List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene

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Map of North America

This list of North American animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 11,700 years on the

Hawaii
are in their own respective lists.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class
Mammalia
)

Armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts (order Cingulata)

Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North American glyptodont[1] Glyptotherium sp.
northeastern Brazil
 Most recent remains at Quetzaltenango, Guatemala dated to 9948-9306 BCE.[2]

Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)

Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jefferson's ground sloth
 Megalonyx jeffersoni Alaska to northern Mexico Most recent remains dated to 9540-9420 BCE.[3]
Xibalbaonyx oviceps Puerto Morelos, Mexico Most recent remains at El Zapote cenote dated to 8697-8355 BCE.[2]

Mylodonts (family Mylodontidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Harlan's ground sloth
 Paramylodon harlani Mexico, Southern and Western United States Most recent remains dated to 9880-8280 BCE.[3]

Nothrotheriid ground sloths (family Nothrotheriidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Shasta ground sloth
 Nothrotheriops shastensis
Yucatan
 Most recent remains dated to 8725-8175 BCE.[3]

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Gomphotheres (family
Gomphotheriidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cuvier's gomphothere[4] Cuvieronius hyodon Central America, northern and central Andes Most recent remains at Estanzuela, Guatemala dated to 9117-8793 BCE.[2]

Mastodons (family Mammutidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
American mastodon
 Mammut americanum North America Most recent remains dated to 7110-6810 BCE.[3]

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Columbian mammoth Mammuthus columbi Southern and Western United States, and northern Mexico Most recent remains dated to 8080-7700 BCE.[3]
Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus exilis Santa Rosae island, California Most recent remains dated to 9130-9030 BCE.[3]
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains at St. Paul, Alaska dated to 3635-3580 BCE.[5]

Sea cows (order Sirenia)

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Steller's sea cow Hydrodamalis gigas Bering Sea Most recent remains at Kiska, Alaska dated to 1710-1785 CE.[6]

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Pikas (family
Ochotonidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Giant pika Ochotona whartoni Northern North America and possibly northeastern Siberia Most recent remains dated to 8301-7190 BCE.[7]

Rodents (order
Rodentia
)

Beavers (family Castoridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Giant beaver Castoroides ohioensis North America Most recent remains at Wayne County, New York dated to 8250-8150 BCE.[8]

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Gull Island vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus Great Gull Island, New York Disappeared around 1900, when the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound were built.[9]
Anthony's woodrat Neotoma bryanti anthonyi Isla Todos Santos, Mexico Last recorded in 1926. Extinct due to predation by introduced feral cats.[10]
Bunker's woodrat Neotoma bryanti bunkeri
Coronados Islands
, Mexico 		Last recorded in 1931. Likely extinct due to depletion of food sources and predation by introduced cats.[11]
San Martรญn Island woodrat Neotoma bryanti martinensis Isla San Martรญn, Mexico Last recorded in the 1950s. Extinct due to predation by introduced cats.[12]
Nelson's rice rat Oryzomys nelsoni Marรญa Madre Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1897. Possibly extinct due to introduced black rats.[13]
Giant island deer mouse
 Peromyscus nesodytes
Channel Islands of California
 Most recent remains at Cave of the Chimneys,
water erosion destroying its natural habitat.[14]
Pallid beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus Coastal Florida Last recorded in 1946. Extinct due to extensive
habitat loss.[15]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Puebla deer mouse Peromyscus mekisturus Southeast
Puebla
, Mexico 		Last recorded in 1957. Possibly extinct due to
habitat degradation caused by agriculture or climate change.[16]

Gophers (family
Geomyidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Goff's pocket gopher Geomys pinetis goffi Pineda Ridge, Florida Last recorded in 1955.[17]
Tacoma pocket gopher Thomomys mazama tacomensis
Tacoma-Steilacoom, Washington
area 		Last collected in 1962. Extinct due to
residential development and gravel mining.[15]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North American sabertooth cat
 Smilodon fatalis Southern Alberta to northwestern South America Most recent remains dated to 7615-7305 BCE.[3]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eastern cougar Population of the North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar)
Eastern North America
 Last confirmed individual trapped in Somerset County, Maine in 1938.[18] Though named as a distinct subspecies in 1946, genetic research indicates that no population of North American cougars is different enough to warrant subspecies status, and the taxon P. c. couguar is not extinct as a result.[19]

