List of presidents of Venezuela

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Under the Venezuelan Constitution, the president of Venezuela is the head of state and head of government of Venezuela. As chief of the executive branch and face of the government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the country by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela. The president is directly elected through a popular vote to a six-year term. Since the 2009 constitutional referendum, any person can be elected to the office an indefinite number of times. Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 30 years of age, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of Venezuela, and cannot possess any other citizenship.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the establishment of the independent State of Venezuela, which took place on January 13, 1830. There have been 46 people sworn into office, and 64 presidencies, as several politicians (most prominently between 1830 and 1953) have held the office more than once. José Antonio Páez, the first president, was inaugurated in 1830. Antonio Guzmán Blanco served during the most terms, with three. Juan Vicente Gómez has served during the longest (although interrupted by interim presidencies), with over 27 years. Rómulo Betancourt served from 1959 until 1964.[1] Hugo Chávez served the longest uninterrupted period in office with 11 consecutive years, from his restoration to power in April 2002 until his death in March 2013.

The current presidency has been disputed between

National Assembly of Venezuela, took the oath of office as interim president on 23 January 2019, citing Article 233 of the Constitution of Venezuela to "cease the usurpation, hold a transitional government, and call for new elections". The office remained disputed until December 2022 when opposition parties voted to dissolve the Guaidó government effective as of 5 January 2023.[2]

History

The presidential designation encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following Venezuela's declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule, which took effect on July 5, 1811. The first president, taking office on July 5, 1811, was actually the president of a triumvirate of the first established Republic of Venezuela that rotated the presidency weekly. The person serving as president during the week of July 5 was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence: Cristóbal Mendoza. Mendoza shared the triumvirate with Juan Escalona and Baltasar Padrón. A second triumvirate followed on April 3, 1812, whose members were Francisco Espejo, Fernando Rodríguez del Toro [es] and Francisco Javier Ustariz.[3][4]

Owing to the profound confusion of the

Simon Bolivar twice reestablished the republic. The Congress of Angostura appointed Simón Bolívar
"Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830.

In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on January 13, 1830. Although he was not the first president of Venezuela (having in mind Cristóbal Mendoza in 1811), he was the first head of state of independent Venezuela, after the dissolution of Gran Colombia.

Affiliation keys

Abbreviation Party name (English) Party name (Spanish) Years
PC Conservative Party Partido Conservador 1830-1851, 1890-1892
PL Liberal Party Gran Partido Liberal de Venezuela 1851-1858, 1859-1861, 1868-1869, 1870-1887, 1888-1890, 1892, 1898-1899
Military National Armed Forces of the Republic of Venezuela Fuerza Armada Nacional de la República de Venezuela 1858-1859, 1861-1868, 1869-1870, 1892-1898, 1899-1913, 1922-1929, 1931-1935, 1948-1950, 1952-1958
— Independent politician Político independiente 1859, 1868, 1887-1888, 1913-1922, 1929-1931, 1935-1941, 1950-1952, 1958-1959
PDV Venezuelan Democratic Party Partido Democrático Venezolano 1941–1945
AD Democratic Action Acción Democrática 1945-1948, 1959-1969, 1974-1979, 1984-1994
COPEI COPEI Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente 1969-1974, 1979-1984
National Convergence National Convergence Convergencia Nacional 1994-1999
MVR-PSUV Fifth Republic Movement–United Socialist Party Movimiento Quinta República-Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela 1999-present

Presidents of Venezuela since independence (1830–present)

The list below includes interim "caretaker" as well as regular

serving presidents, and democratically installed presidents as well as those installed by other means (e.g.; Marcos Pérez Jiménez).[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

State of Venezuela (1830–1864)

President of the State of Venezuela

  Conservative Party (7)   Liberal Party (3)   

