List of Russian scientists
Polymaths
- Baer's laws, founder of the Russian Entomological Society, co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society
- Borodin reaction, co-discovered Aldol reaction
- Russian cosmist
- indigenous peoples of Russia
- Russian poetry through his odes
- carton-pierre
- horse breeder
- Vladimir Obruchev, geologist, paleontologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia and Central Asia, author of the comprehensive Geology of Siberia and two popular science fiction novels, Plutonia and Sannikov Land
- Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist, explorer of European Russia and Siberia, discoverer of the first pallasite meteorite (Krasnojarsk) and multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas's squirrel, and Pallas's gull
- Yakov Perelman, a founder of popular science, author of many popular books, including the Physics Can Be Fun and Mathematics Can Be Fun
- Nicholas Roerich, artist, writer, philosopher, archeologist, explorer of Central Asia, public figure, initiator of the international Roerich's Pact on the defense of cultural objects, author of over 7000 paintings
- Russian Empire Census
- Sudebnik of 1550 and the controversial Ioachim Chronicle, wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language
- Russian cosmist
- Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, philosopher, sci-fi and historical novelist, founder of taphonomy, author of The Land of Foam , Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale and Thais of Athens
Earth scientists
- Dmitry Anuchin, anthropologist and geographer, coined the term anthroposphere, determined the location of the Volga river source
- river erosion, co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society
- Soviet Geographical Society
- mesoscale ocean eddies
- geomorphologicalevolution theory
- Kuznetsk Coal Basin
- five factors for soil formation
- Alexander Fersman, a founder of geochemistry, discovered copper in Monchegorsk, apatites in Khibiny, sulfur in Central Asia
- seismograph, the president of International Association of Seismology
- seismologist, invented a number of seismological methods and devices
- Ivan Gubkin, founder of the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
- Soviet Academy of Sciences
- Alexander Keyserling, naturalist, a founder of Russian geology
- Maria Klenova, a founder of marine geology, polar explorer
- Wladimir Köppen, meteorologist, author of the commonly used Köppen climate classification
- Kamchatka
- karstology
- Leonid Kulik, meteorite researcher, the first to study the Tunguska event
- Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath, suggested the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber; forerunner of the continental drift theory, pioneer researcher of atmospheric electricity
- Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, founder of permafrostscience, determined the southern border of permafrost
- Pavel Molchanov, meteorologist, inventor of radiosonde
- Ivan Mushketov, made the first geological map of Turkestan
- Vladimir Obruchev, geologist and explorer, author of the comprehensive Geology of Siberia and two popular science fiction novels, Plutonia and Sannikov Land
- Mikhail Pomortsev, meteorologist, inventor of nephoscope
- oil fields in West Siberia
- Russian Empire Census
- Baikalian geological stages
- Pyotr Shirshov, polar explorer, founder of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, proved that there is life in high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
- World Ocean
- Russian rivers
- Andrey Tikhonov, mathematician and inventor of magnetotelluricsin geology
Biologists and paleontologists
- Johann Friedrich Adam, discoverer of the Adams mammoth, the first complete woolly mammoth skeleton
- Baer's laws
- Bedriaga's skink
- Dmitry Belyayev, domesticated silver fox
- ichthyologist of Central Asia and European Russia
- Nikolai Bernstein, neurophysiologist, coined the term biomechanics
- Ivanovsky
- Sitka spruce and red alder
- )
- flowering, described the florigenhormone
- Sergei Chetverikov, pioneer of modern evolutionary synthesis
- air ionification
- Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermol'eva, biochemist, independently synthesized penicillin during World War II.
- Eduard Eversmann, biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fauna of southern Russia
- grow lamp, developer of symbiogenesistheory
- Yuri Filipchenko, entomologist, coined the terms microevolution and macroevolution
- Nikolay Gamaleya, microbiologist and pioneer of Russian vaccine research
- Merezhkovsky
- Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, zoologist and geographer, obtained two Przewalski's horses and more than 1000 bird specimens from his travels in Central Asia
- Alexander Gurwitsch, originated the morphogenetic field theory and discovered the biophoton
- human-ape hybrid
- Dmitry Ivanovsky, discoverer of viruses
- crossbreeding)
- Michurin
- Soviet Academy of Sciences, founder of the Komarov Botanical Institute
- Alexander Kovalevsky, embryologist, major researcher of gastrulation
- evolutionary biologist. First to support the theory of symbiogenesis with Darwinian evolution, and first director of The B.M. Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden of Voronezh State University.
