × 2,550 cm (11 in × 1,004 in) and 29 cm × 2,311 cm (11 in × 910 in) | Tenri University Library (天理大学附属天理図書館, Tenri daigaku fuzoku Tenri toshokan), Tenri, Nara | |
unknown | Oldest extant transcription of The Chronicles of Japan; considered to be stylistically close to the original from 720; contains a copy of the Collected Writings of Kūkai from the late Heian period on the back
|
Heian period, 9th century | Fragments (nine out of eleven sheets, first and last page missing) of one handscroll (vol. 10: "Emperor Ōjin"), ink on paper, 28.0 cm × 566.0 cm (11.0 in × 222.8 in) | Nara, Nara
|
||
Fudoki of Harima Province (播磨国風土記, Harima no kuni fudoki)[172] | unknown | Transcription of an ancient record of culture and geography from the early Nara period; oldest extant fudoki manuscript | Heian period | end ofOne handscroll, ink on paper, 28.0 cm × 886.0 cm (11.0 in × 348.8 in) | Tenri University Library (天理大学附属天理図書館, Tenri daigaku fuzoku Tenri toshokan), Tenri, Nara | |
Fudoki of Hizen Province (肥前国風土記, Hizen no kuni fudoki)[172] | unknown | Transcription of an ancient record of culture and geography from the early Nara period | Kamakura period | One bound book | Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture
|
Owner: private; Custody of: |
Ruijū Kokushi (類聚国史)[173] | unknown | Collected by Maeda Tsunanori; one of the oldest extant manuscript of the Ruijū Kokushi | Heian period, 12th century | Four handscrolls (volumes 165, 171, 177, 179), ink on paper | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Ruijū Kokushi (類聚国史)[174][175] | unknown | Formerly in the possession of Kanō Kōkichi (狩野亨吉), a doctor of literature at the Kyoto Imperial University ; one of the oldest extant manuscript of the Ruijū Kokushi
|
Heian period | lateOne handscroll (vol. 25), 27.9 cm × 159.4 cm (11.0 in × 62.8 in) | Sendai, Miyagi
|
|
Eiga Monogatari (栄花物語)[176][177] | unknown | Epic about the life of the courtier Fujiwara no Michinaga; oldest extant manuscript; handed down in the Sanjōnishi family | Kamakura period (Ōgata: mid-Kamakura, Masugata: early Kamakura) | 17 bound books: 10 from the Ōgata edition (until scroll 20), 7 from the Masugata edition (until scroll 40), ink on paper, 30.6 cm × 24.2 cm (12.0 in × 9.5 in) (Ōgata) and 16.3 cm × 14.9 cm (6.4 in × 5.9 in) (Masugata) | Kyushu National Museum, Dazaifu, Fukuoka |
Others
There are 18 Japanese book National Treasures that do not belong to any of the above categories. They cover 14 works of various types, including biographies, law or rulebooks, temple records, music scores, a medical book and dictionaries.[4] Two of the oldest works designated are biographies of the Asuka period regent Shōtoku Taishi. The Shitennō-ji Engi, alleged to have been an autobiography by Prince Shōtoku, described Shitennō-ji, and may have been created to promote the temple.[178] The Shitennō-ji Engi National Treasure consists of two manuscripts: the alleged original discovered in 1007 at Shitennō-ji and a later transcription by Emperor Go-Daigo.[178] Written by imperial order in the early 8th century, the Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu is the oldest extant biography of Shōtoku.[179][180][181] It consists of a collection of anecdotes, legendary and miraculous in nature, which emphasize Shōtoku's Buddhist activities for the sake of imperial legitimacy, and stands at the beginning of Buddhist setsuwa literature.[179][181] The oldest extant manuscript of the 803 Enryaku Kōtaishiki, a compendium of rules concerned with the change of provincial governors from 782 to 803, has been designated as a National Treasure.[182]
The oldest extant Japanese lexica date to the early Heian period.
