List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

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Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Osmanlı padişahı
Imperial
Imperial Coat of arms
Last to reign
Mehmed VI
4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922
Details
Style
1 November 1922
ResidencePalaces in Istanbul:
Appointer
Hereditary
Ottoman Imperial Standard
Family tree
Ottoman Empire in 1683, at the height of its territorial expansion in Europe.

The

Mehmed II.[1]

The

Republic of Turkey in 1922.[3]

Names

The sultan was also referred to as the

romanized: pâdişâh, French: Padichah). In Ottoman usage the word "Padisha" was usually used except "sultan" was used when he was directly named.[4] In several European languages, he was referred to as the Grand Turk, as the ruler of the Turks,[5]
or simply the "Great Lord" (il Gran Signore, le grand seigneur) especially in the 16th century.

Names of the sultan in languages used by ethnic minorities:[4]

  • Arabic: In some documents "padishah" was replaced by "malik" ("king")[4]
  • Ottoman Constitution of 1876 instead used direct translations of "sultan" (Sultan) and "padishah" (Padišax)[4]
  • Greek: In earlier periods the Greeks used the Byzantine Empire-style name "basileus". The translation of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 instead used a direct transliterations of "sultan" (Σουλτάνος Soultanos) and "padishah" (ΠΑΔΙΣΑΧ padisach).[4]
  • Judaeo-Spanish: Especially in older documents, El Rey ("the king") was used. In addition some Ladino documents used sultan (in Hebrew characters: שולטן and סולטן).[4]

State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

Main article:
State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was an

firman (فرمان). He was the supreme military commander and had the official title to all land.[7] Osman (died 1323–4) son of Ertuğrul was the first ruler of the Ottoman state, which during his reign constituted a small principality (beylik) in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire
.

After the

caliph of Islam.[b] Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation.[10] A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.[11]

Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders.

imperial harem—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the valide sultan—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the Sultanate of Women.[13]

Harun Osman, a great-grandson of Abdul Hamid II.[15]

List of sultans

Poster showing Sultans of the Ottoman Dynasty, from Osman I (upper left corner) to Mehmed V (large portrait in the center)
See also: Ottoman family tree and List of burial places of Ottoman sultans

The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The

abolition of the sultanate, despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with primogeniture.[18] Note that pretenders and co-claimants during the Ottoman Interregnum
are also listed here, but they are not included in the formal numbering of sultans.

No. Sultan Portrait Reign Tughra Notes Coinage
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
(1299 – 1453)
1 Osman I c. 1299 – c. 1324[19]
(25 years~) 		—[c]
2 Orhan c. 1324 – March 1362
(38 years~) 		Tughra of Orhan
3 Murad I[b] March 1362 – 15 June 1389
(27 years, 3 months) 		Tughra of Murad I
4 Bayezid I 15 June 1389 – 20 July 1402
(13 years, 35 days) 		Tughra of Bayezid I
Ottoman Interregnum[d]
(20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
— İsa Çelebi January – March/May 1403
(3–5 months) 		— —
— Süleyman Çelebi 20 July 1402 –
17 February 1411[22]
(8 years, 212 days)
  • Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire, a short period after the Ottoman defeat at Ankara.
  • Murdered on 17 February 1411.[22]
— Musa Çelebi 18 February 1411 –
5 July 1413[23]
(2 years, 137 days) 		—
  • Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire[24] on 18 February 1411, just after the death of Süleyman Çelebi.
  • Killed on 5 July 1413 by
    Mehmed Çelebi's forces in the battle of Çamurlu Derbent near Samokov in Bulgaria.[23]
— Mehmed Çelebi 1403 – 5 July 1413
(10 years) 		—
Sultanate resumed
5 Mehmed I 5 July 1413 – 26 May 1421
(7 years, 325 days) 		Tughra of Mehmed I —
— Mustafa Çelebi — January 1419 – May 1422
(3 years, 4 months) 		—
6 Murad II 25 June 1421 –
August 1444
(23 years, 2 months) 		Tughra of Murad II
7 Mehmed II August 1444 –
September 1446
(2 years, 1 month) 		Tughra of Mehmed II
  • First reign
  • Son of Murad II and Hüma Hatun.[21]
  • Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries.
(6) Murad II September 1446 –
3 February 1451
(4 years, 5 months) 		Tughra of Murad II
  • Second reign
  • Forced to return to the throne following a Janissary insurgence.[25]
  • Reigned until his death.
 —
Growth of the Ottoman Empire