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kenai Peninsula wolf Canis lupus alces Kenai Peninsula, Alaska Exterminated through hunting, trapping, and poisoning by 1915. Wolves recolonized the Peninsula in 1962, a decade after predator eradication efforts were reduced.[20]
Newfoundland wolf Canis lupus beothucus
Newfoundland
 Last known individual killed in 1896.[21]
Banks Island wolf
 Canis lupus bernardi Banks Island, Northwest Territories Last recorded between 1918 and 1952.[22] Considered a synonym of the arctic wolf (C. l. arctos) by some authors on morphological grounds.[23]
Cascade Mountains wolf
 Canis lupus fuscus Pacific Northwest Last recorded in 1940.[24] Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) by some authors.[23]
Mogollon mountain wolf Canis lupus mogollonensis Arizona Last recorded in 1935.[24] Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) or the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by different authors.[23]
Texas gray wolf Canis lupus monstrabilis Texas Last recorded in 1942.[24] Considered a synonym of the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by some authors.[23]
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf Canis lupus youngi Southern Rocky Mountains Last recorded in 1935.[24]
Florida black wolf Canis rufus floridanus Eastern United States Extinct by 1920 as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and loss of prey.[25]
Gregory's wolf Canis rufus gregoryi Lower
Mississippi Valley[26]
Southern California kit fox Vulpes macrotis macrotis Southern California coast Last collected in 1903.[27]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi Southwestern United States and northern Mexico Extirpated from the wild in the early 1970s and reintroduced in 1998.[28]
Texas red wolf Canis rufus rufus Central Texas to southern Louisiana Extinct in the wild by 1980 and introduced (in lieu of the extinct subspecies) to eastern North Carolina in 1987. The species is threatened by human persecution and hybridization with coyotes.[29] Declined as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and hybridization with the coyote.[25]

Bears (family
Ursidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Giant short-faced bear
 Arctodus simus North America Most recent remains dated to 8995-8845 BCE.[3]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
California grizzly bear Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) California Last recorded at Sequoia National Park in 1924.[30] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. californicus, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.[31]
Mexican grizzly bear Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Aridoamerica Last known individual killed in northern Sonora in 1976.[32] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. nelsoni, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.[31]
Ungava brown bear Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Ungava Peninsula, Quebec Known from
morph of the American black bear.[33]

Earless seals (family
Phocidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal Neomonachus tropicalis
Bahamas
, and the Gulf of Mexico 		Last recorded in
southern Florida in 1922 and Yucatan in 1950.[34] It was intensely hunted for its skin and oil, and persecuted as a competitor by fishermen in later times.[35]

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sea mink Neogale macrodon Atlantic coast of Canada and New England Hunted to extinction by fur traders by about 1860. Later records up to 1894 are actually references to the American mink.[36]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Great Plains Extinct in the wild in 1987 and reintroduced in 1991. Declined due to persecution as agricultural pest of its main prey, the prairie dog; introduced diseases like canine distemper and plague, and conversion of grasslands to agriculture.[37]

Odd-toed ungulates (order
Perissodactyla
)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mexican horse
 Equus conversidens Western North America A small non-caballine species that coexisted in North America with the caballine horse (E. ferus).[38] The most recent remains were dated to 8965-8875 BCE.[3]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wild horse Equus ferus Eurasia and the Americas
mtDNA studies confirms caballine affiliation.[38] Domestic horses were introduced to the Americas by the Spanish in 1493 and a feral population was established in Querรฉtaro, Mexico by 1553.[40]

Even-toed ungulates (order
Artiodactyla
)

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Western camel
 Camelops hesternus Western North America Most recent remains dated to 8170-7840 BCE.[3]

Peccaries (family
Tayassuidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Flat-headed peccary
 Platygonus compressus Southern and eastern United States, and northern Mexico Most recent remains dated to 8990-8690 BCE.[3]

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Atlantic gray whale Population of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Last recorded in 1760. The same species survives on the Pacific Ocean.[41] A single individual, presumably dispersed over the Arctic, was observed off Florida in 2023 and Nantucket, Massachusetts in 2024.[42]

True deer (family Cervidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Stag-moose
 Cervalces scotti
Great Lakes Region
 Most recent remains dated to 9230-8930 BCE.[3]
Eastern elk Population of the North American
wapiti
(Cervus canadensis canadensis) 		Eastern North America Traditionally considered the nominate subspecies, but genetic research indicates that there are not enough differences to consider separate subspecies of C. canadensis in North America, and the taxon C. c. canadensis is not extinct as a result.[43][44] The last confirmed individual was killed near the Clarion River of central Pennsylvania in 1867, though there were unconfirmed sightings in 1869-1870, and ten claimed killings in northern Pennsylvania in 1878. Western elk were reintroduced for hunting purposes in the same state in 1912.[45]
Merriam's elk Population of the North American
wapiti
(Cervus canadensis canadensis) 		New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas Named as the species Cervus merriami in 1902 on the basis of a single skull; in 1978, an anatomical review of a dozen individuals found just enough of a case to consider it a subspecies of
Cervus elaphus (later C. canadensis). Further anatomical and genetic research suggest that all American wapiti likely belong to the same subspecies and that the taxon C. c. merriami is a synonym of C. c. canadensis. Wapiti from other regions have been reintroduced to the purported distribution area of Merriam's elk.[44]
Queen Charlotte Islands caribou Population of the
caribou
(Rangifer tarandus) 		Graham Island, British Columbia Described as the subspecies R. t. dawsoni in 1900 due to its isolated location and anatomical differences, but
mtDNA studies in 2002 showed not enough differences to warrant separate status.[46] The last known herd was found in 1908, comprising two adult males, one female, and one calf; all but the calf were killed.[47]