Compiled between 905 and 927 by Tadahira, the
Name | Authors | Remarks | Date | Format | Present location | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Legendary history of Shitennō-ji (四天王寺縁起, Shitennō-ji engi)[178] | Prince Shōtoku (?) and Emperor Go-Daigo (transcription) | Document on the origin of Shitennō-ji and transcription | Heian period and Nanboku-chō period, 1335 | Two scrolls | Shitennō-ji, Osaka | |
Anecdotes of the sovereign dharma King Shōtoku of the Upper Palace (上宮聖徳法王帝説, Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu)[204] | unknown | Biography of Shōtoku Taishi
|
Heian period, 1050 (parts written by early 8th century) | One scroll, ink on paper, 26.7 cm × 228.8 cm (10.5 in × 90.1 in) | Chion-in, Kyoto | |
Enryaku regulations on the transfer of office (延暦交替式, Enryaku Kōtaishiki)[182] | unknown | Oldest extant copy of the original from 803 | Heian period, around 859–877 | One scroll, ink on paper | Ōtsu, Shiga
|
|
The myriad things, pronounced, defined, in seal script and clerical script (篆隷万象名義, Tenrei Banshō Meigi)[185] | unknown | Oldest extant Kanji dictionary. Transcription of the original by Kūkai from around 830–835 | Heian period, 1114 | Six bound books by fukuro-toji,[nb 3] ink on paper, 26.8 cm × 14.6 cm (10.6 in × 5.7 in) | Kōzan-ji, Kyoto | |
Hifuryaku (秘府略) | unknown | Part of the 1000 scrolls Hifuryaku, the oldest Japanese proto-encyclopedia from 831 | Heian period | One scroll, ink on paper: vol. 868 | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Ishinpō (医心方), Nakarai edition[189][205] | unknown | Handed down in the Nakarai family; oldest extant transcription of this work | Heian period, 12th century[nb 20] | 30 scrolls, one bound book by fukuro-toji,[nb 3] ink on paper. Scroll 1: 27.7 cm × 248.0 cm (10.9 in × 97.6 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Ishinpō (医心方)[188] | unknown | Thought to be closer to the original as it contains fewer annotations than the Nakarai edition of the Ishinpō | Heian period | Five bound books, volumes 1, 5, 7, 9, fragments of 10 | Ninna-ji, Kyoto | |
Rules and regulations concerning ceremonies and other events (延喜式, Engishiki), Kujō edition[206][207] | unknown (more than one person) | Handed down in the Kujō family; the reverse side of 23 of these scrolls contain about 190 letters; oldest extant and most complete copy of Engishiki | Heian period, 11th century | 27 scrolls, ink on paper; vol. 2: 27.5 cm × 825.4 cm (10.8 in × 325.0 in), vol. 39: 28.7 cm × 1,080.2 cm (11.3 in × 425.3 in), vol. 42: 33.6 cm × 575.1 cm (13.2 in × 226.4 in) | Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo | |
Rules and regulations concerning ceremonies and other events (延喜式, Engishiki) Kongōji edition[193][208] | unknown | Oldest extant Engishiki manuscript of certain date | Heian period, 1127 | Three scrolls, ink on paper: vol. 12 fragments, vol. 14, vol. 16 | Kawachinagano, Osaka
|
|
Register of Shrines in Japan (延喜式神名帳, Engishiki Jinmyōchō)[209] | unknown | Volumes 9 and 10 of the Engishiki contain a register of Shinto shrines | Heian period, 1127 | One scroll, ink on paper: vol. 9 and 10 | Kawachinagano, Osaka
|
|
Secret kagura music for the six-stringed zither (神楽和琴秘譜, Kagura wagon hifu)[210] | attributed to Fujiwara no Michinaga | Oldest extant kagura song book | Heian period, 10th–11th century | One handscroll, ink on paper, 28.5 cm × 398.4 cm (11.2 in × 156.9 in) | Yōmei Bunko, Kyoto | |
Manual on Courtly Etiquette (北山抄, Hokuzanshō) | unknown | Transcription of the early 11th century original by Fujiwara no Kintō | Heian period | Twelve scrolls | Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo | |
Manual on Courtly Etiquette, Volume 10 (稿本北山抄, kōhon Hokuzanshō)[197] | Fujiwara no Kintō | Draft to the Manual on Courtly Etiquette. Only extant volume of the original work in the author's own handwriting and oldest extant letters (on reverse side) in kana. Volume title: Guidance on Court Service. The paper used was taken from old letters and official documents. | Heian period, early 11th century, before 1012 | One handscroll, ink on paper, 30.3 cm × 1,279.0 cm (11.9 in × 503.5 in) | Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto | |
Saibara Music Score (催馬楽譜, Saibara fu)[194][195] | attributed to Prince Munetaka | Oldest extant Saibara score | Heian period, mid 11th century | One bound book by fukuro-toji,[nb 3] ink on paper with flying cloud design, 25.5 cm × 16.7 cm (10.0 in × 6.6 in) | Saga, Saga
|
|
Classified dictionary of pronunciations and meanings, annotated (類聚名義抄, Ruiju Myōgishō), Kanchi-in edition | unknown | Oldest extant complete edition; expanded and revised edition of the 11th century original | Kamakura period | mid-Eleven bound books | Tenri University Library (天理大学附属天理図書館, Tenri daigaku fuzoku Tenri toshokan), Tenri, Nara | |
Omuro sōjōki (御室相承記)[200][201] | unknown | —
|
Kamakura period | earlySix scrolls | Ninna-ji, Kyoto | |
Go-Uda tennō shinkan Kōbō Daishi den (後宇多天皇宸翰弘法大師伝)[203] | Emperor Go-Uda | Biography of Kōbō-Daishi (Kūkai), original manuscript | Kamakura period, March 21, 1315 | One hanging scroll, ink on silk, 37.3 cm × 123.6 cm (14.7 in × 48.7 in) | Daikaku-ji, Kyoto | |
History of Tō-ji (東宝記, Tōhōki) | (杲宝) and Kenpō (賢宝) | edited by GōhōRecord of treasures at Tō-ji | Nanboku-chō period to Muromachi period | Twelve scrolls, one bound book by fukuro-toji[nb 3] | Tō-ji, Kyoto |
See also
- Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties
- Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties
- Independent Administrative Institution National Museum
Notes
- ^ Korea and China.
- ^ Only the oldest period is counted, if a National Treasure consists of items from more than one period.
- ^ a b c d e f g h (袋とじ) binding folded uncut pages in a book, so that there are two blank pages between two pages outside.
- ^ Traces of ancient poems of courtship and praise for the ruler survive in the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki and Man'yōshū.
- ^ The Man'yōshū also consists of a small amount of Chinese poetry (kanshi) and prose (kanbun).
- ^ The manuscript calligraphy is attributable to Fujiwara no Tadaie -- see Tokyo National Museum, "Courtly Art: Heian to Muromachi Periods (8c-16c)," 2007; curatorial note by Kohitsu Ryōsa (1572–1662) at the end of the scroll -- see National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, "Essay on Ten Styles of Japanese Poems" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ As opposed to a publicly recognized and certified priest ordained by the ritsuryō state.
- ^ They are the so called Kōfuku-ji and Shinpuku-ji manuscripts covering the first volume and the second to third volume respectively.
- ^ The other two manuscripts are the Maeda (vol. 3) and Kōya (fragments of vols. 1 to 3) manuscripts.
- ^ Poetry is used to express personal feelings.
- ^ Tameie's transcription contains fewer mistakes than Teika's.
- ^ Named after the Kanchiin subtemple of Tō-ji.
- ^ A decorative pictorialized style of calligraphy in which characters are disguised in the shape of reeds (ashi), streams, rocks, flowers, birds, etc.
- ^ An earth-colored based paper imported from China.
- ^ Originally the Konjaku Monogatarishū consisted of 31 volumes of which 28 volumes remain today.
- ^ Older texts such as the Tennōki, Kokki, Kyūji or Teiki from the 7th century have been lost, while others such as the Sangyō Gisho or the Taihō Code are relatively short or only exist as fragments.
- ^ Composed in Japan on Japanese topics; most notably, the Japanese language is not meant here.
- ^ Other differences are: a realistic dialogue, the presentation of more than one viewpoint and the embellishment with a wealth of realistic detail.
