Colorado
Colorado | |
---|---|
Aquamarine | |
Mineral | Rhodochrosite |
Rock | Yule Marble |
Ship | USS Colorado (SSN-788) |
Sport | Pack burro racing (summer) Skiing & snowboarding (winter) |
Tartan | Colorado state tartan |
Colorado (
The region has been inhabited by
History
The region that is today the State of Colorado has been inhabited by
The
The U.S. relinquished its claim to all land south and west of the
Most American settlers first traveled to Colorado through the
In 1854, Senator
The gold seekers organized the
Territory act
Thirty days later on February 28, 1861, outgoing U.S. President
The Macomb party designated the confluence as the source of the Colorado River.On April 12, 1861, South Carolina artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter to start the American Civil War. While many gold seekers held sympathies for the Confederacy, the vast majority remained fiercely loyal to the Union cause.
In 1862, a force of Texas cavalry invaded the
In 1864,
In the midst and aftermath of the Civil War, many discouraged prospectors returned to their homes, but a few stayed and developed mines, mills, farms, ranches, roads, and towns in Colorado Territory. On September 14, 1864, James Huff discovered silver near
Statehood
The
The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville in 1878 triggered the Colorado Silver Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 invigorated silver mining, and Colorado's last, but greatest, gold strike at Cripple Creek a few months later lured a new generation of gold seekers. Colorado women were granted the right to vote on November 7, 1893, making Colorado the second state to grant universal suffrage and the first one by a popular vote (of Colorado men). The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to a staggering collapse of the mining and agricultural economy of Colorado, but the state slowly and steadily recovered. Between the 1880s and 1930s, Denver's floriculture industry developed into a major industry in Colorado.[24][25] This period became known locally as the Carnation Gold Rush.[26]
Twentieth and twenty-first centuries
Poor labor conditions and discontent among miners resulted in several major clashes between strikers and the
In 1924, the
Colorado became the first western state to host a major political convention when the
On September 11, 1957, a plutonium fire occurred at the Rocky Flats Plant, which resulted in the significant plutonium contamination of surrounding populated areas.[38]
From the 1940s and 1970s, many protest movements gained momentum in Colorado, predominantly in Denver. This included the Chicano Movement, a civil rights, and social movement of Mexican Americans emphasizing a Chicano identity that is widely considered to have begun in Denver.[39] The National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference was held in Colorado in March 1969.[40]
In 1967, Colorado was the first state to loosen restrictions on abortion when governor John Love signed a law allowing abortions in cases of rape, incest, or threats to the woman's mental or physical health. Many states followed Colorado's lead in loosening abortion laws in the 1960s and 1970s.[41]
Since the late 1990s, Colorado has been the site of
Four warships of the
Geography
Colorado is notable for its diverse geography, which includes alpine mountains, high plains, deserts with huge sand dunes, and deep canyons. In 1861, the
Plains
Approximately half of Colorado is flat and rolling land. East of the Rocky Mountains are the
Eastern Colorado is presently mainly farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages and towns.
Front Range
Roughly 70% of Colorado's population resides along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains in the
Mountains
To the west of the Great Plains of Colorado rises the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. Notable peaks of the Rocky Mountains include Longs Peak, Mount Blue Sky, Pikes Peak, and the Spanish Peaks near Walsenburg, in southern Colorado. This area drains to the east and the southeast, ultimately either via the Mississippi River or the Rio Grande into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 53 true peaks with a total of 58 that are 14,000 feet (4,267 m) or higher in elevation above sea level, known as
Much of the alpine snow melts by mid-August except for a few snow-capped peaks and a few small glaciers. The
The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet (4,401.2 m) elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado and the Rocky Mountains of North America.[5] Colorado is the only U.S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado, and into Cheyenne County, Kansas, is the lowest in Colorado at 3,317 feet (1,011 m) elevation. This point, which is the highest low elevation point of any state,[6][54] is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia.
Continental Divide
The
Within the interior of the Rocky Mountains are several large parks which are high broad basins. In the north, on the east side of the Continental Divide is the
South Central region
In south-central Colorado is the large
Western Slope
The Western Slope of Colorado includes the western face of the Rocky Mountains and all of the area to the western border. This area includes several terrains and climates from alpine mountains to arid deserts. The Western Slope includes many ski resort towns in the Rocky Mountains and towns west to Utah. It is less populous than the Front Range but includes a large number of national parks and monuments.
The northwestern corner of Colorado is a sparsely populated region, and it contains part of the noted Dinosaur National Monument, which not only is a paleontological area, but is also a scenic area of rocky hills, canyons, arid desert, and streambeds. Here, the Green River briefly crosses over into Colorado.
The Western Slope of Colorado is drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries (primarily the
Also prominent is the Grand Mesa, which lies to the southeast of Grand Junction; the high San Juan Mountains, a rugged mountain range; and to the north and west of the San Juan Mountains, the Colorado Plateau.
The Western Slope includes multiple notable destinations in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, including Glenwood Springs, with its resort hot springs, and the ski resorts of Aspen, Breckenridge, Vail, Crested Butte, Steamboat Springs, and Telluride.
Higher education in and near the Western Slope can be found at Colorado Mesa University in Grand Junction, Western Colorado University in Gunnison, Fort Lewis College in Durango, and Colorado Mountain College in Glenwood Springs and Steamboat Springs.