- yarovization, infamous for lysenkoism
- Evgeny Maleev, discoverer of Talarurus, Tarbosaurus, and Therizinosaurus
- Carl Maximowicz, pioneer researcher of the Far Eastern flora
- Nobel Prize in Medicinewinner
- ornithologist, discoverer of the Menzbier's marmot
- endosymbiosistheory
- selectionist and geneticist, practiced crossing of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit cultivars
- horse breeder
- coleopterologist (researcher of beetles)
- Sergei Navashin, discovered double fertilization
- Telomere relations to cancer
- food production processes are based on biocatalysis
- germ layers
- Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist and explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas's squirrel, and Pallas's gull
- Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
- EEG and the evoked potentialof the mammalian brain
- Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer and naturalist, brought vast collections from Central Asia, discovered the only extant species of wild horse
- Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, discoverer of Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus
- Ivan Schmalhausen, developer of modern evolutionary synthesis
- Schrenck's bittern
- Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II
- Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology
- Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, discoverer of Steller's jay, Steller's eider, extinct Steller's sea cow and multiple other animals
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- biogeographer
- Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll
- radiation genetics, population genetics, and microevolution
- lower plantsand animals
- Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography
- centres of originof main cultivated plants
- fungi and plant pathology
- Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded taphonomy
- Sergey Zimov, creator of the Pleistocene Park
Physicians and psychologists
- cardiovascular surgerydeveloper
- Bekhterev's Disease
- Betz cells of primary motor cortex
- Oriental sore
- Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician
- Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery
- Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders
- Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine
- neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure
- transplantology
- ophthalmologist, corneal transplantationpioneer
- Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy
- antibiotics
- space dog
- Vera Gedroitz, first female Professor of Surgeryin the world
- vocal folds are the source of phonation
- Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague
- Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis
- auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery
- Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoiaconcept
- Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia partialis continua
- Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theoryin psychology
- Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia
- Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia
- Nobel Prize in Medicinewinner
- Lazar Minor, neurologist, described Minor's disease
- dermatologist, discoverer of Nikolsky's sign
- Telomere relations to cancer
- Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, influenced comparative psychology and behaviorism by his works on reflexes, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
- field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
- Aza Rakhmanova, professor of diseases, AIDS expert
- Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery
- Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology
- neuropathologist, described meralgia paraesthetica
- Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work Reflexes of the Brain
- Vladimir Serbsky, founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia
- field surgeon
- prosthetic heart valve)[2]
- Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier
- Fyodor Uglov, oldest practicing surgeon in history
- tuberculosis therapy
- Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winner
- purulent surgery, saint
- Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor to child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal development and cultural mediation concepts
- Josias Weitbrecht, first to describe the construction and function of intervertebral discs
- Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion
- Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded experimental psychopathology
Economists and sociologists
- consumption-labour-balance principle
- Georges Gurvitch, major developer of sociology of knowledge and sociology of law
- Nobel Prize in Economicswinner
- Nikolai Kondratiev, discoverer of the Kondratiev waves
- Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
- GOELRO plan, the first Chief of Gosplan
- Absolute Income Hypothesis, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
- Evsei Liberman, laid the scientific support for the Soviet Kosygin reform (initiated by Alexei Kosygin) in economy
- input-output analysis and the Leontief paradox, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
- central planning
- Grigory Orlov, founder of the Free Economic Society