- ^ 30 out of 40 volumes.
- ^ 27 scrolls from Heian period, one scroll from Kamakura period, two scrolls and one bound manuscript added in Edo period.
References
- ISBN 0-415-05754-X. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
- ^ Enders & Gutschow 1998, p. 12
- ^ "Cultural Properties for Future Generations" (PDF). Tokyo, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Properties Department. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j 国指定文化財 データベース [Database of National Cultural Properties] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ Seeley 1991, p. 25
- ^ a b Kornicki 1998, p. 93
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 454
- ^ Totman 2000, p. 114
- ^ a b c Seeley 1991, p. 41
- ^ Seeley 1991, p. 40
- ^ Seeley 1991, p. 6
- ^ Keally, Charles T. (2009-06-14). "Historic Archaeological Periods in Japan". Japanese Archaeology. Charles T. Keally. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
- ^ Katō & Sanderson 1997, p. 12
- ^ a b Brown & Hall 1993, p. 459
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 471
- ^ a b Brown & Hall 1993, pp. 460, 472–473
- ^ Aston 2001, pp. 33–35
- ^ Kodansha International 2004, p. 119
- ^ a b Brown & Hall 1993, pp. 460–461
- ^ a b c Brown & Hall 1993, p. 475
- ^ a b Mason & Caiger 1997, p. 81
- ^ a b Kodansha International 2004, p. 120
- ^ Shirane 2008b, pp. 2, 113–114
- ^ a b c Frédéric 2005, p. 594
- ^ Keene 1955, p. 23
- ^ a b Shively & McCullough 1999, pp. 432–433
- ^ Aston 2001, p. 54
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 114
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 444
- ^ McCullough 1991, p. 7
- ^ McCullough 1991, p. 8
- ^ Shirane 2008b, p. 116
- ^ a b Frédéric 2005, p. 595
- ^ a b c d Shirane 2008b, p. 571
- ^ a b Frédéric 2005, p. 1024
- ^ Katō & Sanderson 1997, p. 2
- ^ Shirane 2008b, p. 20
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 466
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 476
- ^ Shirane 2008b, pp. 2, 6
- ^ Carter 1993, p. 18
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 473
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 431
- ^ Carter 1993, p. 73
- ^ a b c d Shirane 2008b, p. 113
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 438
- ^ a b c d e f Carter 1993, p. 74
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 433
- ^ a b Katō & Sanderson 1997, pp. 58–59
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 2
- ^ Katō & Sanderson 1997, p. 58
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 432
- ^ Katō & Sanderson 1997, p. 57
- ^ Shirane 2008b, pp. 592–593
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 593
- ^ Katō & Sanderson 1997, p. 59
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 436
- ^ Carter 1993, p. 145
- ^ Yamamura 1990, p. 453
- ^ Carter 1993, pp. 145–146
- ^ Addiss, Groemer & Rimer (eds.) 2006, p. 96
- ^ Katō & Sanderson 1997, pp. 91–92
- ^ Yamamura 1990, p. 454
- ^ Carter 1993, p. 146
- ^ Shirane 2008b, p. 572
- ^ Deal 2007, p. 249
- ^ Carter 1993, p. 147
- ^ Deal 2007, p. 251
- ^ 万葉集巻第九残巻 [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, fragments of scroll no. 9]. KNM Gallery (in Japanese). Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-10-09. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
- ^ "Fragment from the Ranshi Edition of Man'yoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), Volume 9". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
- ^ a b 文化審議会答申 [Report from the culture commission] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
- ^ "Anthology of Ten Thousand Leaves, Genryaku Edition". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "古今和歌集 元永本" [Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times, Gen'ei edition]. Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
- ^ "古今和歌集 元永本" [Collected Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times, Gen'ei edition]. Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
- ^ "Fragment from the Hon'ami Edition of Kokin Wakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poems)". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
- ^ 古今和歌集第十二残巻(本阿弥切本) [Fragment from the Hon'ami Edition of Kokin Wakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poems)]. Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ 博物館概要・収蔵品一覧/毛利博物館 [Museum summary: Collection at a glance/Mōri Museum] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ 歌仙歌合 [Poetry Contest of Great Poets] (in Japanese). Tokugawa Art Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