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ancient bison
 Bison antiquus North America A transitional form between steppe bison and modern American bison whose more recent remains date to the early Holocene of Valsequillo basin in Puebla, Mexico. However the direct dating to 5271-5131 BCE is not calibrated and the remains could be older.[48] Other remains in North America have been dated to 8640-8500 BCE.[3]
Western bison Bison occidentalis Eastern Beringia Another transitional form to American bison that originated in a second dispersal of steppe bison across Beringia, and persisted in Alaska until around 220 CE.[49]
Steppe bison Bison priscus Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains at Whitehorse, Yukon dated to 3628-3377 BCE.[50]
Woodland muskox
 Bootherium bombifrons North America Most recent remains dated to 9110-8950 BCE.[3]
Shrub-ox
 Euceratherium collinum Western United States and Mexico Most recent remains dated to 9830-9530 BCE.[3]
Harrington's mountain goat Oreamnos harringtoni Southern Rocky Mountains Most recent remains at Rampart Cave, Arizona dated to 11099-8478 BCE.[51]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wild yak[52] Bos mutus Tibet to eastern Siberia and Beringia Environmental DNA last detected in permafrost of central Yukon dated to 8231-7959 BCE.[39]

Birds (class
Aves
)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Californian turkey Meleagris californica California Most recent remains dated to 9100-8380 BCE. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[53]
Southwestern turkey
 Meleagris crassipes New Mexico Most recent remains dated to 11510-8770 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Heath hen Tympanuchus cupido cupido
East coast of the United States
 Last individual, a male, died in Martha's Vineyard in 1932.[54]
New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi New Mexico and possibly Colorado Last individual killed in Colfax County, New Mexico in 1952.[54]

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Schneider's teal Anas schneideri Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Labrador duck Camptorhynchus labradorius Atlantic coast of Canada and New England Last confirmed individual killed in 1875; unconfirmed in 1878.[54]
Law's diving-goose
 Chendytes lawi Coastal California and Oregon Most recent remains at Ventura County, California dated to 770-400 BCE.[55]

Grebes (order Podicipediformes)

Grebes (family Podicipedidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Atitlรกn grebe Podilymbus gigas Lake Atitlรกn, Guatemala Extinct in 1983-1986 due to competition and predation by introduced largemouth bass, reed-cutting for tourism development, falling water levels after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, drowning in gill nets and disturbance by boat traffic.[56]

Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)

Hummingbirds (family
Trochillidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Guanacaste hummingbird Amazilia alfaroana Miravalles Volcano, Costa Rica Only known from the holotype collected in 1895. The cause of extinction is unknown, but could be related to habitat loss caused by agriculture.[57][54]

Pigeons and doves (order
Columbiformes
)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius Eastern North America One of the most numerous birds at the beginning of the 19th century, it declined dramatically as a result of hunting,
Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.[58]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Socorro dove Zenaida graysoni Socorro Island, Mexico Last recorded in the wild in 1972. It declined as a result of predation by introduced cats, hunting, and habitat degradation caused by
hybridized with the mourning dove (Z. macroura).[59]

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family
Rallidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Goldman's yellow rail Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani Lerma River, Mexico Last recorded in 1964.[54]

Cranes (family
Gruidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Page's crane Grus pagei Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family Charadriidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Vanellus downsi Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis Americas Last confirmed record in Nebraska in 1987; an unconfirmed sighting happened in Manitoba in 1996. Declined due to hunting, conversion of prairies for agriculture, and the suppression of the fire regime. The breeding grounds in the Arctic have since been taken over by the larger Hudsonian whimbrel.[60] Another factor may have been the extinction of the Rocky Mountain locust.[61]

Auks (family Alcidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Great auk Pinguinus impennis Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Last recorded off the
Newfoundland Banks in 1852. It was hunted to extinction.[62]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Northern storm petrels (family
Hydrobatidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Guadalupe storm-petrel
 Hydrobates macrodactylus Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1912. Likely extinct due to breeding habitat degradation by introduced feral goats and predation by feral cats and
dogs; however the natural difficulty of its detection, lack of thorough surveys in the breeding season after 1906 and reports of unidentified storm-petrel calls at night may indicate that it is still extant.[63]

Storks and allies (order
Ciconiiformes
)

Storks (family
Ciconiidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
La Brea stork Ciconia maltha Americas Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]

New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)

New World vultures and condors (family
Cathartidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Painted vulture Sarcoramphus sacra Florida Hypothetical species known from a 1774 description by William Bartram. Though traditionally dismissed as a hoax or incorrect description of a king vulture from Central and South America (S. papa), which it resembled in everything except the tail's coloration and more predatory behavior, a 1734 account of the same bird and painting by Eleazar Albin, and a 1786 depiction of the tail feathers as part of a standard used by the Muscogee king Mico Chlucco suggest that it was an actual extirpated Floridan population of the king vulture, subspecies, or related species.[64]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
California condor Gymnogyps californianus North America Extinct in the wild in 1987 and reintroduced in 1992.[65]

Teratorns (family Teratornithidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Slender teratorn
 Cathartornis gracilis Southern California Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Merriam's teratorn Teratornis merriami Southern California to northern Arizona Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Daggett's eagle
 Buteogallus daggetti Southwestern United States and Nuevo Leรณn, Mexico Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Woodward's eagle Buteogallus woodwardi California to Florida and the Caribbean Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Neophrontops americanus
 		Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 10230-7630 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Grinnell's hawk-eagle Spizaetus grinnelli Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]

