List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 1990 to 1999

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lieutenant general

This is a list of lieutenant generals in the United States Army from 1990 to 1999. The rank of lieutenant general (or three-star general) is the second-highest rank normally achievable in the U.S. Army, and the first to have a specified number of appointments set by statute. It ranks above major general (two-star general) and below general (four-star general).

There have been 146

senior military college, two via direct commission (direct), and one via the U.S. Naval Academy
(USNA).

List of generals

Entries in the following list of lieutenant generals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army or was promoted to four-star rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army. Each entry lists the general's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at three-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to three-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]

List of U.S. Army lieutenant generals from 1990 to 1999
# Name Photo Date of rank[a] Position[b] Yrs[c] Commission[d] YC[e] Notes[f]
1 Charles P. Otstott 27 Jan 1990   2 1960 (USMA) 30 (1937–        )
2 James W. Crysel 27 Feb 1990   2 1959 (ROTC) 31 (1937–        )
3 Marvin D. Brailsford 11 Jun 1990  
  • Deputy Commanding General, Materiel Readiness,
    U.S. Department of Defense
    Executive Director for Conventional Ammunition Readiness (DCG-MR AMC/EXD-CAR), 1990–1992.
 2 1959 (ROTC) 31 (1939–        )
* Dennis J. Reimer 1 Jul 1990  
  • U.N. Military Staff Committee
    (DCSOPS/Sr. Army Rep), 1990–1991.
 1 1962 (USMA) 28 (1939–        )[g][h][i] Promoted to general, 21 Jun 1991.
4
Alonzo E. Short Jr.
 1 Jul 1990   4 1962 (ROTC) 28 (1939–        )
5
Michael F. Spigelmire
 1 Jul 1990  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Special Operations Command
    (CG USASOC), 1990–1991.
  • Commanding General, VII Corps, 1991–1992.
 2 1960 (ROTC)[1] 30 (1938–        ) Deputy Director of Operations, Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, 1996.[2]
6 Billy M. Thomas 9 Jul 1990  
  • Deputy Commanding General, Research, Development and Acquisition,
    U.S. Army Materiel Command
    (DCG-R&D AMC), 1990–1992.
 2 1962 (ROTC) 28 (1940–2016)[3]
7 William H. Reno 1 Aug 1990   2 1961 (USMA) 29 (1936–        )
8 Teddy G. Allen 1 Sep 1990  
  • Director,
    Defense Security Assistance Agency
    (DIRDSAA), 1990–1993.
 3 1958 (ROTC) 32 (1936–        )
* David M. Maddox 9 Nov 1990   2 1960 (VMI) 30 (1938–        )[g] Promoted to general, 9 Jul 1992.
9 Robert D. Chelberg 1 Jan 1991  
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. European Command
    (COFS USEUCOM), 1991–1993.
 2 1961 (USMA) 30 (1938–        )
10
William G. Pagonis
 7 Feb 1991   2 1964 (ROTC) 27 (1941–        )
11 James H. Johnson Jr. 30 May 1991  
  • Commanding General,
    First U.S. Army
    (CG FUSA), 1991–1993.
 2 1960 (USMA) 31 (1937–2023)
12 Harold T. Fields Jr. 5 Jun 1991  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Pacific Command
    (DCINCPAC), 1991–1994.
  • Commander in Chief,
    U.S. Pacific Command
    (CINCPAC), 1994.
 3 1960 (Citadel) 31 (1938–        )
13 James D. Starling 17 Jun 1991  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief,
    U.S. Transportation Command
    (DCINCTRANS), 1991–1993.
 2 1960 (USMA) 31 (1936–2009)[4]
* J. H. Binford Peay III 24 Jun 1991  
  • U.N. Military Staff Committee
    (DCSOPS/Sr. Army Rep), 1991–1993.
 2 1962 (VMI) 29 (1940–        )[h][g] Promoted to general, 26 Mar 1993. Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute, 2003–2020.