Independent
(1)   Military government (3)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		State Term of office Term
[note 2] 		Party
1 José Antonio Páez
(1790–1873) 		Portuguesa 13 January 1830
–
20 January 1835 		1
(1831–35) 		Conservative Party
2 Andrés Narvarte
(1781–1853) 		Vargas 20 January 1835
–
9 February 1835 		Conservative Party
3 José María Vargas
(1786–1854) 		Vargas 9 February 1835
–
9 July 1835 		2
(1835–39) 		Conservative Party
4 José María Carreño
(1792–1849)
Miranda
 27 July 1835
–
20 August 1835 		Conservative Party
(3) José María Vargas
(1786–1854) 		Vargas 20 August 1835
–
24 April 1836 		Conservative Party
(2) Andrés Narvarte
(1781–1853) 		Vargas 24 April 1836
–
20 January 1837 		Conservative Party
(4) José María Carreño
(1792–1849)
Miranda
 27 January 1837
–
11 March 1837 		Conservative Party
5 Carlos Soublette
(1789–1870) 		Vargas 11 March 1837
–
1 February 1839
(1) José Antonio Páez
(1790–1873) 		Portuguesa 1 February 1839
–
28 January 1843 		3
(1839–43) 		Conservative Party
(5) Carlos Soublette
(1789–1870) 		Vargas 28 January 1843
–
20 January 1847 		4
(1843–47) 		Conservative Party
6 José Tadeo Monagas
(1784–1868) 		Monagas 20 January 1847
–
5 February 1851 		5
(1847–51) 		Conservative Party
7 José Gregorio Monagas
(1795–1858) 		Monagas 5 February 1851
–
20 January 1855 		6
(1851–55)
Liberal Party
(6) José Tadeo Monagas
(1784–1868) 		Monagas 20 January 1855
–
15 March 1858 		7
(1855–60)
Liberal Party
8 Pedro Gual
(1783–1862) 		Caracas 15 March 1858
–
18 March 1858
Liberal Party
9
Julián Castro

(1810–1875)
Miranda
 18 March 1858
–
2 August 1859 		Military
(8) Pedro Gual
(1783–1862) 		Caracas 2 August 1859
–
29 September 1859
Independent
10 Manuel Felipe de Tovar
(1803–1866) 		29 September 1859
–
20 May 1861
Liberal Party
8
(1860–64)
(8) Pedro Gual
(1783–1862) 		Caracas 20 May 1861
–
29 August 1861
Liberal Party
(1) José Antonio Páez
(1790–1873) 		Portuguesa 29 August 1861
–
15 June 1863 		Military
11 Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
(1820–1870)
Falcón
 15 June 1863
–
25 April 1868 		Military
9
(1864–73)

United States of Venezuela (1864–1953)

President of the United States of Venezuela

  Democratic Action (3)   Conservative Party (1)   Liberal Party (8)   

Independent
(6)   Military government (6)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		State Term of office Term
[note 2] 		Party
(11) Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
(1820–1870)
Falcón
 15 June 1863
–
25 April 1868 		9
(1864–73) 		Military
12 Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual
(1832–1868) 		Magdalena
(Gran Colombia) 		25 April 1868
–
28 June 1868 		Independent
13 Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1823–1907) 		Carabobo 28 June 1868
–
20 February 1869
Liberal Party
14 José Ruperto Monagas
(1831–1880) 		Monagas 20 February 1869
–
16 April 1870 		Military
(13) Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1823–1907) 		Carabobo 16 April 1870
–
27 April 1870
Liberal Party
15 Antonio Guzmán
(1829–1899) 		Caracas 27 April 1870
–
27 February 1877
Liberal Party
10
(1873–77)
16 Francisco Linares
(1825–1878)
Aragua
 27 February 1877
–
30 November 1878
[note 3] 		11
(1877–82)
Liberal Party
17 José Gregorio Valera
(1826–1896) 		30 November 1878
–
26 February 1879
Liberal Party
(15) Antonio Guzmán
(1829–1899) 		Caracas 26 February 1879
–
26 April 1884
Liberal Party
12
(1882–88)
18 Joaquín Crespo
(1830–1898)
Aragua
 26 April 1884
–
15 September 1886
Liberal Party
(15) Antonio Guzmán
(1829–1899) 		Caracas 15 September 1886
–
8 August 1887
Liberal Party
19 Hermógenes López
(1830–1898) 		Carabobo 8 August 1887
–
2 July 1888
Independent
20 Juan Pablo Rojas
(1826–1905) 		Caracas 2 July 1888
–
19 March 1890 		13
(1888–90)
Liberal Party
21 Raimundo Andueza
(1846–1900) 		Portuguesa 19 March 1890
–
17 June 1892 		14
(1890–94) 		Conservative Party
(13) Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1823–1907) 		Carabobo 17 June 1892
–
31 August 1892
Liberal Party
22 Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1854–1949) 		Barinas 31 August 1892
–
7 October 1892
Liberal Party
(18) Joaquín Crespo
(1841–1898) 		Aragua 7 October 1892
–
February 28 1898 		Military
15
(1894–98)
23 Ignacio Andrade
(1839–1925) 		Mérida 28 February 1898
–
20 October 1899 		16
(1898–08)
Liberal Party
24 Cipriano Castro
(1858–1924)
Táchira
 20 October 1899
–
19 December 1908 		Military
25 Juan Vicente Gómez
(1857–1935)
Táchira
 19 December 1908
–
5 August 1913 		17
(1908–14) 		Military
26 José Gil
(1861–1943) 		Lara 5 August 1913
–
19 April 1914
Independent
27 Victorino Márquez
(1858–1941) 		Portuguesa 19 April 1914
–
24 June 1922 		18
(1914–22)
Independent
(25) Juan Vicente Gómez
(1857–1935)
Táchira
 24 June 1922
–
30 May 1929 		19
(1922–29) 		Military
28 Juan Bautista Pérez
(1869–1952) 		Caracas 30 May 1929
–
13 June 1931 		20
(1929–31)
Independent
(25) Juan Vicente Gómez
(1857–1935)
Táchira
 13 June 1931
–
17 December 1935
[note 3] 		21
(1931–36) 		Military
29 Eleazar López
(1883–1973)
Táchira
 18 December 1935
–
5 May 1941
Independent
22
(1936–41)
30 Isaías Medina
(1897–1953)
Táchira
 5 May 1941
–
18 October 1945 		23
(1941–48) 		Democratic Party
31 Rómulo Betancourt
(1908–1981) 		Miranda 18 October 1945
–
17 February 1948 		Democratic Action
32 Rómulo Gallegos
(1884–1969) 		Caracas 17 February 1948
–
24 November 1948 		24
(1948–52) 		Democratic Action
33 Carlos Delgado
(1909–1950) 		Caracas 24 November 1948
–
13 November 1950
[note 3] 		Military
34 Germán Suárez
(1907–1990) 		Caracas 27 November 1950
–
2 December 1952
Independent

Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)

Venezuela took the name of Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República de Venezuela) with the adoption of the 1953 constitution, written by the Constituent Assembly elected in November 1952. The Presidents of Venezuela under this constitution (as well as the 1961 Constitution, which kept the name) were officially styled as President of the Republic of Venezuela.

This period of the history of Venezuela began with the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez.[13][14] After a short period of political instability following Pérez Jiménez's exile in 1958, democracy was restored in the country with the election of Democratic Action leader Rómulo Betancourt as president in 1959. This marked the beginning of the democratic period, started with the Puntofijo Pact and which was characterized by the prevalence of the bipartidism of the two main political parties in the country at the time, Democratic Action and Copei.

The

two coup attempts in 1992, and the 1993 impeachment of Pérez. That same year, Rafael Caldera became the first President of Venezuela not to belong to either Democratic Action or Copei in over forty years, having been elected under the banner of National Convergence. The bipartidism ended in 2000 when a new constitution
entered in force.

President of the Republic of Venezuela

  Democratic Action (5)   Copei (2)   National Convergence (1)   

Independent
(2)   Military government (1)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		State Term of office Term
[note 2] 		Party
35 Marcos Pérez
(1914–2001) 		Táchira 2 December 1952
–
23 January 1958 		25
(1952) 		Military
36 Wolfgang Larrazábal
(1911–2003) 		Sucre 23 January 1958
–
14 November 1958[note 4]
Independent
37 Edgar Sanabria
(1911–1989) 		Caracas 14 November 1958
–
13 February 1959[note 4]
Independent
(31) Rómulo Betancourt
(1908–1981) 		Miranda 13 February 1959
–
11 March 1964 		26
(1958) 		Democratic Action
38 Raúl Leoni
(1905–1972) 		Bolívar 11 March 1964
–
11 March 1969 		27
(1963) 		Democratic Action
39 Rafael Caldera
(1916–2009) 		Yaracuy 11 March 1969
–
12 March 1974 		28
(1968) 		Copei
40

Carlos Andrés Pérez
(1922–2010) 		Táchira 12 March 1974
–
12 March 1979 		29
(1973) 		Democratic Action
41 Luis Herrera
(1925–2007) 		Portuguesa 12 March 1979
–
2 February 1984 		30
(1978) 		Copei
42 Jaime Lusinchi
(1924–2014) 		Anzoátegui 2 February 1984
–
2 February 1989 		31
(1983) 		Democratic Action
(40)

Carlos Andrés Pérez
(1922–2010) 		Táchira 2 February 1989
–
21 May 1993[note 5] 		32
(1988) 		Democratic Action
43 Octavio Lepage
(1923–2017) 		Anzoátegui 21 May 1993
–
5 June 1993 		Democratic Action
44 Ramón J. Velásquez
(1916–2014) 		Táchira 5 June 1993
–
2 February 1994 		Democratic Action
(39) Rafael Caldera
(1916–2009) 		Yaracuy 2 February 1994
–
2 February 1999 		33
(1993) 		National Convergence

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1999–present)

Main article: History of Venezuela (1999–present)
See also: Venezuelan presidential crisis

Venezuela became the "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela) with the adoption of the 1999 constitution, which renamed the country in honor of Simón Bolívar. The new constitution was promulgated by President Hugo Chávez, who served de jure from 1999 until his death in 2013. The new constitution augmented the presidential term from five years to six years.