- ^ "Poems from the Poetry Match Held by the Empress in the Kanpyō era". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
- Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
- ^ "Essay on Ten Styles of Japanese Poems". Tokyo National Museum. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ 三十六人家集 [Collection of 36 poets]. KNM Gallery (in Japanese). Nishi Hongan-ji. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
- ^ 類聚古集 [Ruijūkoshū] (in Japanese). Ryukoku University. Archived from the original on 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "Ruijūkoshū". Ryukoku University Library. Archived from the original on 2005-03-09. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ 明恵上人歌集 [Collection of Poems by Priest Myōe]. KNM Gallery (in Japanese). Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
- ^ "Collection of Poems by Priest Myōe". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
- ^ 前田家の名宝 [Famous Treasures of the Maeda Clan] (in Japanese). Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
- ^ a b c Shirane 2008b, p. 118
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 117
- ^ a b Keikai & Nakamura 1996, p. 3
- ^ Keikai & Nakamura 1996, p. 33
- ^ Keikai & Nakamura 1996, p. 9
- ^ Tsurayuki & Porter 2005, pp. 5, 7
- ^ Miner 1969, p. 20
- ^ Frellesvig 2010, p. 175
- ^ Tsurayuki & Porter 2005, p. 5
- ^ Mason & Caiger 1997, p. 85
- ^ Frédéric 2005, p. 516
- ^ McCullough 1991, pp. 16, 70
- ^ Varley 2000, p. 62
- ^ Aston 2001, pp. 75–76
- ^ a b Kornicki 1998, p. 94
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 348
- ^ Frédéric 2005, p. 815
- ^ The work's title is variously translated as
- "Tale of the three brothers": Frédéric 2005, p. 815
- "The three jewels": Stone & Walter 2008, p. 105
- "Notes on the pictures of the three jewels": Iyengar 2006, p. 348
- ^ Stone & Walter 2008, p. 105
- ^ Groner 2002, p. 274
- ^ Kamens & Minamoto 1988, p. 24
- ^ Carter 1993, p. 125
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 286
- JSTOR 2668298.
- ^ a b Katō & Sanderson 1997, p. 61
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 285
- ^ a b Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 428
- ^ Shirane 2008b, p. 287
- ^ "Ashide". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ "Karakami". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ISBN 978-0-8348-1013-6. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ a b "Wakan Roeishu Anthology". Kyoto National Museum. 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ a b Totman 2000, p. 133
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 446
- ^ a b c d Shirane 2008b, p. 529
- ^ Shively & McCullough 1999, p. 447
- ^ 御挨拶 [Greeting]. 「今昔物語集」への招待 (Invitation to the Konjaku Monogatarishū) (in Japanese). Kyoto University. 1996. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ Kelsey 1982, p. 14
- ^ a b Bowring 2004, p. 85
- ^ Shirane 2008a, p. 24
- ^ Caddeau 2006, p. 51
- ^ Shirane 2008a, pp. 24, 138, 150
- ^ "日本霊異記" [Nihon Ryōiki]. Kōfuku-ji. 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ "土左日記" [Tosa Diary]. Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ "Sanpo Ekotoba". Tokyo National Museum. 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ "Illustrated Tales of the Three Buddhist Jewels". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ "Poems from Wakan Roeishu (Collection of Japanese and Chinese Verses) on Paper with Design of Reeds". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ 陽明文庫創立70周年記念特別展「宮廷のみやび―近衞家1000年の名宝」 [Special Exhibition Courtly Millennium - Art Treasures from the Konoe Family Collection] (in Japanese). Tokyo National Museum. 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ 倭漢朗詠抄 [Wakan rōeishū] (in Japanese). Seikadō Bunko Art Museum. 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Wakan Roei-sho, known as Ota-gire". Seikadō Bunko Art Museum. 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ 文化審議会答申 [Report from the culture commission] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
- ^ 今昔物語集への招待 [Invitation to the Anthology of Tales from the Past] (in Japanese). Kyoto University Library. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 1