- Pitirim Sorokin, sociologist, prominent developer of the social cycle theory
- Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation
- Stanislav Strumilin, pioneer of the planned economy, developed the first five-year plans
Historians and archaeologists
- museologist, researched the European accounts of the Time of Troubles
- Valery Alekseyev, anthropologist, proposed Homo rudolfensis
- Novgorod
- Samarcand
- paleographer, founder of the Bestuzhev Courses for women
- Mongolian history, opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
- civilisations
- Olbia
- Karamzin
- mediaeval studies in Russia, disproved the historicity of Vineta
- Boris Grekov, prominent researcher of Kievan Rus' and Golden Horde
- Neo-Eurasianism
- Boris Hessen, physicist who brought externalism into modern historiography of science
- Normanist
- The Secret History of the Mongols
- sentimentalistwriter and historian, author of the 12-volume History of the Russian State, the principal early 19th-century account of national history
- Vasily Klyuchevsky, dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy
- Byzantinist, editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
- Müller
- Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
- Mykola Kostomarov, historian, folklorist and romantic writer, researched the differences between Great Russia and Little Russia and the history of Ukraine
- Noin-Ula
- Platon Levshin, president of the Most Holy Synod during the Age of Enlightenment, author of the first systematic course of the history of Russian Orthodox Church
- sigillographer, prominent also in a number of other auxiliary historical disciplines
- Genealogical Book
- Normanist theory, published an early account of Russian history
- Sogdian ruins at Panjakent
- Hague Peace Conference
- Persia
- Normanist theory
- Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discovered The Tale of Igor's Campaign
- hagiographies, saint
- Proskuryakova
- Alexey Okladnikov, prominent historian and archaeologist of Siberia and Mongolia
- Academic Institute of Oriental Studies
- Byzantinist
- Avraamy Palitsyn, 17th-century historian of the Time of Troubles
- Evgeny Pashukanis, legal historian, wrote The General Theory of Law and Marxism
- Boris Piotrovsky, prominent researcher of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia, long-term director of the Hermitage Museum
- Mikhail Piotrovsky, orientalist, current director of the Hermitage Museum
- Normanist theory
- Boris Polevoy, major historian of the Russian Far East
- Marxisthistorian prominent in the 1920s
- Ice Maiden mummy
- Maecenas, founder of the Russian Historian Society
- Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
- Remezov Chronicle
- Ancient World, excavated Dura-Europos
- Nicholas Roerich, painter, archeologist, and public figure, explorer of Central Asia, initiator of the international Roerich's Pact on protection of historical monuments
- Scythian Pazyryk burials
- Normanist theory
- Dmitry Samokvasov, Black Grave discoverer
- Bactrian Gold in Central Asia
- Mikhail Shcherbatov, a man of Russian Enlightenment, conservative historian
- Sergey Solovyov, principal Russian 19th-century historian, author of the 29-volume History of Russia
- Marxist theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education
- Napoleon's invasion of Russia and on the Crimean War
- Sudebnik of 1550 and the controversial Ioachim Chronicle, wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history
- paleography, published the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles
- Ancient East
- Peter Turchin, population biologist and historian, coined the term cliodynamics
- Trapezuntine Empire
- Aleksey Uvarov, founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient kurgans
- Byzantinist
- Alexander Vasiliev, author of a comprehensive History of the Byzantine Empire
- Nikolay Veselovsky, the first to excavate Afrasiab (the oldest part of Samarkand), as well as the Solokha and Maikop kurgans in Southern Russia
- Türks
- birch bark documents
- Gennady Zdanovich, discoverer of Sintashta culture settlement Arkaim
Linguists and ethnographers
- Vasily Abaev, prominent researcher of Iranian languages
- folklorist, recorded and published over 600 Russian fairy tales, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
- mathematical linguistics
- Vladimir Bogoraz, researcher of Chukchi people, founder of the Institute of the Peoples of the North
- Sanskrit grammarian
- Dahl
- Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language
- indigenous peoples of Russia
- Dmitry Gerasimov, medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European Renaissance scholars
- Nostraticlinguistics
- Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism
- Jackobson's Communication Model
- Kafarov
- The Secret History of the Mongols
- epigrapher and ethnographer, deciphered the ancient Maya script, proposed a decipherment for the Indus script
- Evdokia Kozhevnikova, ethnologist whose writings on the Svan language were rediscovered in the 2010s
- Nikolay Krushevsky, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of alternations
- theaterin India
- Miklukho-Maklai
- Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, wrote a grammar that reformed Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with vernacular tongue