Chávez's presidency was interrupted shortly in 2002 following a failed

economic policies
.

Under Maduro, Venezuela has seen a rise in

Constituent Assembly intended to rewrite the 1999 constitution. These actions have worsened tensions and sparked violence during protests against the Maduro administration over concerns that Maduro would eliminate or significantly erode the independence of Venezuela's democratic institutions and shift the country towards one-man rule
.

The process and results of the May

acting President of the country under article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution.[20][21] A week later, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice declared that the presidency of the National Assembly was the "usurper" of authority and declared the body to be unconstitutional.[20]

Minutes after Maduro took the oath as President of Venezuela, the Organization of American States (OAS) approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections.[22] Special meetings of the OAS on 24 January and in the United Nations Security Council on 26 January were held but no consensus was reached. Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres called for dialogue.[23] During the 49th General Assembly of the Organization of American States, on 27 June, Guaidó's presidency was recognized by the organization.[24]

Guaidó was declared acting president and swore himself in on 23 January.

recognized as the acting President of Venezuela by 54 countries.[28] Internationally, support has followed traditional geopolitical lines, with allies China, Cuba, Iran, Russia, Syria, and Turkey supporting Maduro; and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó as acting president.[29] The United Nations has continued to recognize the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of Venezuela as of December 2019.[30][31]

On 22 December 2022, the Venezuelan opposition held an initial vote to remove Guaidó's interim government from its leadership and on 30 December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties (

presidential elections scheduled for 2024 with the reform approved with 72 votes in favor, 29 against and 8 abstentions,[34]
this dissolving the Guaidó government effective as of 5 January 2023.

President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

  Fifth Republic Movement–United Socialist Party (2)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		State Term of office Term
[note 2] 		Party
45 Hugo Chávez
(1954–2013) 		Barinas 2 February 1999
–
5 March 2013[note 6] 		34
(1998)
(2000) 		Fifth Republic Movement
35
(2006)
(2012) 		United Socialist Party
36
(2013)
46 Nicolás Maduro
(born 1962) 		Caracas 5 March 2013
–
Incumbent[note 7]
37
(2018)
– Juan Guaidó
(born 1983) 		Vargas 23 January 2019
–
5 January 2023
(disputed) 		37
(2019) 		Popular Will
Independent

Timeline

Juan GuaidóNicolás MaduroHugo ChávezRamón José VelásquezOctavio LepageJaime LusinchiLuis Herrera CampinsCarlos Andrés PérezRafael CalderaRaúl LeoniEdgar SanabriaWolfgang LarrazábalMarcos Pérez JiménezGermán Suárez FlamerichCarlos Delgado ChalbaudRómulo GallegosRómulo BetancourtIsaías Medina AngaritaEleazar López ContrerasJuan Bautista PérezVictorino Márquez BustillosJosé Gil FortoulJuan Vicente GómezCipriano CastroIgnacio AndradeGuillermo Tell Villegas PulidoRaimundo Andueza PalacioJuan Pablo Rojas PaúlHermógenes LópezJoaquín CrespoJosé Gregorio ValeraFrancisco Linares AlcántaraAntonio Guzmán BlancoJosé Ruperto MonagasGuillermo Tell VillegasManuel Ezequiel BruzualJuan Crisóstomo FalcónManuel Felipe de TovarJulián Castro (Venezuelan president)Pedro Gual EscandónJosé Gregorio MonagasJosé Tadeo MonagasCarlos SoubletteJosé María CarreñoJosé María VargasAndrés NarvarteJosé Antonio Páez

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, Carlos Soublette was both the 8th and 10th President because the two periods where he was president were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Constitution is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^ a b c d For the purposes of numbering, a term is a period between two presidential elections. Some terms might be longer than originally expected due to coup d'états or the installation of military dictatorships, thus extending the time between two elections. Venezuela's unique history has allowed several presidents to serve during a single term, as well as some presidents, such as José María Vargas, serving twice during a single term.
  3. ^ a b c Died in office.
  4. ^ a b Larrazábal resigned early to challenge Rómulo Betancourt at the 1958 election, leaving Edgar Sanabria as acting president until the end of his term, on 13 February 1959.
  5. ^ Octavio Lepage, then President of Congress, served as acting president from 21 May 1993 and until 5 June 1993, when Ramón José Velásquez was formally selected to succeed Perez as president.
  6. presidential elections of 2000
    as part of the country's constitutional assembly. Therefore, many historians consider the period between August 2000 and January 2007 as Chávez's second term. However, this list considers the period between February 1999 and January 2007 as a single period.
  7. ^ Disputed from 23 January 2019 to 5 January 2023 between Nicolás Maduro and Juan Guaidó.