Owls (order
Strigiformes
)

True owls (family
Strigidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Socorro elf owl Micrathene whitneyi graysoni Socorro Island, Mexico Last recorded around 1970. Likely extinct due to predation by introduced cats.[54]
La Brea owl Oraristrix brea Southern California Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53] (center)

Falcons (order Falconiformes)

Falcons and caracaras (family Falconidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Guadalupe caracara Caracara lutosa Guadalupe Island, Mexico Deliberately exterminated by settlers in 1903.[66]

Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)

Woodpeckers (family
Picidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Guadalupe flicker Colaptes auratus rufipileus Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last collected in 1906. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.[54]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Imperial woodpecker Campephilus imperialis North-central Mexico Last confirmed record in Durango in 1956, but unconfirmed sightings continued until 2005 in the Copper Canyon of Chihuahua. Declined due to habitat destruction and poisoning by loggers, along with hunting for sport, food, and traditional medicine.[67]
American ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis principalis Southern United States Last confirmed record in north-eastern Louisiana in 1944. Several unconfirmed sightings, video and sound records were made in eastern Arkansas in 2004, the Choctawhatchee River in Florida in 2005-2007, and 2006-2007 in Louisiana. Declined due to hunting, logging and forest clearance for agriculture.[68]

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Holotropical parrots (family Psittacidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis Eastern and Central United States Last collected in the wild near Lake Okeechobee, Florida in 1904 though unconfirmed reports continued until the 1930s. The last captive individual died in Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. Declined due to hunting, persecution by crop farmers, deforestation, and competition with introduced bees.[69]

Perching birds (order
Passeriformes
)

True finches (family Fringillidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
McGregor's house finch Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori San Benito and Cedros Islands, Mexico Last recorded in 1938.[54]

New World blackbirds (family
Icteridae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Large-billed black bird Euphagus magnirostris California to Venezuela and Peru Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Convex-billed cowbird Pandanaris convexa California and Florida to Peru Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Pyelorhamphus molothroides Shelter Cave, New Mexico Most recent remains dated to 29300-9380 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Slender-billed grackle Quiscalus palustris Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico Last collected in 1910.[54] Extinct due to the draining of its marsh habitat.[70]

New World sparrows (family
Passerellidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dusky seaside sparrow Ammospiza maritima nigrescens
Merritt Island and Titusville, Florida
 Declined due to DDT use in marshes and habitat loss caused by dam construction. In 1981 the last five individuals, all male, were captured and taken into captivity.[54] However, a proposed plan to hybridize them with Scott's seaside sparrow and select the offspring with most dusky ancestry wasn't allowed because of legal restrictions against hybridizing endangered taxa.[71] The last individual died in Walt Disney World's Discovery Island Zoological Park in Orlando, Florida in 1987.[54]
Pipilo angelensis Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[53]
Guadalupe towhee Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to destruction of nesting habitat by introduced goats, and predation by cats.[54]
Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow Spizella wortheni browni Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico Last recorded in 1961. Extinct due to habitat loss to agriculture, overgrazing and erosion by cattle herding, and decline of native herbivores which maintained the bird's habitat.[54]

Wrens (family
Troglodytidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
San Benedicto rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus exsul San Benedicto Island, Mexico Wiped out by the eruption of El Boquerรณn volcano in 1952.[54]
Guadalupe wren Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats.[54]
San Clemente wren Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys San Clemente Island, California Last recorded in 1968. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and sheep.[54]

New World warblers (family
Parulidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii Southeastern United States and Cuba Last recorded in Louisiana in 1988. Declined due to habitat loss caused by deforestation and marshland draining, followed by intensive hunting by bird collectionists as it became rare.[54]

Reptiles (class
Reptilia
)

Turtles and tortoises (order
Testudines
)

Mud and musk turtles (family Kinosternidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Viesca mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Viesca Lake, southwestern Coahuila, Mexico Only known from the
type series collected in 1961. The lake has since been drained by humans.[72]

Tortoises (family
Testudinidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Southeastern giant tortoise Hesperotestudo crassiscutata Southern United States Most recent remains dated to around 9515 BCE.[73]
Wilson's tortoise Hesperotestudo wilsoni Southwestern United States Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.[73]

Amphibians (class
Amphibia
)

Frogs (order Anura)

True toads (family
Bufonidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chiriqui harlequin frog
 Atelopus chiriquiensis Talamanca-Chiriqui Mountains, Costa Rica Last recorded in 1996. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.[74]
Pass stubfoot toad Atelopus senex Central Costa Rica Last recorded in 1986. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.[75]
Golden toad Incilius periglenes Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica Last recorded in 1989. Probably extinct due to climate change, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.[76]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wyoming toad Anaxyrus baxteri Laramie Basin, Wyoming Survives only at the four-times impounded
salt cedar which reduces habitat suitability.[77]
Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki El Valle de Antรณn and Cerro Campana, Panama Last recorded in the wild in 2009. The species is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis, but also deforestation, water pollution, collection for the pet trade, and increased sedimentation of streams caused by road construction.[78]