- Juri Lotman, prominent literary scholar and semiotician
- Russian folk songs, published epic bylinas
- Richard Maack, naturalist and ethnographer of Siberia
- Orkhon script
- Nicholas Marr, put forth a pseudo-linguistic Japhetic theory on the origin of language
- Meaning-Text Theory
- anti-racist
- Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, explorer and historian, a founder of ethnography
- Sakha scripts)
- Sergei Ozhegov, author of the most widely used explanatory dictionary of Russian language
- Komi Permyaks to Christianity and invented the Old Permic script
- polyglot, developed the cyrillization of Japanese
- Nicholas Poppe, prominent Altaic languages researcher
- Grigory Potanin, explorer of Central Asia, the first to research Salar people
- mythology
- Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
- Tibetologist
- languages researcher
- Isaac Jacob Schmidt, the first researcher of Mongolian
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
- Old Russian and medieval Russian literature
- phonologist, author of the phrase "glokaya kuzdra"
- Buddhistphilosophy in the West
- Ivan Snegiryov, early collector of Russian proverbs and researcher of lubok prints
- Zamenhof
- Sergei Starostin, prominent supporter of Altaic languages theory, proposed Dené–Caucasian languages macrofamily, reconstructed a number of Eurasian proto-languages
- Vasily Tatischev, geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian
- reindeer herder who created a writing system for the Chukchi language
- Prague School of structural linguistics
- Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
- etymologist, author of the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
- Viktor Vinogradov, linguist and philologist, founder of the Russian Language Institute
- Ostromir Gospel (the most ancient East Slavic book), pioneer researcher of the Russian grammar
- Tale of Igor's Campaign
- L. L. Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto, the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language
Mathematicians
- Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
- Aleksandr Aleksandrov, developer of CAT(k) space and Alexandrov's uniqueness theoremin geometry
- Alexandroff compactification and the Alexandrov topology
- Dmitri Anosov, developed Anosov diffeomorphism
- Arnold's rouble problems
- Bernstein inequalities in probability theory
- Chebyshev
- Sergey Chaplygin, author of Chaplygin's equation, important in aerodynamics and notion of Chaplygin gas
- Nikolai Chebotaryov, author of Chebotarev's density theorem
- Pafnuti Chebyshev, prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics, contributed to probability, statistics and number theory, author of the Chebyshev's inequality, Chebyshev distance, Chebyshev function, Chebyshev equation
- Soviet Student Olympiadin mathematics
- Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced quantum groups and ADHM construction, Fields Medal winner
- Eugene Dynkin, developed Dynkin diagram, Doob–Dynkin lemma and Dynkin system in algebra and probability
- Euler's number, Euler diagram)
- New Chronology
- space groupsof crystals
- Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis
- Gelfand triple, integral geometry
- Gelfond's theorem, provided means to obtain infinite number of transcendentals, including Gelfond–Schneider constant and Gelfond's constant, Wolf Prize in Mathematicswinner
- differential equations
- Gromov
- Gromov norm, Gromov product, Wolf Prize winner
- Nobel Prize in Economicswinner
- Anatoly Karatsuba, developed the Karatsuba algorithm (the first fast multiplication algorithm)
- Ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming
- Kovalevskaya
- Andrey Kolmogorov, a preeminent 20th-century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; multiple contributions to mathematics include: probability axioms, Chapman–Kolmogorov equation and Kolmogorov extension theorem in probability; Kolmogorov complexity
- Kontsevich integral and Kontsevich quantization formula, Fields Medal winner
- sampling theorem
- Kovalevskaya top
- Kravchuk matrix
- Krein space, Wolf Prize winner
- Alexander Kronrod, developer of Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula and Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
- Lobachevsky
- Aleksandr Kurosh, author of the Kurosh subgroup theorem and Kurosh problem in group theory
- Olga Ladyzhenskaya, made major contributions to solution of Hilbert's 19th problem and important Navier–Stokes equations
- Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL treealgorithm
- Vladimir Levenshtein, developed the Levenshtein automaton, Levenshtein coding and Levenshtein distance
- Cook-Levin theorem
- Yuri Linnik, developed Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory
- Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry)
- Luzin sets in descriptive set theory
- Leonty Magnitsky, a director of the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, author of the principal Russian 18th-century textbook in mathematics
- Anatoly Maltsev, researched decidability of various algebraic groups, developed the Malcev algebra
- Manin-Mumford conjecture and Manin obstruction in diophantine geometry
- Lie groups, Wolf Prize and Fields Medalwinner
- Markov processes, Markov random field, Markov algorithm