The Four Corners Monument in the southwest corner of Colorado marks the common boundary of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah; the only such place in the United States.
Climate
The
Eastern Plains
The climate of the Eastern Plains is
In summer, this area can have many days above 95 °F (35 °C) and often 100 °F (38 °C).[56] On the plains, the winter lows usually range from 25 to −10 °F (−4 to −23 °C). About 75% of the precipitation falls within the growing season, from April to September, but this area is very prone to droughts. Most of the precipitation comes from thunderstorms, which can be severe, and from major snowstorms that occur in the winter and early spring. Otherwise, winters tend to be mostly dry and cold.[57]
In much of the region, March is the snowiest month. April and May are normally the rainiest months, while April is the wettest month overall. The Front Range cities closer to the mountains tend to be warmer in the winter due to Chinook winds which warms the area, sometimes bringing temperatures of 70 °F (21 °C) or higher in the winter.[57] The average July temperature is 55 °F (13 °C) in the morning and 90 °F (32 °C) in the afternoon. The average January temperature is 18 °F (−8 °C) in the morning and 48 °F (9 °C) in the afternoon, although variation between consecutive days can be 40 °F (22 °C).
Front Range foothills
Just west of the plains and into the foothills, there is a wide variety of climate types. Locations merely a few miles apart can experience entirely different weather depending on the topography. Most valleys have a semi-arid climate, not unlike the eastern plains, which transitions to an alpine climate at the highest elevations. Microclimates also exist in local areas that run nearly the entire spectrum of climates, including subtropical highland (Cfb/Cwb), humid subtropical (Cfa), humid continental (Dfa/Dfb), Mediterranean (Csa/Csb) and subarctic (Dfc).[58]
Extreme weather
Extreme weather changes are common in Colorado, although a significant portion of the extreme weather occurs in the least populated areas of the state. Thunderstorms are common east of the Continental Divide in the spring and summer, yet are usually brief. Hail is a common sight in the mountains east of the Divide and across the eastern Plains, especially the northeast part of the state. Hail is the most commonly reported warm-season severe weather hazard, and occasionally causes human injuries, as well as significant property damage.[59] The eastern Plains are subject to some of the biggest hail storms in North America.[51] Notable examples are the severe hailstorms that hit Denver on July 11, 1990,[60] and May 8, 2017, the latter being the costliest ever in the state.[61]
The Eastern Plains are part of the extreme western portion of
The Plains are also susceptible to occasional floods and particularly severe flash floods, which are caused both by thunderstorms and by the rapid melting of snow in the mountains during warm weather. Notable examples include the 1965 Denver Flood,[63] the Big Thompson River flooding of 1976 and the 2013 Colorado floods. Hot weather is common during summers in Denver. The city's record in 1901 for the number of consecutive days above 90 °F (32 °C) was broken during the summer of 2008. The new record of 24 consecutive days surpassed the previous record by almost a week.[64]
Much of Colorado is very dry, with the state averaging only 17 inches (430 millimeters) of precipitation per year statewide. The state rarely experiences a time when some portion is not in some degree of drought.
However, some of the mountainous regions of Colorado receive a huge amount of moisture from winter snowfalls. The spring melts of these snows often cause great waterflows in the Yampa River, the Colorado River, the Rio Grande, the Arkansas River, the North Platte River, and the South Platte River.
Water flowing out of the Colorado Rocky Mountains is a very significant source of water for the farms, towns, and cities of the southwest states of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, as well as the Midwest, such as Nebraska and Kansas, and the southern states of Oklahoma and Texas. A significant amount of water is also diverted for use in California; occasionally (formerly naturally and consistently), the flow of water reaches northern Mexico.
Climate change
Climate change in Colorado encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Colorado.