Freshbelly frogs (family Craugastoridae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Craugastor myllomyllon Finca Volcรกn,
Alta Verapaz
, Guatemala 		Last recorded in 1978. Its natural habitat was destroyed by agriculture.[79]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
McCranie's robber frog Craugastor chrysozetetes La Ceiba, Atlรกntida Department, Honduras Last recorded in 1989. Possibly extinct due to catastrophic landslides caused by Hurricane Mitch, or chytridiomycosis.[80]

Poison dart frogs (family
Dendrobatidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Splendid poison frog Oophaga speciosa Western Panama Last recorded in 1992. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.[81]

Tree frogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog
 Ecnomiohyla rabborum El Valle de Antรณn, Panama Last recorded in the wild in 2008, two years after chytridiomycosis invaded its natural habitat.[82] The last captive animal, a male named Toughie, died at the Atlanta Botanical Garden in 2016.[83]

Salamanders (order
Urodela
)

Lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Ainsworth's salamander Plethodon ainsworthi Jasper County, Mississippi Last recorded in 1964. Possibly extinct due to deforestation.[84]
Jalpa false brook salamander
 Pseudoeurycea exspectata Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala Last recorded in 1976. Possibly extinct due to habitat loss to farming and logging.[85]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Suckers (family Catostomidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Snake River sucker Chasmistes muriei Jackson Lake, Wyoming and possibly the Snake River Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. Likely extinct due to hybridization with the Utah sucker after the Jackson Lake Dam was built and blocked spawning migration.[86]
Harelip sucker Lagochila lacera Southeastern United States Last collected in 1893. Though originally abundant and widely spread, the species inhabited only deep clearwater pools and fed almost entirely on
molluscs. It likely became extinct due to increased siltation and turbidity caused by agriculture practices, which both reduced the number of molluscs and made them more difficult to find.[86]

Carps and minnows (family Cyprinidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maravillas red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis blairi Maravillas Creek, Texas Last collected in 1954. Exterminated by introduced
plains killifish.[86]
Mexican dace Evarra bustamantei
Tlahuac channels in the Valley of Mexico
 Last collected in 1970. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.[87]
Plateau chub Evarra eigenmanni Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels Last collected in 1954. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.[88]
Endorheic chub Evarra tlahuacensis Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to habitat destruction and water pollution.[89]
Independence Valley tui chub Gila bicolor isolata Warm Springs, Nevada Last collected in 1966. Likely exterminated by introduced largemouth bass.[86]
Thicktail chub Gila crassicauda
California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay
 Last collected in 1957. Extinct due to the conversion of the Central Valley to intensive agriculture, marsh draining, channelization of rivers and introduction of extotic fish species.[86]
Pahranagat spinedace Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat Valley, Nevada Last collected in 1938. Extinct due to predation by, and competition with the mosquitofish and other introduced species.[86]
Durango shiner Notropis aulidion Tunal River, Durango, Mexico Last collected in 1961. Possibly extinct due to pollution, competition and predation by the largemouth bass and other introduced species.[86]
Salado shiner Notropis saladonis Salado River, Mexico Not found in any sampling expeditions launched since 1988. The reasons of extinction are unknown.[90]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner
 Notropis simus simus Upper Rio Grande and the Pecos River Last collected in 1964. Possibly extinct due to changes in the water flow caused by dams, irrigation, and channelization, along with competition from introduced species.[86]
Phantom shiner Notropis orca Rio Grande The only pure individual known is the holotype taken in 1975, though hybrids with the bluntnose shiner are known as far as 1891. Possibly extinct due to changes to the water flow (which increased hybridization), increased salinity caused by irrigation, and introduced fish species.[86]
Clear Lake splittail Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake and its tributaries, California Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to extreme eutrophication of the lake caused by agriculture.[86]
Banff longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae smithi Banff National Park, Alberta Extinct since 1986.
hotsprings as public baths and sewage spillage. As numbers fell the subspecies became more vulnerable to hybridization with R. c. cataractae, which caused its final extinction.[86]
Las Vegas dace Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Valley, Nevada Last collected in 1940. The springs it inhabited were destroyed during the urban development of Las Vegas.[86]
Grass Valley speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus reliquus Lander County, Nevada Known only from the
type series of 474 specimens collected in 1938. Though abundant in this time, it was completely gone and replaced by introduced rainbow trout and brook trout when a second collection attempt was made in 1969.[86]
Stumptooth minnow Stypodon signifer Southern Coahuila, Mexico Last collected in 1903. It was a mollusc-eating specialist, and molluscs were greatly affected by habitat modification and pollution caused by agriculture.[86]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Ameca shiner Notropis amecae Ameca River, Jalisco, Mexico Last found in the wild in 2008. Captive individuals were reintroduced in 2016, but it is unclear if the new population is viable. The exact cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to water extraction has been suggested.[92]

Catfishes (order
Siluriformes
)