- Andrey Markov, Jr., author of Markov's principle and Markov's rulein logics
- Matiyasevich's theorem in set theory, provided negative solution for Hilbert's tenth problem
- Informatics
- Mark Naimark, author of the Gelfand–Naimark theorem and Naimark's problem
- Burnside's problem
- Adams–Novikov spectral sequence and Novikov conjecture, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
- infinite symmetric groups and Hilbert schemeresearcher, Fields Medal winner
- partial fractions in integration
- Fields medal and the first Clay Millennium Prize ProblemsAward (declined both)
- Pontryagin's minimum principle in optimal control
- Nevanlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gödel Prize for contributions to computer sciences
- Lev Schnirelmann, developed the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category in topology and Schnirelmann density of numbers
- Moses Schönfinkel, inventor of combinatory logic
- Sinai billiard, Wolf Prize and Abel Prize winner
- Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation and Slutsky's theorem
- triangular lattice, Fields Medalist
- mathematical distributions, co-developer of the first ternary computer Setun
- Vladimir Steklov, mathematician and physicist, founder of Steklov Institute of Mathematics, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series
- Jakow Trachtenberg, developed the Trachtenberg system of mental calculation
- Boris Trakhtenbrot, proved the Gap theorem, developed Trakhtenbrot's theorem
- supercompilation
- ill-posed problems, invented magnetotellurics
- Urysohn's Lemma and Fréchet–Urysohn space in topology
- multi-valued logics
- Pólya–Vinogradov inequality in analytic number theory
- Vladimir Voevodsky, introduced a homotopy theory for schemes and modern motivic cohomology, Fields Medalist
- Georgy Voronoy, invented the Voronoi diagram
- Egorov's Theorem in mathematical analysis
- restricted Burnside problem, Fields Medal winner
Astronomers and cosmologists
- stellar associations, founder of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia
- Vladimir Belinski, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution
- stellar spectra
- meteors and meteor showers, a director of the Pulkovo Observatory
- Jacob Bruce, statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first observatory in Russia (in the Sukharev Tower)
- Lyudmila Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 268 asteroids
- comets
- radiation belt
- FLRW metric of Universe
- alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis, introduced the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, predicted cosmic microwave background
- Matvey Gusev, the first to prove the non-sphericity of the Moon, pioneer of photography in astronomy
- Nikolai Kardashev, astrophysicist, inventor of Kardashev scale for ranking the space civilizations
- Isaak Khalatnikov, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution
- Marian Kowalski, the first to measure the rotation of the Milky Way
- USSRand the post-Soviet states
- Anders Johan Lexell, astronomer and mathematician, researcher of celestial mechanics and comet astronomy, proved that Uranus is a planet rather than a comet
- Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe's evolution
- F.W. Struve
- Mikhail Lomonosov polymath, inventor of the off-axis reflecting telescope, discoverer of the atmosphere of Venus
- Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, inventor of the Maksutov telescope
- Igor Novikov, theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, formulated the Novikov self-consistency principle in the theory of time travel
- planet formation
- Grigory Shayn, astronomer and astrophysicist, the first director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, co-developed a method for measurement of stellar rotation
- cosmic rays, extraterrestrial liferesearcher
- double stars, initiated the construction of 2,820 km long Struve Geodetic Arc, progenitor of the Struve familyof astronomers
- Otto Lyudvigovich Struve, astronomer and astrophysicist, co-developed a method for measurement of stellar rotation, directed several observatories in the US
- double stars
- Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effectof CMB distortion
- neutron stars
- interstellar dust, author of the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies
- Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, conducted the first intercontinental radar astronomy experiment, transmitted the Cosmic Calls
- Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effectof CMB distortion
- Felix Ziegel, Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology at the Moscow Aviation Institute, author of more than 40 popular books on astronomy and space exploration, generally regarded as a founder of Russian ufology
Physicists
- superconductor (the Abrikosov vortex), Nobel Prizewinner
- cosmic rays, inventor of wide-gap track spark chamber
- cosmic rays, built the first nuclear reactors in the USSR, founder of Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics(ITEP)
- heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner
- NMR, predicted acoustic paramagnetic resonance
- Lev Artsimovich, builder of the first tokamak, researcher of high temperature plasma
- Askaryan effect in particle physics