(1453–1550)
(7) Mehmed II 3 February 1451 –
3 May 1481
(30 years, 89 days) 		Tughra of Mehmed II
8 Bayezid II 19 May 1481 –
25 April 1512
(30 years, 342 days) 		Tughra of Bayezid II
— Cem Sultan 28 May – 20 June 1481
(23 days) 		Tughra of Cem
  • Son of Mehmed II
  • Acquired the title Cem bin Mehmed Han.[26]
  • Died in exile
9 Selim I 25 April 1512 –
21 September 1520
(8 years, 149 days) 		Tughra of Selim I
  • Conquered Mamluks
    in 1516–1517.
  • First
    Ottoman Caliph
    .
  • Son of Bayezid II and
    Gülbahar Hatun
    .
  • Reigned until his death.
10 Suleiman I 30 September 1520 –
6 September 1566
(45 years, 341 days) 		Tughra of Suleiman I
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
(1550–1700)
11 Selim II 29 September 1566 –
15 December 1574
(8 years, 77 days) 		Tughra of Selim II
  • Son of Suleiman I and
    Hürrem Sultan
    .
  • Reigned until his death.
12 Murad III 27 December 1574 –
16 January 1595
(20 years, 20 days) 		Tughra of Murad III
13 Mehmed III 16 January 1595 –
22 December 1603
(8 years, 340 days) 		Tughra of Mehmed III
  • Son of Murad III and
    Safiye Sultan
    .
  • Reigned until his death
14 Ahmed I 22 December 1603 –
22 November 1617
(13 years, 335 days) 		Tughra of Ahmed I
15 Mustafa I 22 November 1617 –
26 February 1618
(96 days) 		Tughra of Mustafa I —
16 Osman II 26 February 1618 –
19 May 1622
(4 years, 82 days) 		Tughra of Osman II
(15) Mustafa I 20 May 1622 –
10 September 1623
(1 year, 113 days) 		Tughra of Mustafa I
  • Second reign.
  • Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew Osman II.
  • Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in Istanbul on 20 January 1639.
 —
17 Murad IV 10 September 1623 –
8 February 1640
(16 years, 151 days) 		Tughra of Murad IV —
18 Ibrahim 9 February 1640 –
8 August 1648
(8 years, 181 days) 		Tughra of Ibrahim
  • Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan.
  • Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the
    Sheikh ul-Islam
    .
  • Strangled in
    Mevlevî
    Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha).
 —
19 Mehmed IV 8 August 1648 –
8 November 1687
(39 years, 92 days) 		Tughra of Mehmed IV
  • Son of Ibrahim and
    Turhan Sultan
    .
  • Ruled under the regency of his grandmother Kösem Sultan until 1651.
  • Ruled under the regency of his mother Turhan Sultan from 1651 until 1656.
  • Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the Second Battle of Mohács.
  • Died in Edirne on 6 January 1693.
 —
20 Suleiman II 8 November 1687 –
22 June 1691
(3 years, 226 days) 		Tughra of Suleiman II
  • Son of Ibrahim and
    Aşub Sultan
    .
  • Reigned until his death.
21 Ahmed II 22 June 1691 –
6 February 1695
(3 years, 229 days) 		Tughra of Ahmed II —
22 Mustafa II 6 February 1695 –
22 August 1703
(8 years, 197 days) 		Tughra of Mustafa II
  • Son of Mehmed IV and Gülnuş Sultan.
  • Deposed on 22 August 1703 by a
    Edirne Event
    .
  • Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire

(1700–1827)
23 Ahmed III 22 August 1703 –
1 October 1730

(27 years, 40 days) 		Tughra of Ahmed III
24 Mahmud I 2 October 1730 –
13 December 1754
(24 years, 72 days) 		Tughra of Mahmud I
  • Son of Mustafa II and
    Saliha Sultan
    .
  • Reigned until his death.
25 Osman III 13 December 1754 –
30 October 1757
(2 years, 321 days) 		Tughra of Osman III
26 Mustafa III 30 October 1757 –
21 January 1774
(16 years, 83 days) 		Tughra of Mustafa III
  • Son of Ahmed III and
    Mihrişah Kadın
    .
  • Reigned until his death.
27 Abdul Hamid I 21 January 1774 –
7 April 1789
(15 years, 76 days) 		Tughra of Abdul Hamid I
  • Son of Ahmed III and
    Şermi Kadın
    .
  • Reigned until his death.
28 Selim III 7 April 1789 –
29 May 1807
(18 years, 52 days) 		Tughra of Selim III
29 Mustafa IV 29 May 1807 –
28 July 1808
(1 year, 60 days) 		Tughra of Mustafa IV —
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire
(1827–1908)
30 Mahmud II 28 July 1808 –
1 July 1839
(30 years, 338 days) 		Tughra of Mahmud II
31 Abdulmejid I Abdulmejid portrait 1 July 1839 –
25 June 1861
(21 years, 359 days) 		Tughra of Abdulmejid I
32 Abdulaziz 25 June 1861 –
30 May 1876

(14 years, 340 days) 		Tughra of Abdulaziz
  • Son of Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan.
  • Deposed by his ministers.
  • Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.
33 Murad V 30 May – 31 August 1876
(93 days) 		Tughra of Murad V
  • Son of Abdulmejid I and
    Şevkefza Kadın
    .
  • Deposed due to his ill mental health
  • Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.
 —
34 Abdul Hamid II 31 August 1876 –
27 April 1909