Ictalurids (family Ictaluridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Scioto madtom
 Noturus trautmani Big Darby Creek, Ohio Last collected in 1957. The cause of extinction is unknown.[93]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Longjaw cisco Coregonus alpenae Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Huron Last collected in Lake Erie in 1957, in Lake Michigan in 1967, and in Lake Huron in 1975. Extinct due to overfishing, predation by the sea lamprey which colonized the lakes in the 1940s, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[86]
Deepwater cisco Coregonus johannae Lakes Michigan and Huron Last collected in Lake Michigan in 1951, and in Lake Huron in 1952. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[86]
Lake Ontario kiyi Coregonus kiyi orientalis Lake Ontario Last collected in 1964. Extinct due to overfishing, introduced fishes, and deterioration of water quality caused by eutrophication and chemical pollution.[86]
Blackfin cisco Coregonus nigripinnis Lakes Michigan and Huron Last collected in 1923 in Lake Huron, and 1969 in Lake Michigan. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[86]
Yellowfin cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi Twin Lakes, Colorado Extinct around 1910 as a result of competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.[86]
Alvord cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki ssp. Alvord Basin in Oregon and Nevada Only known from individuals hybridized with the rainbow trout, which was introduced to the area in the early 1930s.[86]
Silver trout Salvelinus agassizi Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire Last recorded in Christine Lake in 1926 and in Dublin Pond in 1930. Extinct due to overfishing and several exotic fish introductions.[86]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Huron Last collected in 1985. Declined due to overfishing and sea lamprey predation.[94]

Silversides (order Atheriniformes)

Neotropical silversides (family
Atherinopsidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Alberca silverside Chirostoma bartoni La Alberca caldera, Lerma River basin, Mexico Not recorded after the crater lake dried during a drought in 2006.[95]
Least silverside Chirostoma charari La Mintzita spring,
Michoacan
, Mexico 		Last recorded in 1957. Declined due to overuse of water resources, deforestation of gallery forests, pollution, hypereutophication, and hybridization with other Chirostoma species.[96]

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)

Pupfishes (family
Cyprinodontidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Villa Lopez pupfish Cyprinodon ceciliae Bolsรณn de Sandรญa, Nuevo Leรณn, Mexico Last recorded in 1988. The spring it was endemic dried completely in 1991 as a consequence of water extraction for agriculture use.[97]
Cachorrito de la Trinidad Cyprinodon inmemoriam Ojo La Trinidad, northern Mexico Only known from the holotype collected in 1984. The spring it was found in was destroyed by water extraction.[98]
Tecopa pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae
Tecopa
Hot Springs, California 		Last recorded before 1972.[99]
Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus Potosรญ Spring, Nuevo Leรณn, Mexico Last recorded in the wild in 1994, and in captivity in 2012. Extinct due to groundwater extraction and introduced fish species.[100]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Parras pupfish Cyprinodon latifasciatus Parras drainage basin, Coahuila, Mexico Last collected in 2012. Declined due to pollution, introduced
guppies and green swordtails.[101]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Potosi pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi Potosรญ Spring, Galeana, Nuevo Leรณn, Mexico Last recorded in the wild in 1994. Declined due to near total
habitat loss as a result of groundwater extraction, predation and competition with introduced species.[102]
La Palma pupfish
 Cyprinodon longidorsalis Bolsรณn de Sandรญa, Nuevo Leรณn, Mexico Last recorded in the wild in 1994, as a result of groundwater extraction.[103]
Charco Palma pupfish Cyprinodon veronicae Disappeared from the wild in 1995 as a result of groundwater extraction, which caused in 1997 the complete drying of the spring it was endemic to.[104]

Topminnows and North American killifishes (family Fundulidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Whiteline topminnow Fundulus albolineatus Spring Creek, Huntsville, Alabama Last collected in 1889. Probably extinct due to habitat degradation through channelization and construction, water extraction for urban use, or introduced
common carp and goldfish.[86]

Splitfins (family Goodeidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Parras characodon Characodon garmani Southern Coahuila, Mexico Known only from the holotype collected around the 1880s. Likely extinct due to habitat alteration.[86]
Raycraft Ranch killifish Empetrichthys latos concavus Pahrump Valley, Nevada Last collected in 1953. Likely extinct due to introduced carp and bullfrogs; after its probable extinction, the spring it was endemic to was filled to eliminate mosquitos.[86]
Pahrump Ranch poolfish Empetrichthys latos pahrump Nye County, Nevada Last recorded in 1958. Likely extinct due to excessive water extraction, introduced carp and bullfrogs.[86]
Ash Meadows killifish Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows, Nevada Last collected in 1948. Likely extinct due to habitat alteration and predation by introduced bullfrogs and crayfish.[86]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Banded allotoca Allotoca goslinei Jalisco, Mexico Last recorded in the wild in 2004. Declined rapidly from 2000 after green swordtails were introduced in its last known location.[105]
Golden skiffia Skiffia francesae
Teuchitlan River and Laguna de Sayula
, Jalisco, Mexico 		Declined due to habitat degradation and exotic fish introductions. The last known wild population disappeared when the El Molino pond dried during a drought in 2010.[106]

Poeciliids (family Poeciliidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Amistad gambusia Gambusia amistadensis Goodenough Spring, Texas 1968[86]
San Marcos gambusia Gambusia georgei San Marcos River and spring, Texas 1983[107]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Graceful priapella Priapella bonita Motzorongo River, Veracruz, Mexico 1965[108]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Monterrey platyfish Xiphophorus couchianus Atlantic slope of Mexico 1967[109]
Marbled swordtail Xiphophorus meyeri Melchor Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico 1997[110]

Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)

Cottids (family Cottidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Utah Lake sculpin Cottus echinatus Utah Lake 1928[86]

Sticklebacks (family
Gasterosteidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Hadley Lake sticklebacks Gasterosteus spp. Hadley Lake, British Columbia Two undescribed species extinct in 1999. Other species of the same genus survive in the lake.[111]

Perchs and allies (order Perciformes)

Perchs (family Percidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maryland darter Etheostoma sellare Lower Susquehanna River, United States Last confirmed record in 1986 and a possible one in 1988. Its range contracted after the damming of the Susquehanna; the last known location has degraded water quality caused by agriculture.[112]
Blue walleye Sander vitreus glaucus Lakes Ontario and Erie, and Niagara River Population began to fluctuate wildly in 1915 as a result of over-fishing before it collapsed in 1958. The final individuals may have hybridized with walleye.[99]

Malacostracans (class Malacostraca)

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Cambarellus alvarezi 1991[113] Potosรญ Spring, Nuevo Leรณn, Mexico
Sooty crayfish
Pacifastacus nigrescens 		19th century[114] San Francisco Bay, California, United States
Sandhills crayfish
Procambarus angustatus 		1958[115] Sand Hills, Georgia, United States
Pasadena freshwater shrimp
Syncaris pasadenae 		1933[116] Los Angeles River drainage basin, California, United States


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Hemigrapsus estellinensis 1962[117] Estelline Hot Spring, Texas, United States
White Spring cave crayfish
Cambarus veitchorum 		1968 White Spring Cave, Limestone County, Alabama, United States
Bigcheek cave crayfish

Procambarus delicatus 		1976 single spring in Ocala National Forest, Lake County, Florida, United States


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Socorro isopod
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum 		1988[118] Sedillo Spring, Socorro County, New Mexico

Insects (class
Insecta
)

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Robert's stonefly
Alloperla roberti 		United States[119]
Chestnut casebearer moth
Coleophora leucochrysella 		United States[120]
Mono Lake diving beetle

Hygrotus artus 		United States[121]
Castle Lake caddisfly

Rhyacophila amabilis 		United States[122]
Volutine stoneyian tabanid fly
Stonemyia velutina 		United States[123]
Chestnut clearwing moth
Tischeria perplexa 		United States[124]
Athens caddisfly

Triaenodes phalacris 		United States[125]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Pecatonica River mayfly

Acanthometropus pecatonica 		1927[126] United States
Chestnut ermine moth
Argyresthia castaneella 		1923[127] United States
California condor louse

Colpocephalum californici 		c. 1985[7] North America
Central Valley grasshopper
Conozoa hyalina 		1953[128]
Central Valley, California
, United States
Phleophagan chestnut moth
Ectoedemia phleophaga 		1900s[129] United States
Xerces blue butterfly
Glaucopsyche xerces 		before 1941[130]
San Francisco, California
, United States
Rocky Mountain locust
Melanoplus spretus 		1902[131] Northern Rocky Mountains
Antioch Dunes shieldback katydid

Neduba extincta 		1937[132] United States
Oeobia sp. nov.
 		1911[133] United States
Robust burrowing mayfly
Pentagenia robusta 		1926[134] Ohio River area, United States
Three-toothed caddisfly
Triaenodes tridontus 		1991[135] United States
Fort Ross weevil

Trigonoscuta rossi 		1975[136] Fort Ross, California, United States
Yorba Linda weevil

Trigonoscuta yorbalindae 		1975[137]
Yorba Linda
desert dunes, California, United States

Arachnids (class
Arachnida
)

Order Mesostigmata

Family Halarachnidae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite
 Halarachne americana Caribbean Sea Extinct with its host.[138]

Molluscs

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Carolina elktoe
Alasmidonta robusta 		North and South Carolina, United States[139]
Shoal sprite

Amphigyra alabamensis 		Alabama, United States[140]
Boulder snail

Athearnia crassa 		Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia, United States[141]
Umbilicate pebblesnail
Clappia umbilicata 		Alabama, United States[142]
Short-spired elimia

Elimia brevis 		Alabama, United States[143]
Closed elimia

Elimia clausa 		St. Clair County, Alabama, United States[144]
Fusiform elimia

Elimia fusiformis 		Coosa River, Alabama, United States[145]
Shouldered elimia
Elimia gibbera 		Alabama, United States[146]
High-spired elimia

Elimia hartmaniana 		United States[147]
Constricted elimia

Elimia impressa 		Alabama, United States[148]
Hearty elimia

Elimia jonesi 		Coosa River, Alabama, United States[149]
Ribbed elimia

Elimia laeta 		Alabama, United States[150]
Wrinkled elimia
Elimia macglameriana 		Alabama and Georgia, United States[151]
Pupa elimia