- Nikolay Basov, physicist, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
- Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, co-developed the BBGKY hierarchy, formulated a microscopic theory of superconductivity, suggested a triplet quark model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom (color charge)
- Gersh Budker, inventor of electron cooling, co-inventor of collider
- hydrodynamics, formulated the Chaplygin's equations and Chaplygin gasconcept
- Pavel Cherenkov, discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
- Yuri Denisyuk, inventor of 3D holography
- quantum physics
- nuclear physicist, one of the initiators of the Soviet atomic bomb project, co-discoverer of seaborgium and bohrium, founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- Vladimir Fock, developed the Fock space, Fock state and the Hartree–Fock method in quantum mechanics
- Ilya Frank, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
- Vsevolod Frederiks (Fréedericksz), discovered the Fréedericksz transition, the Fréedericksz critical field in liquid crystals
- crystal lattice, described the Poole–Frenkel effect in solid-state physics
- George Gamow, explained alpha decay as quantum tunneling, developed theories of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis and offered explanation of foundations of molecular genetics
- diamagnetic levitation of a living frog
- hydrogen bomb, Nobel Prize winner
- DGLAP equations and Gribov ambiguity
- Aleksandr Gurevich, author of the runaway breakdown theory of lightning
- Abram Ioffe, founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent scientists
- Dmitri Ivanenko, proposed the first models of nuclear shell and exchange of nuclear forces, predicted the synchrotron radiation, the author of the hypothesis of quark stars
- galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
- Pyotr Kapitsa, originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus discovered superfluidity, Nobel Prize winner
- Tsar Bomb
- gravitational lensing
- Sergey Krasnikov, developer of the Krasnikov tube, a speculative mechanism for space travel
- Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the first nuclear reactors for surface ships
- Dmitry Lachinov, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist
- plasma physics, pointed out the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, co-author of the famous Course of Theoretical Physics, Nobel Prize winner
- Lenz
- Soviet Academy of Sciences and Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk
- Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism
- Heinrich Lenz, discovered the Lenz's law of electromagnetism
- Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution, co-author of the famous Course of Theoretical Physics
- conservation of matter, disproved the phlogiston theory
- crystadine
- Alexander Makarov, inventor of orbitrap
- Boris Mamyrin, inventor of reflectron
- Raman effect
- neutrino oscillations
- gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner
- Yuri Oganessian, nuclear physicist of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), co-discoverer of the heaviest elements in the periodic table; element Oganesson
- Vasily Petrov, discoverer of electric arc, proposed arc lamp and arc welding
- quantum physics
- Alexander Polyakov, developed the concepts of Polyakov action, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole and BPST instanton
- Isaak Pomeranchuk, predicted synchrotron radiation
- PMNS matrix
- lightning detector, one of the inventors of radio, recorded the first experimental radiolocationat sea
- Victor Popov, co-discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts in quantum field theory
- Alexander Prokhorov, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
- Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, pioneer researcher of atmospheric electricity, killed by a ball lightning in experiment
- Tsar Bomb, inventor of explosively pumped flux compression generator, Nobel Peace Prizewinner
- Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus, Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner
- Lev Shubnikov, discoverer of Shubnikov–de Haas effect, one of the first researchers of solid hydrogen and liquid helium
- cosmic rays, the first to observe positrons
- neutrino oscillations
- Arseny Sokolov, co-discoverer of Sokolov–Ternov effect, a developer of synchrotron radiation theory
- Igor Tamm, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, co-developer of tokamak, Nobel Prize winner
- photoelectric cell, built the Stoletov curve and pioneered the research of ferromagnetism
- Igor Ternov, co-discoverer of Sokolov–Ternov effect of synchrotron radiation
- Umov–Poynting vector and Umov effect, the first to propose the formula
- Petr Ufimtsev, developed the theory that led to modern stealth technology
- Zhukovsky
- Vladimir Veksler, inventor of synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron
- Evgeny Velikhov, leader of the international program ITER (thermonuclear experimental tokamak)
- plasma physics
- Alexey Yekimov, discoverer of quantum dots
- NMR spectroscopy
- Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effectof CMB distortion
- TsAGIand pioneer of aviation
- Octiabr' Emelianenko, did fundamental work in physics of III-V compound semiconductors.