14 Merle Freitag 1 Jul 1991   3 1962 (ROTC) 29 (1940–        )
* Ronald H. Griffith 1 Aug 1991   4 1960 (ROTC) 31 (1936–2018)[h] Promoted to general, 6 Jun 1995.
15 Joseph S. Laposata 1 Aug 1991  
  • Chief of Staff,
    Allied Forces Southern Europe
    (COFS AFSOUTH), 1991–1993.
 2 1960 (ROTC) 31 (1938–2018)[5]
16 Horace G. Taylor 1 Aug 1991  
  • Commanding General,
    III Corps
    , 1991–1993.
 2 1960 (ROTC) 31 (1937–        )[6]
* Wayne A. Downing 5 Aug 1991  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Special Operations Command
    (CG USASOC), 1991–1993.
 2 1962 (USMA) 29 (1940–2007)
Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism
, 2001–2002.
17 Wilson A. Shoffner Sr. 16 Aug 1991  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG CAC/CMDT CGSC/DCG-CA TRADOC), 1991–1993.
 2 1961 (ROTC) 30 (1938–2014) Father of Army major general Wilson A. Shoffner Jr.
18 Peter A. Kind 21 Aug 1991  
  • Commanding General, U.S. Army Information Systems Command (CG USAISEC), 1991–1992.
  • Director, Information Systems for Command, Control, Communications and Computers (DISC4), 1992–1994.
 3 1957 (ROTC) 34 (1939–        )
19 Paul G. Cerjan 1 Oct 1991   3 1960 (USMA) 31 (1938–2011)
Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1989–1991; President, Regent University
, 1998–2000.
20 Glynn C. Mallory Jr. 1 Oct 1991  
  • Commanding General,
    Sixth U.S. Army
    , 1991–1995.
 4 1961 (USMA) 30 (1939–2020)
21 Ira C. Owens 1 Dec 1991  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Army Staff (DCSINT), 1991–1995.
 4 1960 (OCS) 31 (1936–        )
22 Neal T. Jaco 1 Dec 1991  
  • Commanding General,
    Fifth U.S. Army
    , 1991–1994.
 3 1959 (ROTC) 32 (1937–        )
23 Carmen J. Cavezza 1 Dec 1991   3 1961 (Citadel) 30 (1937–        )
24 Samuel N. Wakefield 9 Jan 1992  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG CASCOM/DCG-CAS TRADOC), 1992–1994.
 2 1960 (Citadel) 32 (1938–        )
25 Charles E. Dominy 1 Feb 1992   3 1962 (USMA)[8] 30 (1940–        )
26 Jerome H. Granrud 1 Feb 1992   2 1960 (ROTC) 32 (1937–2020)
27 Thomas P. Carney 3 Mar 1992   2 1963 (USMA) 29 (1941–2019)
*
Barry R. McCaffrey
 19 Jun 1992   2 1964 (USMA) 28 (1942–        )[g] Promoted to general, 17 Feb 1994. Director, National Drug Control Policy, 1996–2001. Son of Army major general William J. McCaffrey.
* William W. Crouch 3 Jul 1992  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Forces Korea
    (CG EUSA/COFS UNC/CFC/USFK), 1992–1994.
 3 1963 (ROTC) 29 (1941–        )[g][h] Promoted to general, 1 Jan 1995.
28 Jerry R. Rutherford Jr. 3 Jul 1992   3 1962 (ROTC) 30 (c. 1943–        )
29 James R. Ellis 17 Jul 1992   2 1962 (USMA) 30 (1937–        )
30 Alfred J. Mallette 22 Jul 1992   2 1961 (ROTC) 31 (1938–1994)[9] Died in office.
31 Samuel E. Ebbesen 3 Aug 1992  
  • Commanding General, Second U.S. Army, 1992–1994.
  • Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy, 1994–1997.
 5 1961 (ROTC) 31 (1938–        )
32 Leo J. Pigaty 13 Aug 1992  
  • Deputy Commanding General, Research, Development and Acquisition,
    U.S. Army Materiel Command
    (DCG-R&D AMC), 1992–1994.
 2 1961 (ROTC) 31 (1940–        )
33 Daniel R. Schroeder 16 Aug 1992   3 1961 (USNA) 31 (1938–        )
34 Donald M. Lionetti [de] 24 Aug 1992  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command
    (CG USASSDC), 1992–1994.
 2 1961 (USMA) 31 (1940–2019)
35
William H. Forster Sr.
 28 Aug 1992   3 1960 (ROTC) 32 (1939–        )
36 Arthur E. Williams 1 Sep 1992  
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    (CoE/CG USACE), 1992–1996.
 4 1960 (ROTC) 32 (1938–        )
