List of Solar System extremes
This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.
By feature
Record | Data | Feature | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Largest canyon | 4000 km long, 200 km wide | Valles Marineris, Mars | [1] |
Tallest mountain | 22 km (13.6 mi) | Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta | [2][3] |
Tallest volcano | 25 km (15.5 mi) | Olympus Mons, Mars | [4] |
Tallest cliff | 20 km (12.4 mi) | Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus | [5] |
Largest impact crater | 2,700 km (1,700 mi) | North Polar Basin, Mars | [6] |
By class
Type | Average density | Average temperature | Average surface gravity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
Star | 1.4 g/cm3
|
5778 K | 274 m/s2
| |||
Major planet
|
0.7 g/cm3Saturn[12][13] | 5.51 g/cm3 Earth |
73 K | 733 K | 3.70 m/s2 Mercury |
23.1 m/s2 Jupiter |
Dwarf planet | 1.4 ±0.2 g/cm3 Orcus[20][NB 1] | 2.52 ±0.05 g/cm3 Eris[21] | 30 K | 167 K | ≈0.2 m/s2 Orcus
|
0.8 m/s2Eris |
moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2]
|
0.98 g/cm3 Tethys |
3.53 g/cm3 Io [22][23] |
38 K Triton [24] |
250 K Moon [25] |
0.064 m/s2 Mimas
|
1.796 m/s2Io |
Type | Escape velocity | Mass | Volume (radius) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
Star | 617.7 km/s
Sun |
332,830 MEarth Sun |
695,000 km Sun | |||
Major planet
|
4.3 km/s Mercury [18] |
59.5 km/s Jupiter [18] |
0.055 MEarth Mercury [28] |
318 MEarth Jupiter [26] |
2500 km Mercury [29] |
69911 Jupiter
[28] |
Dwarf planet | ≈0.43 m/s
Orcus |
1.3 km/s Eris |
0.0000916 MEarth Orcus[20][NB 3] |
0.0028 MEarth Eris |
487.3 km Ceres |
1187 km Pluto |
moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2]
|
0.16 km/s Mimas
|
2.74 km/s Ganymede |
0.000006 MEarth Mimas
|
0.0250 MEarth Ganymede [30] |
198 km Mimas
|
2634 km Ganymede [22][30] |
Extreme characteristic | Major planet | Dwarf planet | Major moon (of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 2] |
---|---|---|---|
Densest atmosphere | Venus[NB 4] [31][32] |
Pluto | Titan[31] |
By object
Astronomical body | datum )
|
Elevation (height above/below base) |
Surface temperature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | |
Sun | N/A | 5,000,000 K In a solar flare |
1240 K In a sunspot | |||
Mercury | 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Caloris Basin rim mountains
|
723 K Dayside of Mercury |
89 K Permanently shaded polar craters | |||
Venus | 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra |
3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra
|
755 K lowlands of Venus |
644 K Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra | ||
Earth | 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China |
10,971 metres (35,994 ft) Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean |
10,200 metres (33,500 ft) United States of America
|
7 kilometres (4.3 mi) Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean
|
330 K |
184 K Vostok Station, Antarctica (more info) |
Mars | 27 kilometres (17 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis[44] |
6 kilometres (3.7 mi) Hellas Planitia |
24 kilometres (15 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis[48] |
9 kilometres (5.6 mi) Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris |
293 K Martian equator in midsummer day |
120 K Martian poles in the depths of winter night |
Jupiter | N/A | 152 K | 110 K | |||
Saturn | N/A | 143 K | 82 K | |||
Uranus | N/A | 68 K | 59 K | |||
Neptune | N/A | 53 K [54] |
50 K [54] | |||
Moon | 10,786 metres (35,387 ft) 5.4125°, 201.3665° [55][56] |
9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi) Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) |
400 K midday on the equator [57] |
26 K Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice [57] | ||
Io | 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi) Boosaule Montes [58][59] |
|||||
Europa | 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W) [60] |
132 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
||||
Ganymede | 156 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
80 K Nighttime temperature [62] | ||||
Callisto | 168 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
80 K Predawn nighttime temperature [63] | ||||
Titan | 2 km (1.2 mi) Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[64] |
|||||
Mimas
|
||||||
Enceladus | 110 K Tiger Stripes
[65] |
|||||
Tethys | ||||||
Dione | ||||||
Rhea | ||||||
Iapetus | 20 kilometres (12 mi) Voyager Mountains , equatorial ridge and bulge
|
|||||
Ariel | ||||||
Umbriel | ||||||
Titania | ||||||
Oberon | ||||||
Miranda | 20 kilometers (12 mi) | |||||
Triton | ||||||
Nereid | ||||||
Proteus | ||||||
Charon | ||||||
Ceres | 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) Ahuna Mons |
235 K | ||||
Pluto | 3.4 km (2.1 mi) Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[72]
|
45 K | 35 K [73] | |||
Eris | 41 K | 30 K | ||||
Makemake | ||||||
Haumea | ||||||
The moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars ; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line.
|
By distance
See also
- Solar System
- Lists of geological features of the Solar System
- List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
Notes
References
- ^ NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ Vega, P. (11 October 2011). "New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission". Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission website. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- )
- ^ Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Astronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10)
- ^ Chandler, David (June 25, 2008). "Solar System's biggest impact scar discovered". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" Archived 2016-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b c d e Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System" Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine, Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Planet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" Archived 2011-01-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ .
- (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.10
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ISBN 0-387-40212-8, pg.247
- ^ ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.2
- ^ a b Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.6
- ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.4
- ^ a b the neighborhood, "g alilean moons of jupiter" Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
- ^ University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
- ^ Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- Bibcode:2009SerAJ.179...95S
- Bibcode:2010Icar..209..230O
- ISBN 978-0-7613-5705-6, pp.31
- ^ World Book at NASA, "Mercury" Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center Archived 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b c Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ ISBN 0-309-03580-5
- ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b c Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth" Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ a b NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!" Archived 2012-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ a b BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ISBN 9783540346814, pp.110
- ISBN 0521765730, pp.289
- Bibcode:1998Icar..135....4G
- ^ Bibcode:2008ApJ...687..706H
- ^ OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-22)
- ^ "17 Callisto" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
- .
- ^ Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
- ^ Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus" Archived 2015-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus" Archived 2015-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Robert Burnham (1 September 2016). "Ceres: The tiny world where volcanoes erupt ice". Arizona State University.
- Bibcode:2016LPI....47.2279R. 2279.
- ^ Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
- ^ Talbert, Tricia (July 15, 2015). "The Icy Mountains of Pluto". NASA. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
- ^ a b Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
- ^ a b Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)
External links
- Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" by Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- Journey Through the Galaxy: "Planets of the Solar System" by Stuart Robbins and David McDonald, 2006 (accessed November 2010)
- The Nine Planets, "Appendix 2: Solar System Extrema" by Bill Arnett, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- EnchantedLearning.com, "Solar System Extremes", 2010 (accessed November 2010)