Chemists and material scientists
- Alexander Baykov, metallurgist and academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
- Ernest Beaux, inventor of Chanel No. 5, "the world's most legendary fragrance"
- aluminothermy, a founder of physical chemistry
- halogens, author of the Beilstein database in organic chemistry
- Boris Belousov, chemist and biophysicist, discoverer of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
- Borodin reaction, co-discovered Aldol reaction
- hexamine, formaldehyde and formose reaction (the first synthesis of sugar), the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulae, a founder of organic chemistry and the theory of chemical structure
- Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis and Chichibabin reaction
- Lev Chugaev, discoverer of Chugaev elimination in organic chemistry
- Karl Ernst Claus, chemist and botanist, discoverer of ruthenium
- Nikolay Demyanov, discoverer of Demjanov rearrangement in organic chemistry
- Aleksandr Dianin, discoverer of Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound
- artificial sweetener
- Alexey Favorsky, discoverer of Favorskii rearrangement and Favorskii reaction in organic chemistry
- Alexander Frumkin, a founder of modern electrochemistry, author of the theory of electrode reactions
- Evgraf Fedorov, the first to enumerate all of the 230 space groups of crystals, thus founding the modern crystallography
- gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
- radiation-hardenedsteels
- petrochemistry
- Isidore, legendary inventor of the Russian vodka
- Boris Jacobi, re-discovered electroplatingand initiated its practical usage
- Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered superfluidity while studying liquid helium, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
- thimerosal
- Gottlieb Kirchhoff, discoverer of glucose
- chemical weapons
- Sergei Lebedev, inventor of polybutadiene, the first commercially viable synthetic rubber
- fire fighting foam
- gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
- naphthenes
- Mikhail Davidovich Mashkovsky, pharmacologist, author of the pharmacopoeia "Medical compounds"
- pipelines and a prominent researcher of vodka
- Nikolai Menshutkin, discoverer of Menshutkin reaction in organic chemistry
- Nametkin rearrangement
- irreversibility, Nobel Prize winner
- Sergey Reformatsky, discoverer of Reformatsky reaction in organic chemistry
- Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, author of the chain reaction theory, Nobel Prize winner
- Carl Schmidt, analyzed the crystal structure of many biochemicals, proved that animal and plant cells are chemically similar
- chemical cracking
- Mikhail Shultz, physical chemist and artist; one of the creators the glass electrode theory; author of several thermodynamic methods
- Mikhail Tsvet, botanist, inventor of chromatography
- Victor Veselago, the first researcher of materials with negative permittivity and permeability
- Paul Walden, discovered the Walden inversion and ethylammonium nitrate, the first room temperature ionic liquid
- Zaitsev's rule in organic chemistry
- petrochemistry
- , the first President of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society
- Anatol Zhabotinsky, discoverer of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Structural engineers
- Nikolai Belelubsky, major bridge designer, invented a number of construction schemes
- St. Isaac's Cathedral, founded Goznak
- launch complex (Baikonur Cosmodrome)
- Akinfiy Demidov, builder of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, the first structure to employ rebars and cast iron cupola, as well as the first lightning rodin the Western world
- deep column station, Mayakovskaya
- Alexander Hrennikoff, founder of the finite element method
- tallest freestanding structure)
- Lavr Proskuryakov, builder of multiple bridges along the Trans-Siberian Railway, inventor and tutor
- and multiple other structures
Aerospace engineers
- ekranoplans, including the Caspian Sea Monster
- An-225)
- soft lander spacecraft Luna 9
- launch complex (Baikonur Cosmodrome)
- ekranoplans and VTOL amphibious aircraft, physicist, tutor to many other aerospace designers
- BI-1
- Glushko
- The Flying Octopus)
- the most used heavy lift launch system)
- Evgeniy Chertovsky, inventor of pressure suit
- tandem rotorhelicopter
- liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170
- Pyotr Grushin, inventor of anti-ballistic missile