In 2019 The Denver Post reported that "[i]ndividuals living in southeastern Colorado are more vulnerable to potential health effects from climate change than residents in other parts of the state".[66] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has more broadly reported:
"Colorado's climate is changing. Most of the state has warmed one or two degrees (F) in the last century. Throughout the western United States, heat waves are becoming more common, snow is melting earlier in spring, and less water flows through the Colorado River.[67][68] Rising temperatures[69] and recent droughts[70] in the region have killed many trees by drying out soils, increasing the risk of forest fires, or enabling outbreaks of forest insects. In the coming decades, the changing climate is likely to decrease water availability and agricultural yields in Colorado, and further increase the risk of wildfires".[71]Records
The highest official ambient air temperature ever recorded in Colorado was 115 °F (46.1 °C) on July 20, 2019, at John Martin Dam. The lowest official air temperature was −61 °F (−51.7 °C) on February 1, 1985, at Maybell.[72][73]
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alamosa
|
34/−2 2/−19 |
40/6 4/−14 |
50/17 10/−8 |
59/24 15/−4 |
69/33 21/1 |
79/41 26/5 |
82/47 28/8 |
80/46 27/8 |
73/40 23/4 |
62/25 17/−4 |
47/12 8/−11 |
35/1 2/−17 |
Colorado Springs
|
43/18 6/−8 |
45/20 7/−7 |
52/26 11/−3 |
60/33 16/1 |
69/43 21/6 |
79/51 26/11 |
85/57 29/14 |
82/56 28/13 |
75/47 24/8 |
63/36 17/2 |
51/25 11/−4 |
42/18 6/−8 |
Denver | 49/20 9/−7 |
49/21 9/−6 |
56/29 13/−2 |
64/35 18/2 |
73/46 23/8 |
84/54 29/12 |
92/61 33/16 |
89/60 32/16 |
81/50 27/10 |
68/37 20/3 |
55/26 13/−3 |
47/18 8/−8 |
Grand Junction | 38/17 3/−8 |
45/24 7/−4 |
57/31 14/-1 |
65/38 18/3 |
76/47 24/8 |
88/56 31/13 |
93/63 34/17 |
90/61 32/16 |
80/52 27/11 |
66/40 19/4 |
51/28 11/−2 |
39/19 4/−7 |
Pueblo | 47/14 8/−10 |
51/17 11/−8 |
59/26 15/−3 |
67/34 19/1 |
77/44 25/7 |
87/53 31/12 |
93/59 34/15 |
90/58 32/14 |
82/48 28/9 |
69/34 21/1 |
56/23 13/−5 |
46/14 8/−10 |
Extreme temperatures
Climate data for Colorado | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 84 (29) |
88 (31) |
96 (36) |
100 (38) |
107 (42) |
114 (46) |
115 (46) |
112 (44) |
108 (42) |
100 (38) |
90 (32) |
88 (31) |
115 (46) |
Record low °F (°C) | −56 (−49) |
−61 (−52) |
−44 (−42) |
−30 (−34) |
−11 (−24) |
10 (−12) |
18 (−8) |
15 (−9) |
−2 (−19) |
−28 (−33) |
−37 (−38) |
−50 (−46) |
−61 (−52) |
Source: Colorado Climate Center[75] |
Earthquakes
Despite its mountainous terrain, Colorado is relatively quiet seismically. The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center is located in Golden.
On August 22, 2011, a 5.3 magnitude earthquake occurred 9 miles (14 km) west-southwest of the city of Trinidad.[76] There were no casualties and only a small amount of damage was reported. It was the second-largest earthquake in Colorado's history. A magnitude 5.7 earthquake was recorded in 1973.[77]
In the early morning hours of August 24, 2018, four minor earthquakes rattled Colorado, ranging from magnitude 2.9 to 4.3.[78]
Colorado has recorded 525 earthquakes since 1973, a majority of which range 2 to 3.5 on the Richter scale.[79]
Fauna
A process of extirpation by trapping and poisoning of the
While there is fossil evidence of Harrington's mountain goat in Colorado between at least 800,000 years ago and its extinction with megafauna roughly 11,000 years ago, the mountain goat is not native to Colorado but was instead introduced to the state over time during the interval between 1947 and 1972. Despite being an artificially-introduced species, the state declared mountain goats a native species in 1993.[84] In 2013, 2014, and 2019, an unknown illness killed nearly all mountain goat kids, leading to a Colorado Parks and Wildlife investigation.[85][86]
The native population of pronghorn in Colorado has varied wildly over the last century, reaching a low of only 15,000 individuals during the 1960s. However, conservation efforts succeeded in bringing the stable population back up to roughly 66,000 by 2013.[87] The population was estimated to have reached 85,000 by 2019 and had increasingly more run-ins with the increased suburban housing along the eastern Front Range. State wildlife officials suggested that landowners would need to modify fencing to allow the greater number of pronghorns to move unabated through the newly developed land.[88] Pronghorns are most readily found in the northern and eastern portions of the state, with some populations also in the western San Juan Mountains.[89]
Common wildlife found in the mountains of Colorado include mule deer, southwestern red squirrel, golden-mantled ground squirrel, yellow-bellied marmot, moose, American pika, and red fox, all at exceptionally high numbers, though moose are not native to the state.[90][91][92][93] The foothills include deer, fox squirrel, desert cottontail, mountain cottontail, and coyote.[94][95] The prairies are home to black-tailed prairie dog, the endangered swift fox, American badger, and white-tailed jackrabbit.[96][97][98]
Counties
The State of Colorado is divided into 64 counties. Two of these counties, the City and County of Broomfield and the City and County of Denver, have consolidated city and county governments. Counties are important units of government in Colorado since there are no civil townships or other minor civil divisions.
The most populous county in Colorado is
2023 rank[c] | County | County seat | Most populous city | 2023 population[c] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | El Paso County | Colorado Springs | Colorado Springs | 744,215 |
2 | City and County of Denver | Denver[d] | Denver | 716,577 |
3 | Arapahoe County | Littleton[e] | Aurora[f] | 656,061 |
4 | Jefferson County | Golden | Lakewood | 576,366 |
5 | Adams County | Brighton[g] | Thornton[h] | 533,365 |
6 | Douglas County | Castle Rock | Highlands Ranch[i] | 383,906 |
7 | Larimer County | Fort Collins | Fort Collins | 370,771 |
8 | Weld County | Greeley | Greeley | 359,442 |
9 | Boulder County | Boulder | Boulder | 326,831 |
10 | Pueblo County | Pueblo | Pueblo | 169,422 |
11 | Mesa County | Grand Junction | Grand Junction | 159,681 |
12 | City and County of Broomfield | Broomfield[j] | Broomfield | 76,860 |
13 | Garfield County | Glenwood Springs | Rifle | 62,707 |
14 | La Plata County | Durango | Durango | 56,407 |
15 | Eagle County | Eagle | Edwards[k] | 54,381 |
16 | Fremont County | Cañon City | Cañon City | 50,318 |
Municipalities
Colorado has 272 active incorporated municipalities, comprising 197 towns, 73 cities, and two consolidated city and county governments.[100][101] At the 2020 United States census, 4,299,942 of the 5,773,714 Colorado residents (74.47%) lived in one of these 272 municipalities. Another 714,417 residents (12.37%) lived in one of the 210 census-designated places, while the remaining 759,355 residents (13.15%) lived in the many rural and mountainous areas of the state.[11]
Colorado municipalities operate under one of five types of municipal governing authority. Colorado currently has two consolidated city and county governments, 61 home rule cities, 12 statutory cities, 35 home rule towns, 161 statutory towns, and one territorial charter municipality.
