Ptolemaic dynasty

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List of Ptolemaic rulers
)
Ptolemies
Πτολεμαῖοι
Ptolemy XV
(Egypt)
Ptolemy XVI
(Syria)
Ptolemy of Mauretania
(Mauretania Caesariensis)
Final headDrusilla
TitlesPharaoh
Basileus of Egypt
King of Macedonia
King of Mauretania Caesariensis
King of Syria
King of Cyrene
DissolutionAD 79
Deposition279 BC (Macedon)
30 BC (Egypt)
AD 40 (Mauretania)
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are
BC
Early
Pre-dynastic period
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian) XXV 732–653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525
XXVII 525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343
XXXI 343–332
Thirty-third Dynasty
 XXXIII 305–30
Roman Egypt
XXXIV 30 BC – 313 AD

The Ptolemaic dynasty (

Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), also known as the Lagid dynasty (Λαγίδαι, Lagidae; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek[1][2][3][4][5] royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Reigning for 275 years, the Ptolemaic was the longest and last dynasty of ancient Egypt from 305 BC until its incorporation into the Roman Republic in 30 BC.[6][7]

Ptolemy, a general and one of the somatophylakes (bodyguard companions) of Alexander the Great, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I, later known as Sōter "Saviour". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. The new dynasty adopted the Egyptian titles and iconography, and respected local traditions, while also preserving their own Greek language and culture.[8][6] The Ptolemaic period was marked by the intense interactions and blending of the Greek and Egyptian cultures.[9] Under the Ptolemies, Hellenistic religion was largely influenced by religious syncretism and imperial cult.[10][11] Elements of Greek education became widespread in urban spaces, culminating in the foundation of the Mouseion (including the Library of Alexandria) and the Serapeum.[12] During the Hellenistic period, the city of Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great would gradually surpass Athens taking its place as the intellectual centre of the Mediterranean world.[13]

Following the earlier dynasties of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty adopted the practice of

Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide after the Roman conquest of Egypt
marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.

Rulers and consorts

Dates in brackets on the Cup of the Ptolemies represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters, aunts or cousins. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars.

Family tree

Ptolemaic family tree
Lagus of Eordea, MacedonArsinoe of Macedon
Ptolemy I
Soter
(Kg 303–282 BC)		Berenice IPhilip
Arsinoe IIPtolemy II
Philadelphus
(Kg. 285–246 BC)		Arsinoe IMagas
of Cyrene		Apama II
Ptolemy III
Euergetes
(Kg. 246–221 BC)		Berenice II
Ptolemy IV
Philopator
(Kg. 221–203 BC)		Arsinoe III
Ptolemy V
Epiphanes
(Kg. 203–181 BC)		Cleopatra I
Syra
Cleopatra II
(Qn. 131–127 BC)
Ptolemy VIII
Physcon
(Kg. 170–163 BC,
145–116 BC)		Eirene
Cleopatra III
(Qn, 116–101 BC)
Ptolemy
Memphites		Ptolemy Apion
Ptolemy IX
Lathyros
(Kg. 116–107 BC,
as Soter II 88–81 BC)
Cleopatra
Selene		Ptolemy X
Alexander I
(Kg. 107–88 BC)
Berenice III
(Qn. 81–80 BC)
Ptolemy XI
Alexander II
(Kg. 80 BC,
for 19 days)
Cleopatra V
(Qn. 58–55 BC)
Arsinoe IV
(Qn. 48–47 BC)
Julius
Caesar		Mark
Antony
Ptolemy XV
Caesarion
(Kg. 44–30 BC)		Alexander
Helios		Ptolemy
Philadelphus		Cleopatra
Selene II
Ptolemy of
Mauretania
Detailed Ptolemaic family tree
AntipaterLagusArsinoe of Macedon
Eurydice
Ptolemy I
Soter
(Kg 303–282 BC)		Berenice I
(∞ Philip
↓
Magas
of Cyrene
∞ Apama II
↓
See below: Berenice II)		Lysimachus
LysandraPtolemaisPtolemy CeraunusArsinoe II
Ptolemy II
Philadelphus
(Kg. 285–246 BC)		Arsinoe I
Berenice Syra
Antiochus III the GreatArsinoe III
Ptolemy IV
Philopator
(Kg. 221–203 BC)
Cleopatra I
Syra
Ptolemy V
Epiphanes
(Kg. 203–181 BC)
Cleopatra II
(Qn. 131–127 BC)

Ptolemy VIII
Physcon
(Kg. 170–163 BC,
145–116 BC)		Eirene ?
Cleopatra III
(Qn, 116–101 BC)
Ptolemy
Memphites		Ptolemy Apion
Ptolemy IX
Lathyros
(Kg. 116–107 BC,
as Soter II 88–81 BC)
Cleopatra V
Selene
Ptolemy X
Alexander I
(Kg. 107–88 BC)
?
Berenice III
(Qn. 81–80 BC)