- MiG-21
- most produced military aircraftin history)
- Aleksei Isaev, designer of the first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1
- Sputnik) and Keldysh bomber
- Kerim Kerimov, the secret figure behind the Soviet space program
- coaxial rotor helicopters
- Lunokhod)
- first human spaceflight
- knapsack parachute and drogue parachute
- Semyon Lavochkin, designer of the La-series aircraft and the first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut
- coaxial rotor and the first helicopter
- Spiral project
- Arkhip Lyulka, designer of the Lyulka-series aircraft engines, including the first double jet turbofan
- SLBM
- MiG-21
- Su-24heavy fighter-bomber aircraft
- Mil Mi-12(the world's largest helicopter)
- heavier-than-air craft in Russia, designed the largest of 19th-century airplanes
- ICBM RT-21 Temp 2S and the first reliable mobile ICBM RT-2PM Topol
- most produced biplane)
- gyroscopically stabilized bombsight
- spacewalk supporting system
- Igor Sikorsky, inventor of airliner and strategic bomber (Sikorsky Ilya Muromets), father of modern helicopter, founder of the Sikorsky Aircraft
- Boris Shavyrin, inventor of air-augmented rocket
- Pavel Sukhoi, designer of the Su-series fighter aircraft
- Vladimir Syromyatnikov, designer of the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
- RSFSR
- Sputniks, including the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, principal pioneer of astronautics
- Tu-144
- Tu-95
- Vladimir Vakhmistrov, supervisor of Zveno project (the first bomber with parasite aircraft)
- Yak-40
- GIRD-X, pioneer of astronautics
- hydrodynamics, pioneer of aviation
- 1- ekranoplans, including the Caspian Sea Monster
- 2- nuclear icebreaker)
- 3- hull icebreaker Pilot
- 4- naval mining
- 5- underwater welding
- 6- insubmersibilitytheory
- 7- tide measurer
- 8- the first polar icebreaker, author of the insubmersibility theory
- 9- Victor Makeev, developer of the first intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
- 10- Ludvig Nobel, designer of the modern oil tanker
- 11- plummet, founder of the Russian Navy
- 12- electric naval mine
- 13- Typhoon class)
- 14- ship hulldesign
Electrical engineers
- 1- heterotransistor, Nobel Prizewinner
- 2- Nikolay Benardos, inventor of carbon arc welding (the first practical arc welding method)
- 3- Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, inventor of three-phase electric power
- 4- galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
- 5- underwater welding
- 6- electricity transmission
- 7- tungsten filament
- 8- Yablochkov
- 9- Vasily Petrov, inventor of electric arc and arc welding
- 10- electric tram
- 11- videotape recorder
- 12- Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, died from ball lightning during an experiment
- 13- electromagnetic telegraph
- 14- Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of shielded metal arc welding
- 15- photoelectric cell
- 16- AC transformer and headlamp
Computer scientists
- 1- World Computer Chess Champion)
- 2- Elbrus supercomputers
- 3- Google web search engine
- 4- Nikolay Brusentsov, inventor of ternary computer (Setun)
- 5- Mikhail Donskoy, a leading developer of Kaissa, the first computer chess champion
- 6- Victor Glushkov, a founder of cybernetics, inventor of the first personal computer MIR
- 7- anti-virus products
- 8- Semen Korsakov, the first to use punched cardsfor information storage and search
- 9- Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL treealgorithm
- 10-
- 11- Cook-Levin theorem
- 12- Willgodt Theophil Odhner, inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer, the most popular mechanical calculator in the 20th century
- 13- Alexey Pajitnov, inventor of Tetris
- 14- Nevanlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gödel Prize for contributions to computer sciences
- 15- RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
- 16- supercompilation
See also
- List of scientists
- List of Russian inventors
- Science and technology in Russia
- Science and technology in the Soviet Union
- Timeline of Russian inventions
References
- ^ "Andrea Ruzza. Nonpsychotic mental disorder after open heart surgery. Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals October 16, 2013". Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
- ^ "Ukrainian doctors which changed the world". Ukraine-in.ua. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2017.