The most populous municipality is the
Unincorporated communities
In addition to its 272 municipalities, Colorado has 210
2020 rank[11] | Census-designated place | County | 2020 census[11]
|
---|---|---|---|
1 | Highlands Ranch CDP | Douglas County | 103,444 |
2 | Security-Widefield CDP | El Paso County | 38,639 |
3 | Dakota Ridge CDP | Jefferson County | 33,892 |
4 | Ken Caryl CDP | Jefferson County | 33,811 |
5 | Pueblo West CDP | Pueblo County | 33,086 |
6 | Columbine CDP | Jefferson and Arapahoe counties | 25,229 |
7 | Four Square Mile CDP | Arapahoe County | 22,872 |
8 | Clifton CDP | Mesa County | 20,413 |
9 | Cimarron Hills CDP | El Paso County | 19,311 |
10 | Sherrelwood CDP | Adams County | 19,228 |
Special districts
Colorado has more than 4,000 special districts, most with property tax authority. These districts may provide schools, law enforcement, fire protection, water, sewage, drainage, irrigation, transportation, recreation, infrastructure, cultural facilities, business support, redevelopment, or other services.
Some of these districts have the authority to levy sales tax as well as property tax and use fees. This has led to a hodgepodge of sales tax and property tax rates in Colorado. There are some street intersections in Colorado with a different sales tax rate on each corner, sometimes substantially different.
Some of the more notable Colorado districts are:
- The Regional Transportation District (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver, Boulder, Jefferson, and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, and Douglas Counties
- The Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD), a special regional tax district with physical boundaries contiguous with county boundaries of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties
- It is a 0.1% retail sales and uses tax (one penny on every $10).
- According to the Colorado statute, the SCFD distributes the money to local organizations on an annual basis. These organizations must provide for the enlightenment and entertainment of the public through the production, presentation, exhibition, advancement, or preservation of art, music, theater, dance, zoology, botany, natural history, or cultural history.
- As directed by statute, SCFD recipient organizations are currently divided into three "tiers" among which receipts are allocated by percentage.
- Tier I includes regional organizations: the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Botanic Gardens, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Denver Zoo, and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. It receives 65.5%.
- Tier II currently includes 26 regional organizations. Tier II receives 21%.
- Tier III has more than 280 local organizations such as small theaters, orchestras, art centers, natural history, cultural history, and community groups. Tier III organizations apply for funding from the county cultural councils via a grant process. This tier receives 13.5%.
- An 11-member board of directors oversees the distributions by the Colorado Revised Statutes. Seven board members are appointed by county commissioners (in Denver, the Denver City Council) and four members are appointed by the Governor of Colorado.
- The Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the Denver Broncos' stadium Empower Field at Mile High.
- Local Improvement Districts (LID) within designated areas of Jefferson and Broomfield counties.
- The Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District, approved by voters to pay for and help build the Colorado Rockies' stadium Coors Field.
- Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, and Gunnison County.
Statistical areas
Most recently on March 6, 2020, the Office of Management and Budget defined 21 statistical areas for Colorado comprising four combined statistical areas, seven metropolitan statistical areas, and ten micropolitan statistical areas.[104]
The most populous of the seven
The more extensive 12-county
The most populous extended metropolitan region in Rocky Mountain Region is the 18-county
Demographics
The
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 34,277 | — | |
1870 | 39,864 | 16.3% | |
1880 | 194,327 | 387.5% | |
1890 | 413,249 | 112.7% | |
1900 | 539,700 | 30.6% | |
1910 | 799,024 | 48.0% | |
1920 | 939,629 | 17.6% | |
1930 | 1,035,791 | 10.2% | |
1940 | 1,123,296 | 8.4% | |
1950 | 1,325,089 | 18.0% | |
1960 | 1,753,947 | 32.4% | |
1970 | 2,207,259 | 25.8% | |
1980 | 2,889,964 | 30.9% | |
1990 | 3,294,394 | 14.0% | |
2000 | 4,301,262 | 30.6% | |
2010 | 5,029,196 | 16.9% | |
2020 | 5,773,714 | 14.8% | |
U.S. Decennial Census |
Race and ethnicity[105] | Non-Hispanic | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
65.1% | 69.4% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[m] | — | 21.9% | ||
Black (non-Hispanic) | 3.8% | 4.9% | ||
Asian | 3.4% | 4.7% | ||
Native American | 0.6% | 2.1% | ||
Pacific Islander | 0.2% | 0.4% | ||
Other | 0.5% | 1.5% |
Racial composition | 1970[106] | 1990[106] | 2000[107] | 2010[108] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White Hispanics )
|
95.7% | 88.2% | 82.8% | 81.3% |
Black
|
3.0% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.0% |
Asian
|
0.5% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 2.8% |
Native | 0.4% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% |
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander |
– | – | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Other race
|
0.4% | 5.1% | 7.2% | 7.2% |
Two or more races | – | – | 2.8% | 3.4% |
Non-Hispanic White 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%Hispanic or Latino 40–50%50–60%
Coloradan Hispanics and Latinos (of any race and heritage) made up 20.7% of the population.[109] According to the 2000 census, the largest ancestry groups in Colorado are German (22%) including those of Swiss and Austrian descent, Mexican (18%), Irish (12%), and English (12%). Persons reporting German ancestry are especially numerous in the Front Range, the Rockies (west-central counties), and Eastern parts/High Plains.