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, pp. 470, 481
- ^ a b Sakamoto 1991, p. xi
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 352
- ^ Sakamoto 1991, p. xiii
- ^ a b c Frédéric 2005, p. 545
- ^ a b c d Ono & Woodard 2004, p. 10
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 44
- ^ Sakamoto 1991, pp. xi, xiv
- ^ Seeley 1991, pp. 46–47
- ^ Sakamoto 1991, p. xiv
- ^ Breen & Teeuwen 2010, p. 29
- ^ Brown & Hall 1993, p. 322
- ^ a b Brown & Hall 1993, p. 469
- ^ a b Frellesvig 2010, p. 25
- ^ a b Lewin 1994, p. 85
- ^ a b Shirane 2008b, p. 53
- ^ Shirane 2008b, p. 45
- ^ Varley 2000, pp. 67–68
- ^ Burns 2003, p. 246
- ^ Piggott 1997, p. 300
- ^ a b c Varley 2000, p. 68
- ^ Brownlee 1991, p. 42
- ^ a b Perkins 1998, p. 13
- ^ McCullough 1991, pp. 11, 200
- ^ Perkins 1998, pp. 13, 23
- ^ Brownlee 1991, p. 46
- ^ McCullough 1991, p. 11
- ^ "The Iwasaki Edition of Nihon Shoki (Nihongi), Volumes 22 and 24". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ "Postscript from the Yoshida Edition of Nihon Shoki (Nihongi)". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ 日本書紀 [The Chronicles of Japan] (in Japanese). Nara National Museum. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ "Chronicles of Japan, Volume 10". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ a b Shūhei, Aoki (2007-03-28). "Fudoki". Encyclopedia of Shinto (β1.3 ed.). Tokyo: Kokugakuin University. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ 国宝 天神さま [The spirit of Sugawara no Michizane] (in Japanese). Kyushu National Museum. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ 類聚国史 [Ruijū Kokushi] (in Japanese). Sendai, Miyagi. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ 類聚国史 [Ruijū Kokushi] (in Japanese). Tohoku University. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
- ^ 収蔵品ギャラリー『国宝・重要文化財』 [Gallery of collected items: National Treasures, Important Cultural Properties] (in Japanese). Kyushu National Museum. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ 栄花物語 [Eiga Monogatari] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ a b c Lee 2007, pp. 40–42
- ^ a b Lee 2007, p. 72
- ^ Lee 2007, p. 141
- ^ a b Brown & Hall 1993, p. 482
- ^ a b 延暦交替式 [Enryaku regulations on the transfer of office] (in Japanese). Otsu City Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ a b Lewin 1994, p. 248
- ISBN 978-3-11-012421-7. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
- ^ a b 国宝 重要文化財 [National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties] (in Japanese). Kōzan-ji. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
- ^ a b Adolphson, Kamens & Matsumoto (eds.) 2007, p. 182
- ^ ISBN 978-0-520-03511-9. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
- ^ a b c , Ninna-ji edition"医心方" [Ishinpō]. Ninna-ji. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ a b c "Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine (Ishinpō)". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ Totman 2000, p. 119
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56324-906-8. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
- ^ a b Adolphson, Kamens & Matsumoto (eds.) 2007, p. 43
- ^ a b Seeley 1991, p. 55
- ^ a b "催馬楽譜" [Saibara Music Sheet]. Saga Prefecture. 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ Nabeshima Hōkōkai. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ Seeley 1991, p. 74
- ^ a b "Manual on Courtly Etiquette". Emuseum. Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ISBN 978-0-8048-1579-6. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ Seeley 1991, p. 126
- ^ a b "御室相承記" [Omuro sōjōki]. Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (in Japanese) (online ed.). Shogakukan. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ a b "御室相承記" [Omuro sōjōki]. Kokushi Daijiten (in Japanese) (online ed.). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ISBN 0-674-80650-6. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
- ^ a b 後宇多天皇宸翰弘法大師伝 [Go-Uda tennō shinkan Kōbō Daishi den] (in Japanese). Daikaku-ji. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ 上宮聖徳法王帝説 [Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu] (in Japanese). Chion-in. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ "Ishinbo". Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
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