Elimia pupaeformis 		Alabama, United States[152]
Pygmy elimia

Elimia pygmaea 		Alabama, United States[153]
Rough-lined elimia

Elimia pilsbryi 		Coosa River, Alabama, United States[154]
Cobble elimia

Elimia vanuxemiana 		Alabama, United States[155]
Round slitshell

Gyrotoma walkeri 		Alabama, United States[156]
Agate rocksnail
Leptoxis clipeata 		Alabama, United States[157]
Maiden rocksnail

Leptoxis formosa 		Alabama and Georgia, United States[158]
Rotund rocksnail

Leptoxis ligata 		Alabama, United States[159]
Lyrate rocksnail

Leptoxis lirata 		Alabama, United States[160]
Bigmouth rocksnail

Leptoxis occultata 		Alabama, United States[161]
Coosa rocksnail

Leptoxis showalterii 		United States[162]
Squat rocksnail
Leptoxis torrefacta 		United States[163]
Striped rocksnail

Leptoxis vittata 		United States[164]
Carinate flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis carinatus 		United States[165]
Angled flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis smithi 		United States[166]
Umbilicate flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis umbilicatus 		United States[167]
Fish Lake physa

Physella microstriata 		Utah, United States[168]
Acorn ramshell
Planorbella multivolvis 		Michigan, United States[169]
Highnut
Pleurobema fibuloides 		United States[170]
Longnut
Pleurobema nucleopsis 		United States[171]
Alabama clubshell
Pleurobema troschelianum 		Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia, United States[172]
True pigtoe
Pleurobema verum 		Alabama, United States[173]
Corded purg

Pyrgulopsis nevadensis 		Nevada, United States[174]
Oachita pebblesnail

Somatogyrus amnicoloides 		Arkansas, United States[175]
Tennessee pebblesnail
Somatogyrus currierianus 		Alabama, United States[176]
Channeled pebblesnail

Somatogyrus wheeleri 		Arkansas, United States[177]

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Coosa elktoe
Alasmidonta mccordi 		1964[7] Coosa River, Alabama, United States
Ochlockonee arcmussel
Alasmidonta wrightiana 		1930s[7] Ochlockonee River, Florida, United States
Cahaba pebblesnail

Clappia cahabensis 		1965[178] Cahaba River, Alabama, United States
Arc-form pearly mussel
Epioblasma arcaeformis 		1940s[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[179]
Angled riffleshell
Epioblasma biemarginata 		1970[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[180]
Arcuate pearly mussel
Epioblasma flexuosa 		1920s-1930s[7] Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States[181]
Curtis pearly mussel
Epioblasma florentina curtisi 		1990s[7] Little Black River, Missouri, United States
Yellow blossom
Epioblasma florentina florentina 		1940s[7] Holston River, Tennessee, United States
Acorn pearly mussel
Epioblasma haysiana 		1970[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[182]
Stone's pearly mussel
Epioblasma lenior 		1967[183] Tennessee River system, United States
Lewis pearly mussel

Epioblasma lewisii 		1950[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[184]
Upland combshell

Epioblasma metastriata 		1980s[7] Conasauga River, Georgia, United States
Southern acornshell
Epioblasma othcaloogensis 		1970s[7] Conasauga River, Georgia, United States
Fine-rayed pearly mussel
Epioblasma personata 		1924[185] Tennessee, Ohio, and Wabash River systems, United States
Nearby pearly mussel
Epioblasma propinqua 		1936[7] Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Wabash River systems, United States[186]
Sampson's pearly mussel
Epioblasma sampsonii 		1930s-1940s[7] Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana, United States[187]
Steward's pearly mussel
Epioblasma stewardsonii 		1940s[7] Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States[188]
Green-blossom pearly mussel
Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum 		1984[189] Tennessee River system, United States
Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel
Epioblasma torulosa torulosa 		1970s[7] Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States[190]
Turgid-blossom pearly mussel
Epioblasma turgidula 		1976[7] Southern
Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States[191]
Excised slitshell

Gyrotoma excisa 		1924[192] Alabama, United States
Striate slitshell

Gyrotoma lewisii 		1924[193] Alabama, United States
Pagoda slitshell

Gyrotoma pagoda 		1924[194] Alabama, United States
Ribbed slitshell

Gyrotoma pumila 		1924[195] Alabama, United States
Pyramid slitshell

Gyrotoma pyramidata 		1924[196] Alabama, United States
Lined pocketbook

Lampsilis binominata 		1970s[7]
Flint River, Georgia
, United States
Eelgrass limpet
Lottia alveus 		1929[111] Atlantic Canada[111] and the United States[197]
Olive marstonia
Marstonia olivacea 		1940[198] Big Sprink Creek, Madison County, Alabama, United States
Little flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis tantillus 		c. 1914-1967[199] Coosa River, Alabama, United States
Black clubshell
Pleurobema curtum 		1990s[7] East Fork Tombigbee River, Mississippi, United States
Flat pigtoe
Pleurobema marshalli 		1984[7] Tombigbee River, Mississippi and Alabama, United States
Rio Grande monkeyface

Quadrula couchiana 		early 1900s[7] Rio Grande
Stirrup shell

Quadrula stapes 		1980s[7] Sipsey River, Alabama, United States
Thick-lipped pebblesnail

Somatogyrus crassilabris 		1915[200] White River, Baxter County, Arkansas, United States

See also

Notes

References

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