Colorado has a high proportion of
Colorado also has some large African-American communities located in Denver, in the neighborhoods of Montbello, Five Points, Whittier, and many other East Denver areas. The state has sizable numbers of Asian-Americans of
The population of Native Americans in the state is small. Native Americans are concentrated in metropolitan Denver and the southwestern corner of Colorado, where there are two Ute reservations.[113]
The majority of Colorado's immigrants are from Mexico, India, China, Vietnam, Korea, Germany and Canada.[114]
There were a total of 70,331 births in Colorado in 2006. (Birth rate of 14.6 per thousand.) In 2007, non-Hispanic Whites were involved in 59.1% of all births.[115] Some 14.06% of those births involved a non-Hispanic White person and someone of a different race, most often with a couple including one Hispanic. A birth where at least one Hispanic person was involved counted for 43% of the births in Colorado.[116] As of the 2010 census, Colorado has the seventh highest percentage of Hispanics (20.7%) in the U.S. behind New Mexico (46.3%), California (37.6%), Texas (37.6%), Arizona (29.6%), Nevada (26.5%), and Florida (22.5%). Per the 2000 census, the Hispanic population is estimated to be 918,899, or approximately 20% of the state's total population. Colorado has the 5th-largest population of Mexican-Americans, behind California, Texas, Arizona, and Illinois. In percentages, Colorado has the 6th-highest percentage of Mexican-Americans, behind New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, and Nevada.[117]
Birth data
In 2011, 46% of Colorado's population younger than the age of one were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic White.[118][119]
Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Race
|
2013[120] | 2014[121] | 2015[122] | 2016[123] | 2017[124] | 2018[125] | 2019[126] | 2020[127] | 2021[128] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White: | 57,491 (88.4%) | 58,117 (88.3%) | 58,756 (88.2%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
> Non-Hispanic whites | 39,872 (61.3%) | 40,629 (61.7%) | 40,878 (61.4%) | 39,617 (59.5%) | 37,516 (58.3%) | 36,466 (58.0%) | 36,022 (57.3%) | 34,924 (56.8%) | 36,334 (57.7%) |
Black | 3,760 (5.8%) | 3,926 (6.0%) | 4,049 (6.1%) | 3,004 (4.5%) | 3,110 (4.8%) | 3,032 (4.8%) | 3,044 (4.8%) | 3,146 (5.1%) | 2,988 (4.7%) |
Asian | 2,863 (4.4%) | 3,010 (4.6%) | 2,973 (4.5%) | 2,617 (3.9%) | 2,611 (4.1%) | 2,496 (4.0%) | 2,540 (4.0%) | 2,519 (4.1%) | 2,490 (4.0%) |
American Indian | 793 (1.2%) | 777 (1.2%) | 803 (1.2%) | 412 (0.6%) | 421 (0.7%) | 352 (0.6%) | 365 (0.6%) | 338 (0.5%) | 323 (0.5%) |
Pacific Islander
|
... | ... | ... | 145 (0.2%) | 145 (0.2%) | 155 (0.2%) | 168 (0.3%) | 169 (0.3%) | 202 (0.3%) |
Hispanic (of any race) | 17,821 (27.4%) | 17,665 (26.8%) | 18,139 (27.2%) | 18,513 (27.8%) | 18,125 (28.2%) | 17,817 (28.3%) | 18,205 (29.0%) | 18,111 (29.4%) | 18,362 (29.2%) |
Total Colorado | 65,007 (100%) | 65,830 (100%) | 66,581 (100%) | 66,613 (100%) | 64,382 (100%) | 62,885 (100%) | 62,869 (100%) | 61,494 (100%) | 62,949 (100%) |
- Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
In 2017, Colorado recorded the second-lowest fertility rate in the United States outside of New England, after Oregon, at 1.63 children per woman.[124] Significant contributing factors to the decline in pregnancies were the Title X Family Planning Program and an intrauterine device grant from Warren Buffett's family.[129][130]
Language
English, the official language of the state, is the most commonly spoken in Colorado.[131] One Native American language still spoken in Colorado is the Colorado River Numic language also known as the Ute dialect.
