List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries

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This article lists inventions and discoveries made by scientists with Pakistani nationality within Pakistan and outside the country, as well as those made in the territorial area of what is now Pakistan prior to the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Bronze Age

Indus Valley civilisation

Computer-aided reconstruction of Harappan coastal settlement in Pakistan on the westernmost outreaches of the civilization
Indus script
  • Indus river, in modern day's Pakistan.[1]
  • Indus Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."[3]
  • Plough, animal-drawn: The earliest archeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough dates back to 2500 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan.[4]
  • Mohenjodaro in Pakistan.[5] The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BCE, which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious importance into one structure.[5] The early centuries immediately before the common era saw the Buddhists and the Jains of India adapt the stepwells into their architecture.[5] Both the wells and the form of ritual bathing reached other parts of the world with Buddhism.[5] Rock-cut step wells in the subcontinent date from 200 to 400 CE.[6] Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) were constructed.[6]
  • Indus Valley civilisation and Iran one millennium later.[7]
Great Bath of Mohenjodaro, circa 2600 BCE

Ancient Age

Bakhshali manuscript, detail of the numeral "zero".
  • Concept of Zero:A symbol for zero, a large dot likely to be the precursor of the still-current hollow symbol, is used throughout the Bakhshali manuscript, a practical manual on arithmetic for merchants, discovered in Northern Pakistan.[15] In 2017, three samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from three different centuries: from AD 224–383, AD 680–779, and AD 885–993, making it South Asia's oldest recorded use of the zero symbol. It is not known how the birch bark fragments from different centuries forming the manuscript came to be packaged together.[16][17][18]
  • Arabic Numerals
    .
  • Formal grammar: In his treatise Astadhyayi, Panini gives formal production rules and definitions to describe the formal grammar of Sanskrit.[20]
  • Morphological analysis: Panini, who lived during 5th century BCE in Gandhara developed methods of morphological analysis. Pāṇini's theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the 20th century.[21]
  • Early Universities: Pakistan was the seat of ancient learning and some consider Taxila to be an early university
    Nalanda University.[28][29] [30] Takshashila is described in some detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century CE.[31] Generally, a student entered Taxila at the age of sixteen. The Vedas and the Eighteen Arts, which included skills such as archery, hunting, and elephant lore, were taught, in addition to its law school, medical school, and school of military science.[32]

Medieval Age

  • Windpumps: Windpumps were used to pump water since at least the 9th century in what are now Pakistan and Iran, making its one of the earliest mentioned use.[33]

Post-independence

Chemistry

  • Development of the world's first workable plastic magnet at room temperature by organic chemist and polymer scientist Naveed Zaidi.[34][35][36]

Physics

Standard model of Electroweak Interaction.

Medicine

Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir.

Computing

The boot sector of an infected floppy.
  • A
    Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to deter unauthorized copying of the software they had written.[48][49]
  • Neurochip by Pakistani-Canadian inventor Naweed Syed.

Music

Economics

  • The
    Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies".[52][53]

See also

References

  1. ^ Locklear, Mallory (25 January 2017). "Science: Machine learning could finally crack the 4,000-year-old Indus script". The Verge. Manhattan, New York, NY: Vox Media. Retrieved 25 January 2017. After a century of failing to crack an ancient script, linguists turn to machines.
  2. ^ .
  3. .
  4. .
  5. ^ a b c d Livingston & Beach, 20
  6. ^ a b Livingston & Beach, page xxiii
  7. ^ .
  8. .
  9. .
  10. ^ "Excavation Bhirrana | ASI Nagpur". excnagasi.in. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  11. ^ Teresi et al. 2002
  12. JSTOR 25029094
    .
  13. .
  14. ^ Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). Mehrgarh in Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press.
  15. ^ Weiss, Ittay (20 September 2017). "Nothing matters: How India's invention of zero helped create modern mathematics". The Conversation.
  16. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  17. ^ Revell, Timothy (14 September 2017). "History of zero pushed back 500 years by ancient Indian text". New Scientist. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol 'zero'". Bodleian Library. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  19. ^ Flegg (2002), pp. 6ff.
  20. ^ "Panini biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk.
  21. .
  22. suzerainty
    over the wide world of letters in India."

  23. :

    "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila".

  24. ^ Balakrishnan Muniapan, Junaid M. Shaikh (2007), "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India", World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 3 (1):

    "Kautilya was also a Professor of Politics and Economics at Taxila University. Taxila University is one of the oldest known universities in the world and it was the chief learning centre in ancient India."

  25. :

    "This shows that Taxila was a seat not of elementary, but higher, education, of colleges or a university as distinguished from schools."

  26. ^ Anant Sadashiv Altekar (1934; reprint 1965), Education in Ancient India, Sixth Edition, Revised & Enlarged, Nand Kishore & Bros, Varanasi:

    "It may be observed at the outset that Taxila did not possess any colleges or university in the modern sense of the term."

  27. Jātaka
    stories about the students and teachers of Takshaśilā, but not a single episode even remotely suggests that the different 'world-renowned' teachers living in that city belonged to a particular college or university of the modern type."

  28. ^ a b Taxila (2007), Encyclopædia Britannica:

    "Taxila, besides being a provincial seat, was also a centre of learning. It was not a university town with lecture halls and residential quarters, such as have been found at Nalanda in the Indian state of Bihar."

  29. ^ "Nalanda" (2007). Encarta.
  30. ^ "Nalanda" (2001). Columbia Encyclopedia.
  31. ^ Marshall 1975:81
  32. .
  33. .
  34. ^ CERN courier: New polymer enables room-temperature plastic magnet
  35. ^ New Scientist: First practical plastic magnets created
  36. ^ Bio: Dr. Naveed Zaidi Archived 2007-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "Abdus Salam - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 21 November 1996. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  38. ^ "Pakistan shuns physicist linked to 'God particle'". Fox News. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  39. ^ S.L. Glashow (1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions". .
  40. ^ S. Weinberg (1967). "A Model of Leptons". .
  41. ^ A. Salam (1968). N. Svartholm (ed.). Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity. Eighth Nobel Symposium. Stockholm: Almquvist and Wiksell. p. 367.
  42. ^ F. Englert; R. Brout (1964). "Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons". .
  43. ^ P.W. Higgs (1964). "Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons". .
  44. ^ G.S. Guralnik,
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  45. ^ "The Wisdom Fund Board Member Ayub Khan Ommaya, Leading Neurosurgeon and Inventor, Dead at 78". Twf.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  46. ^ DAWN.COM Suhail Yusuf October 21, 2011 (21 October 2011). "New neurological test by a Pakistani | Sci-tech". Dawn.Com. Retrieved 23 December 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "Boot sector virus repair". Antivirus.about.com. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  48. ^ "Amjad Farooq Alvi Inventor of first PC Virus post by Zagham". YouTube. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  49. ^ Krish, Aahan (16 March 2011). "25 Famous Computer Viruses Of All Time [INFOGRAPHIC]". Ry.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  50. ^ "'Hor Vi Neevan Ho' goes on air!". nooriworld.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  51. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  52. ^ Haq, Mahbub ul. 1995. Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
  53. JSTOR 4407121
    .

External links