(32 years, 239 days) 		Tughra of Abdul Hamid II
  • Son of Abdulmejid I and
    Perestu Kadın
    ).
  • Reluctantly allowed the
    First Constitutional Era
    on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it on 13 February 1878.
  • Forced to restore the
    Second Constitutional Era
    on 3 July 1908;
  • Deposed after the
    31 March Incident
    .
  • Confined to Beylerbeyi Palace where he died on 10 February 1918.
35 Mehmed V 27 April 1909 –
3 July 1918
(9 years, 67 days) 		Tughra of Mehmed V
36 Mehmed VI 4 July 1918 –
1 November 1922
(4 years, 120 days) 		Tughra of Mehmed VI
  • Son of Abdulmejid I and
    Gülüstü Hanım
    .
  • Sultanate abolished
    .
  • Left Istanbul on 17 November 1922.
  • Died in exile in Sanremo, Italy on 16 May 1926.
Caliph under the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
(1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
— Abdulmejid II 19 November 1922 –
3 March 1924
(1 year, 106 days) 		—
[c] 		—

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sultans of the Ottoman Empire.

Notes

a
Rûm being an old Islamic name for the Roman Empire. The combining of the Islamic and Central Asian heritages of the Ottomans led to the adoption of the title that became the standard designation of the Ottoman ruler: Sultan [Name] Khan.[31] Ironically, although the title of sultan is most often associated in the Western world with the Ottomans, people within Turkey generally use the title of padishah far more frequently when referring to rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.[32]
b
1876 Constitution (Article 4).[35]
c1 2 : Tughras were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with Orhan in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of Osman I, the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered,[36] although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul" has been identified.[20] Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal figurehead.
d^ : The Ottoman Interregnum, also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate (Turkish: Fetret Devri), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of Bayezid I by the Turco-Mongol warlord Tamerlane at the Battle of Ankara, which was fought on 20 July 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, until Mehmed I emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.[37]
e^ : The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was a gradual process which started with the abolition of the sultanate and ended with that of the caliphate 16 months later. The sultanate was formally abolished on 1 November 1922. Sultan Mehmed VI fled to Malta on 17 November aboard the British warship Malaya. This event marked the end of the Ottoman Dynasty, not of the Ottoman State nor of the Ottoman Caliphate. On 19 November, the Grand National Assembly (TBMM) elected Mehmed VI's cousin Abdulmejid II, the then crown prince, as caliph.[38] The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923), which recognized the new "Ankara government," and not the old Istanbul-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the TBMM on 29 October 1923, with Mustafa Kemal as its first President.[39] Although Abdulmejid II was a figurehead lacking any political power, he remained in his position of Caliph until the office of the Caliphate was abolished by the TBMM on 3 March 1924.[35] Mehmed VI later tried unsuccessfully to reinstall himself as caliph in the Hejaz.[40]

References

  1. ^ Stavrides 2001, p. 21
  2. ^ Kafadar 1995, p. 122. "That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it."
    Lowry 2003, p. 78. "Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that..."
    Lindner 1983, p. 10. "In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe. Without a proven genealogy, or even without evidence of sufficient care to produce a single genealogy to be presented to all the court chroniclers, there obviously could be no tribe; thus, the tribe was not a factor in early Ottoman history."
  3. ^ Glazer 1996, "War of Independence"
  4. ^ a b c d e f Strauss 2010, pp. 21–51.
  5. OCLC 563022439
    .
  6. ^ a b Findley 2005, p. 115
  7. ^ a b Glazer 1996, "Ottoman Institutions"
  8. ^ Toynbee 1974, pp. 22–23
  9. ^ Stavrides 2001, p. 20
  10. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 93
  11. ^ d'Osman Han 2001, "Ottoman Padishah Succession"
  12. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 90
  13. ^ Peirce, Leslie. "The sultanate of women". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  14. ^ Glazer 1996, "External Threats and Internal Transformations"
  15. ^ "Last heir to Ottoman throne passes away at 90". Daily Sabah. 19 January 2021.
  16. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 91
  17. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 92
  18. ^ Karateke 2005, pp. 37–54
  19. ^ Finkel 2007, p. 33.
  20. ^ a b Kafadar 1995, pp. 60, 122.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Lowry 2003, p. 153.
  22. ^ a b Jorga 2009, p. 314.
  23. ^ a b von Hammer, pp. 58–60.
  24. ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 74–75
  25. ^ Kafadar 1995, p. xix
  26. ^ Turkish Language Association, (1960), Belleten, p. 467 (in Turkish)
  27. ^ Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Süleyman I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.
  28. ^ Aşiroğlu 1992, p. 13
  29. ^ Aşiroğlu 1992, p. 17
  30. ^ Aşiroğlu 1992, p. 14
  31. ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 158–159
  32. OCLC 6298914
    . Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  33. ^ Glassé 2003, pp. 349–351.
  34. ^ Quataert 2005, pp. 83–85
  35. ^ a b Toprak 1981, pp. 44–45
  36. ^ Mensiz, Ercan. "About Tugra". Tugra.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  37. ^ Sugar 1993, pp. 23–27
  38. ^ Aşiroğlu 1992, p. 54
  39. ^ Glazer 1996, "Table A. Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms"
  40. OCLC 162287003
    . Retrieved 2009-05-02.

Bibliography

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