The most common non-English language spoken in the state is Spanish.[132]
Religion
Major religious affiliations of the people of Colorado as of 2014 were 64% Christian, of whom there are 44% Protestant, 16%
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the largest Christian denominations by the number of adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 811,630; multi-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 229,981; and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 151,433.[137] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives determined the largest Christian denominations were Catholics (873,236), non/multi/inter-denominational Protestants (406,798), and Mormons (150,509).[138] Throughout its non-Christian population, there were 12,500 Hindus, 7,101 Hindu Yogis, and 17,369 Buddhists at the 2020 study.
Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church was the first permanent Catholic parish in modern-day Colorado and was constructed by Spanish colonists from New Mexico in modern-day Conejos.[139] Latin Church Catholics are served by three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Denver and the Dioceses of Colorado Springs and Pueblo.
The first permanent settlement by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Colorado arrived from Mississippi and initially camped along the Arkansas River just east of the present-day site of Pueblo.[140]
Health
Colorado is generally considered among the healthiest states by behavioral and healthcare researchers. Among the positive contributing factors is the state's well-known outdoor recreation opportunities and initiatives.[141] However, there is a stratification of health metrics with wealthier counties such as Douglas and Pitkin performing significantly better relative to southern, less wealthy counties such as Huerfano and Las Animas.[142]
Obesity
According to several studies, Coloradans have the lowest rates of obesity of any state in the US.[143] As of 2018[update], 24% of the population was considered medically obese, and while the lowest in the nation, the percentage had increased from 17% in 2004.[144][145]
Life expectancy
According to a report in the
Homelessness
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 10,397 homeless people in Colorado.[147][148]
Economy
In 2019 the total employment was 2,473,192. The number of employer establishments is 174,258.[149]
The total state product in 2015 was $318.6 billion.
The
In the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors expanded greatly. The state's economy is diversified and is notable for its concentration on scientific research and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, the extraction of metals such as gold (see Gold mining in Colorado), silver, and molybdenum. Colorado now also has the largest annual production of beer in any state.[154] Denver is an important financial center.
The state's diverse geography and majestic mountains attract millions of tourists every year, including 85.2 million in 2018. Tourism contributes greatly to Colorado's economy, with tourists generating $22.3 billion in 2018.[155]
Several nationally known brand names have originated in Colorado factories and laboratories. From
Colorado has a flat 4.63% income tax, regardless of income level. On 3 November 2020 voters authorized an initiative to lower that income tax rate to 4.55 percent. Unlike most states, which calculate taxes based on federal adjusted gross income, Colorado taxes are based on taxable income—income after federal exemptions and federal itemized (or standard) deductions.[156][157] Colorado's state sales tax is 2.9% on retail sales. When state revenues exceed state constitutional limits, according to Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights legislation, full-year Colorado residents can claim a sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates, in addition to the base state rate. There are also certain county and special district taxes that may apply.
Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado. The state's senior property tax exemption was temporarily suspended by the Colorado Legislature in 2003. The tax break was scheduled to return for the assessment year 2006, payable in 2007.
As of December 2018[update], the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.[158]
The West Virginia teachers' strike in 2018 inspired
Agriculture
Natural resources
Colorado has significant
Electricity generation
Colorado's high Rocky Mountain ridges and eastern plains offer
Culture
Arts and film
Several film productions have been shot on location in Colorado, especially prominent
There are also several established film festivals in Colorado, including
Many notable writers have lived or spent extended periods in Colorado. Beat Generation writers Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady lived in and around Denver for several years each.[167] Irish playwright Oscar Wilde visited Colorado on his tour of the United States in 1882, writing in his 1906 Impressions of America that Leadville was "the richest city in the world. It has also got the reputation of being the roughest, and every man carries a revolver."[168][169]
Cuisine
Colorado is known for its Southwest and Rocky Mountain cuisine, with Mexican restaurants found throughout the state.
Boulder was named America's Foodiest Town 2010 by Bon Appétit.[170] Boulder, and Colorado in general, is home to several national food and beverage companies, top-tier restaurants and farmers' markets. Boulder also has more Master Sommeliers per capita than any other city, including San Francisco and New York.[171] Denver is known for steak, but now has a diverse culinary scene with many restaurants.[172]
Polidori Sausage is a brand of pork products available in supermarkets, which originated in Colorado, in the early 20th century.[173]
The
Wine and beer
Colorado is home to many nationally praised
Marijuana and hemp
Colorado is open to
On April 4, 2014, Senate Bill 14–184 addressing oversight of Colorado's industrial hemp program was first introduced, ultimately being signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on May 31, 2014.[187]
Medicinal use
On November 7, 2000, 54% of Colorado voters passed Amendment 20, which amends the Colorado State constitution to allow the
- (I) No more than 2 ounces (57 g) of a usable form of marijuana; and
- (II) No more than twelve marijuana plants, with six or fewer being mature, flowering plants that are producing a usable form of marijuana.[189]
Currently, Colorado has listed "eight medical conditions for which patients can use marijuana—cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, muscle spasms, seizures, severe pain, severe nausea and cachexia, or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy".[190] While governor, John Hickenlooper allocated about half of the state's $13 million "Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund"[191] to medical research in the 2014 budget.[192] By 2018, the Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund was the "largest pool of pot money in the state" and was used to fund programs including research into pediatric applications for controlling autism symptoms.[193]
Recreational use
On November 6, 2012, voters amended the state constitution to protect "personal use" of marijuana for adults, establishing a framework to regulate marijuana in a manner similar to alcohol.[194] The first recreational marijuana shops in Colorado, and by extension the United States, opened their doors on January 1, 2014.[195]
Sports
Colorado has five major professional sports leagues, all based in the Denver metropolitan area. Colorado is the least populous state with a franchise in each of the major professional sports leagues.