Ptolemy XI
Alexander II
(Kg. 80 BC,
for 19 days)
Cleopatra VI

(Qn. 58 BC)
Arsinoe IV

(Qn. 48–47 BC)
Julius
Caesar		Mark
Antony

Ptolemy XV
Caesarion
(Kg. 44–30 BC)		Alexander
Helios		Cleopatra
Selene II		Juba II
of Mauretania		Ptolemy Philadelphus
Ptolemy of
Mauretania

Other notable members of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemaic Egypt wearing a stephane (i.e. royal diadem) on her head.[19]

Health

See also: Incest § Antiquity, and Inbreeding § Royalty and nobility
Cameo of Ptolemaic rulers (Kunsthistorisches Museum)

Continuing the tradition established by previous

Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were also likely to have been siblings or possibly cousins.[15]

The Gonzaga Cameo of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe II from Alexandria (Hermitage Museum)

Contemporaries describe a number of the Ptolemaic dynasty members as extremely obese,[22] while sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity. This is all likely due to inbreeding depression. In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty are likely to have suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease, or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently.[23]

Gallery

  • Ptolemy I, founder of the dynasty.
    Ptolemy I, founder of the dynasty.
  • Ptolemy II
    Ptolemy II
  • Ptolemy III
    Ptolemy III
  • Ptolemy IV
    Ptolemy IV
  • Ptolemy V
    Ptolemy V
  • Ptolemy VI
    Ptolemy VI
  • Cleopatra II (right)
    Cleopatra II (right)
  • Ptolemy VIII
    Ptolemy VIII
  • Ptolemy IX
    Ptolemy IX
  • Ptolemy X
    Ptolemy X
  • Ptolemy XI
    Ptolemy XI
  • Ptolemy XII
    Ptolemy XII
  • Ptolemy XIII and Skhemet
    Ptolemy XIII and Skhemet
  • Ptolemy XIV
    Ptolemy XIV
  • Cleopatra VII
    Cleopatra VII
  • Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion.
    Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion.
  • Sardonyx cameo of a Ptolemaic prince as the Greek god Hermes, Cabinet des médailles, Paris.
    Cabinet des médailles
    , Paris.
  • Posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII, from Roman Herculaneum, mid-1st century AD.[24][25]
    Posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII, from Roman Herculaneum, mid-1st century AD.[24][25]
  • The Cup of the Ptolemies: front (top) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles)
    The
    Cabinet des Médailles
    )
  • The Cup of the Ptolemies: back (bottom) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles)
    The
    Cabinet des Médailles
    )

See also

References

  1. ^ Jones 2006, p. xiii: "They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great".
  2. ^ Jeffreys 2005, p. 488: "Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonian Greeks".
  3. ^ Robins 2001, p. 108: "...Cleopatra VII, the last member of the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty to govern Egypt. Although the Ptolemies were not only Greek by origin but also by culture, they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage".
  4. ^ Southern 2009, p. 43: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative (...) stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great".
  5. ^ Depuydt 2005, p. 687: "during the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent..."; Pomeroy 1990, p. xvi: "...while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class"
  6. ^ a b Jones 2006, p. 3.
  7. ^ Epiphanius of Salamis, however, puts the total number of years of the Ptolemaic dynasty at 306, presumably calculated from 306/5 BC to 1 AD. See: Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version (ed. James Elmer Dean), University of Chicago Press 1935, p. 28 (note 104). Compare On Weights and Measures.
  8. ^ Southern 2009, pp. 43–44.
  9. ^ Rutherford 2016, p. 4: "The second (phase of relationship between Greek and Egyptian culture) begins when Egypt is taken over by a Greek-speaking elite in the last decades of the fourth century. From then on, the two cultures coexisted, which inevitably resulted in interactions and mutual influence between them".
  10. ^ Potter 2009, p. 419.
  11. ^ Carney 2013, pp. 95–100, "Cults".
  12. ^ Holbl 2001, p. 84.
  13. ^ Jones 2006, p. 10.
  14. ^ Robins, p. 108: "...they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage".
  15. ^ a b Move over, Lannisters: No one did incest and murder like the last pharaohs on The A.V. Club
  16. ^ Wasson, Donald (February 3, 2012). "Ptolemy I". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  17. ^ Tunny, Jennifer(2001)The Health of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists/ Vol.38(1/4), pp.119-134
  18. ^ W. Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 679
  19. ISBN 0-89236-633-8
    , pp. 22–23.
  20. doi:10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X
    .
  21. Encyclopædia Britannica
  22. PMID 12612315
    .
  23. PMID 15684370
    .
  24. ISBN 9780691088358
    .
  25. ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7
    , image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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