References

  1. ^ fundaromulobetancourt.org
  2. ^ a b Armas, Mayela (31 December 2022). "Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido". Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  3. ^ (in Spanish) "Presidentes de Venezuela". Consulado General de Bucaramanga. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  4. ISBN 978-980-6397-37-8
    .
  5. ^ CALDERA, Rafael. «De Carabobo a Puntofijo: los Causahabientes». Editorial Libros Marcados. Quinta Edición. 2008.
  6. ^ FERNANDEZ, Alfredo. «Venezuela: sus presidentes y constituciones». Organización Gráfica Capriles. 2006. Depósito Legal lf25220069002436.
  7. ^ CAMEJO, Armando. «Historia de Venezuela: documental y crítica». Ediciones Paz Pérez. 1965.
  8. ^ FERNANDEZ PAEZ, Carmelo. «Memorias». Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. 1983.
  9. ^ GONZÁLEZ GUINAN, Francisco. «Historia Contemporánea de Venezuela TOMO XI». Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. 1954.
  10. ^ RODRIGUEZ ITURBE, José. «Iglesia y Estado en Venezuela (1824-1964)». Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Derecho. 1968.
  11. ^ SALCEDO, Bastardo. «Historia Fundamental de Venezuela». Universidad Central de Venezuela. Ediciones de Biblioteca, Segunda edición. 1972.
  12. ^ USLAR PIETRI, Arturo. «Cuéntame a Venezuela». Editorial Lisbona S.A.. 1981-82.
  13. ^ Rohter, Larry (22 September 2001). "Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 87, Venezuela Ruler". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  14. ^ Ledezma, Eurídice (21 September 2001). "Obituary: General Marcos Pérez Jiménez". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  15. ^ "Venezuela Suspends Recall Campaign Against President Maduro". Fox News. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  16. ^ "Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power". BBC News. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  17. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Venezuela: Supreme court backtracks on powers bid". BBC News. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  19. ^ Bullock, Penn (10 January 2019). "Climate Change, U.S. Shutdown, Michael Cohen: Your Friday Briefing". The New York Times. President Nicolás Maduro was inaugurated for a second term after an election last year that was widely considered illegitimate — and despite a plummeting economy and skyrocketing violence, hunger and migration.
  20. ^ a b c "El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente". BBC. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Prensa de la AN rectifica comunicado que proclama a Juan Guaidó Presidente de la República". Efecto Cocuyo. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  22. ^ "La OEA aprobó la resolución que declara ilegítimo al nuevo gobierno de Nicolás Maduro" [The OAS approved the resolution that declared the new government of Nicolás Maduro illegitimate]. Infobae (in Spanish). 10 January 2019.
  23. ^ "UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis". UN News. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  24. ^ "México, Uruguay, Bolivia y Nicaragua respaldaron al régimen de Maduro e intentaron desplazar al enviado de Guaidó de la Asamblea de la OEA". Infobae (in Spanish). EFE. 27 June 2019. Si se convalidan las credenciales (por las del enviado de Guaidó) se reconoce un nuevo gobierno de Venezuela y Uruguay eso no lo puede aceptar
  25. ^ "National Assembly President Juan Guaido swears himself in as President of Venezuela". CNN. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  26. ^ "Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano" (in Spanish). Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  27. ^ Borges, Anelise (18 February 2019). "'I'm ready to die for my country's future,' Juan Guaido tells Euronews". Euronews. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  28. ^ Phillips, Tom (12 May 2019). "Guaidó says Maduro is 'sowing terror' against leaders who tried to oust him". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  29. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  30. ^ "UN backs credentials of Maduro officials". EFE (in Spanish). 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Report of the Credentials Committee". United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  32. ^ Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino". Tal Cual (in Spanish). 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022. Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.
  34. ^ Herrera, Isayen; Glatsky, Genevieve (30 December 2022). "Juan Guaidó Is Voted Out as Leader of Venezuela's Opposition". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela&oldid=1214731492"