The
The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb is a major hill climbing motor race held on the Pikes Peak Highway.
The Cherry Hills Country Club has hosted several professional golf tournaments, including the U.S. Open, U.S. Senior Open, U.S. Women's Open, PGA Championship and BMW Championship.
Professional sports teams
College athletics
The following universities and colleges participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. The most popular college sports program is the University of Colorado Buffaloes, who used to play in the Big-12 but now play in the Pac-12. They have won the 1957 and 1991 Orange Bowl, 1995 Fiesta Bowl, and 1996 Cotton Bowl Classic.
Transportation
Colorado's primary mode of transportation (in terms of passengers) is its highway system. Interstate 25 (I-25) is the primary north–south highway in the state, connecting Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, and Fort Collins, and extending north to Wyoming and south to New Mexico. I-70 is the primary east–west corridor. It connects Grand Junction and the mountain communities with Denver and enters Utah and Kansas. The state is home to a network of US and Colorado highways that provide access to all principal areas of the state. Many smaller communities are connected to this network only via county roads.
Public transportation bus services are offered both intra-city and inter-city—including the Denver metro area's RTD services. The
Colorado's freight railroad network consists of 2,688 miles of Class I trackage. It is integral to the U.S. economy, being a critical artery for the movement of energy, agriculture, mining, and industrial commodities as well as general freight and manufactured products between the East and Midwest and the Pacific coast states.[199]
In August 2014, Colorado began to issue driver licenses to
Education
The first institution of
The first
Following a 1950 assessment by the Service Academy Board, it was determined that there was a need to supplement the
Military installations
The major
- Buckley Space Force Base (1938–)
- Air Reserve Personnel Center (1953–)
- Fort Carson (U.S. Army 1942–)
- Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (1983–)
- Peterson Space Force Base (1942–)
- Pueblo Chemical Depot (U.S. Army 1942–)
- Schriever Space Force Base (1983–)
- United States Air Force Academy (1954–)
Former military posts in Colorado include:
- Spanish Fort (Spanish Army 1819–1821)
- Fort Massachusetts (U.S. Army 1852–1858)
- Fort Garland (U.S. Army 1858–1883)
- Camp Collins (U.S. Army 1862–1870)
- Fort Logan (U.S. Army 1887–1946)
- Colorado National Guard Armory (1913–1933)
- Fitzsimons Army Hospital(U.S. Army 1918–1999)
- Denver Medical Depot (U.S. Army 1925–1949)[211]
- Lowry Air Force Base (1938–1994)
- Pueblo Army Air Base(1941–1948)
- Rocky Mountain Arsenal (U.S. Army 1942–1992)
- Camp Hale (U.S. Army 1942–1945)
- La Junta Army Air Field(1942–1946)
- Leadville Army Air Field(1943–1944)
Government
State government
State Executive Officers | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office | Name | Party | |||
Governor | Jared Polis | Democratic | |||
Lieutenant Governor | Dianne Primavera | Democratic | |||
Secretary of State | Jena Griswold | Democratic | |||
Attorney General | Phil Weiser | Democratic | |||
Treasurer | Dave Young | Democratic |
Like the federal government and all other U.S. states, Colorado's
The
The seven-member Colorado Supreme Court is the state's highest court, with seven justices. The Colorado Court of Appeals, with 22 judges, sits in divisions of three judges each. Colorado is divided into 22 judicial districts, each of which has a district court and a county court with limited jurisdiction. The state also has specialized water courts, which sit in seven distinct divisions around the state and which decide matters relating to water rights and the use and administration of water.
The state legislative body is the Colorado General Assembly, which is made up of two houses – the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 65 members and the Senate has 35. As of 2023[update], the Democratic Party holds a 23 to 12 majority in the Senate and a 46 to 19 majority in the House.
Most Coloradans are native to other states (nearly 60% according to the 2000 census),
Tax is collected by the Colorado Department of Revenue.
Politics
Colorado registered voters as of July 2, 2023[update][213] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Number of voters | Percentage | |||
Unaffiliated
|
1,812,690 | 46.88% | |||
Democratic | 1,052,739 | 27.23% | |||
Republican | 931,102 | 24.08% | |||
Libertarian | 39,800 | 1.03% | |||
American Constitution | 11,738 | 0.30% | |||
Green | 8,513 | 0.22% | |||
Approval Voting | 4,653 | 0.12% | |||
Unity | 3,230 | 0.08% | |||
No Labels | 1,341 | 0.03% | |||
Center | 922 | 0.02% | |||
Total | 3,866,728 | 100.00% |
Colorado was once considered a swing state, but has become a relatively safe blue state in both state and federal elections. In presidential elections, it had not been won until 2020 by double digits since 1984 and has backed the winning candidate in 9 of the last 11 elections. Coloradans have elected 17 Democrats and 12 Republicans to the governorship in the last 100 years.
In presidential politics, Colorado was considered a reliably Republican state during the post-World War II era, voting for the Democratic candidate only in 1948, 1964, and 1992. However, it became a competitive swing state in the 1990s. Since the mid-2000s, it has swung heavily to the Democrats, voting for Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, Hillary Clinton in 2016, and Joe Biden in 2020.
Colorado politics exhibits a contrast between conservative cities such as Colorado Springs and Grand Junction, and liberal cities such as Boulder and Denver. Democrats are strongest in
Colorado is represented by two members of the United States Senate:
- Class 2, John Hickenlooper (Democratic), since 2021
- Class 3, Michael Bennet (Democratic), since 2009
Colorado is represented by eight members of the United States House of Representatives:
- 1st district: Diana DeGette (Democratic), since 1997
- 2nd district: Joe Neguse (Democratic), since 2019
- 3rd district: Lauren Boebert (Republican), since 2021
- 4th district: Ken Buck (Republican), since 2015
- 5th district: Doug Lamborn (Republican), since 2007
- 6th district: Jason Crow (Democratic), since 2019
- 7th district: Brittany Pettersen (Democratic), since 2023
- 8th district: Yadira Caraveo (Democratic), since 2023
In a 2020 study, Colorado was ranked as the seventh easiest state for citizens to vote in.[214]
Significant initiatives and legislation enacted in Colorado
Colorado was the first state in the union to enact, by voter referendum, a law extending suffrage to women. That initiative was approved by the state's voters on November 7, 1893.[215]
On the November 8, 1932, ballot, Colorado approved the
Colorado has banned, via C.R.S. section 12-6-302, the sale of motor vehicles on Sunday since at least 1953.[216]
In 1972 Colorado voters rejected a referendum proposal to fund the 1976 Winter Olympics, which had been scheduled to be held in the state. Denver had been chosen by the International Olympic Committee as the host city on May 12, 1970.[217]
In 1992, by a margin of 53 to 47 percent, Colorado voters approved an amendment to the state constitution (Amendment 2) that would have prevented any city, town, or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive or judicial action to recognize homosexuals or bisexuals as a
In 2006, voters passed Amendment 43, which banned gay marriage in Colorado.[220] That initiative was nullified by the U.S. Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges.
In 2012, voters amended the state constitution protecting the "personal use" of marijuana for adults, establishing a framework to regulate cannabis like alcohol. The first recreational marijuana shops in Colorado, and by extension the United States, opened their doors on January 1, 2014.[195]
On December 19, 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that Donald Trump was disqualified from the 2024 United States presidential election in part due to his alleged incitement of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[221]
Native American reservations
The two
Protected areas
Colorado is home to
See also
- Bibliography of Colorado
- Geography of Colorado
- History of Colorado
- Index of Colorado-related articles
- List of Colorado-related lists
- List of ships named the USS Colorado
- Outline of Colorado
Footnotes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- Congressoriginally designated.
- ^ a b c United States Census Bureau estimates of county population as of July 1, 2023,[99]
- ^ As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Denver is its own county seat.[100]
- ^ Littleton, Colorado also extends into Jefferson and Douglas counties.
- ^ Aurora, Colorado also extends into Adams and Douglas counties.
- ^ Brighton, Colorado also extends into Weld County.
- ^ Thornton, Colorado also extends into Weld County.
- ^ Highlands Ranch, Colorado is a census-designated place.
- ^ As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Broomfield is its own county seat.[100]
- ^ Edwards, Colorado is a census-designated place.
- ^ a b c United States Census Bureau estimates of municipal population as of July 1, 2022[102]
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
- ^ Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor:
- Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent.
- Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent.
- Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
- Men's ice hockey competes in Atlantic Hockey.
- Men's lacrosse competes in the ASUN Conference.
- Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference.
- Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.
- Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.
- ^ Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Pac-12 does not sponsor:
- Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
- Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.
- ^ Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor:
- Women's gymnastics competes in the Big 12 Conference.
- Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.
- Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the Big East Conference.
- Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.
- ^ Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor:
- Baseball competes in the Summit League.
- Women's swimming & diving competes in the Western Athletic Conference.
- Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.
- ^ Colorado College, otherwise an NCAA Division III member, has two Division I teams. Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference and women's soccer competes in the Mountain West.
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Further reading
- Explore Colorado, A Naturalist's Handbook, The Denver Museum of Natural History and Westcliff Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1-56579-124-Xfor an excellent guide to the ecological regions of Colorado.
- The Archeology of Colorado, Revised Edition, E. Steve Cassells, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado, 1997, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-193-9.
- Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains, Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-227-7.
- Harper & Brothers. pp. 213–226.
- ISBN 0-03-071979-8, a fictional account of farming in Colorado.
- Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites, Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages, ISBN 0-89658-591-3
- Blevins, Jason (December 9, 2015). "Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism, state survey says". Denver Post. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
External links
State government
- State of Colorado
- Colorado Tourism Office
- History Colorado
- Colorado Encyclopedia (partly sponsored by History Colorado)
Federal government
- Energy & Environmental Data for Colorado
- USGS Colorado state facts, real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Colorado
- United States Census Bureau
- USDA ERS Colorado state facts
- Colorado State Guide, from the Library of Congress
Other
- List of searchable databases produced by Colorado state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable
- Colorado County Evolution
- Ask Colorado
- Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection (CHNC)
- Mountain and Desert Plants of Colorado and the Southwest,
- Climate of Colorado Archived April 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Colorado at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Colorado at OpenStreetMap
- Holocene Volcano in Colorado (Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program)