37 Alcide M. Lanoue 8 Sep 1992   4 1957 (ROTC) 35 (1934–2021)[10]
* John H. Tilelli Jr. 26 Mar 1993  
  • U.N. Military Staff Committee
    (DCSOPS/Sr. Army Rep), 1993–1994.
 1 1963 (PMC)[j] 30 (1941–        )[h][g] Promoted to general, 19 Jul 1994.
38 Marvin L. Covault 21 May 1993  
  • Chief of Staff,
    Allied Forces Southern Europe
    (COFS AFSOUTH), 1993–1995.
 2 1962 (ROTC) 31 (1940–        )
39 James T. Scott 1 Jun 1993  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Special Operations Command
    (CG USASOC), 1993–1996.
 3 1964 (Texas A&M) 29 (1942–        )
* H. Hugh Shelton 7 Jun 1993   3 1964 (ROTC) 29 (1942–        )[g][k] Promoted to general, 1 Mar 1996. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 2002.
40 Richard F. Keller 1 Jul 1993  
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. European Command
    (COFS USEUCOM), 1993–1996.
 3 1961 (ROTC) 32 (c. 1942–        )
41 John E. Miller 1 Aug 1993  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG CAC/CMDT CGSC/DCG-CA TRADOC), 1993–1995.
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG USACAC/CMDT CGSC/DCG-CA TRADOC), 1995.
  • Deputy Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (DCG TRADOC), 1995–1997.
 4 1963 (ROTC) 30 (1941–        )
* William W. Hartzog 6 Aug 1993[11]
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Atlantic Command
    (DCINCACOM), 1993–1994.
 1 1963 (Citadel) 30 (1941–2020) Promoted to general, 1 Dec 1994.
42 Thomas G. Rhame 1 Sep 1993  
  • Director,
    Defense Security Assistance Agency
    (DIRDSAA), 1993–1997.
 4 1963 (ROTC) 30 (1941–        )
43 Kenneth R. Wykle 1 Oct 1993  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief,
    U.S. Transportation Command
    (DCINCTRANS), 1993–1995.
 2 1963 (ROTC) 30 (1941–        ) Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, 1997–2001.
44 Daniel W. Christman 1 Oct 1993   8 1965 (USMA) 28 (1943–        )
45 John P. Otjen 1 Oct 1993  
  • Commanding General,
    First U.S. Army
    (CG FUSA), 1993–1995.
 2 1964 (USMA) 29 (1942–        )
46 Paul E. Funk 1 Nov 1993  
  • Commanding General,
    III Corps
    , 1993–1995.
 2 1961 (ROTC) 32 (1940–        ) Father of Army four-star general Paul E. Funk II.
47 Robert L. Ord III 19 Nov 1993   3 1962 (USMA) 31 (1940–        )
48 Malcolm R. O'Neill 1 Dec 1993   3 1962 (ROTC) 31 (1940–        ) U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology, 2010–2011.
* Johnnie E. Wilson 9 Feb 1994  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics, Army Staff (DCSLOG), 1994–1996.
 2 1967 (OCS) 27 (1944–        ) Promoted to general, 1 May 1996.
49 Marc A. Cisneros 1 Mar 1994  
  • Commanding General,
    Fifth U.S. Army
    , 1994–1996.
 2 1961 (ROTC) 33 (1939–        )
*
Wesley K. Clark
 4 Apr 1994  
  • Director, Strategic Plans and Policy,
    U.N. Military Staff Committee
    (Sr. Member MSC), 1994–1996.
 2 1966 (USMA) 28 (1944–        )
Democratic Party nomination for U.S. President, 2004. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom
, 2000.
* John G. Coburn 15 Jul 1994  
  • Deputy Commanding General, Research, Development and Acquisition,
    U.S. Army Materiel Command
    (DCG-R&D AMC), 1994–1995.
  • Deputy Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Materiel Command
    (DCG AMC), 1995–1996.
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics, Army Staff (DCSLOG), 1996–1999.
 5 1963 (ROTC) 31 (1941–        ) Promoted to general, 14 May 1999.
50 Steven L. Arnold 19 Jul 1994   3 1962 (USMA) 32 (1940–        )
51 Paul E. Blackwell Sr. 1 Aug 1994   2 1965 (ROTC)[m] 29 (1941–        )
52 Caryl G. Marsh 1 Aug 1994   2 1962 (ROTC) 32 (1939–2013)[12]
* David A. Bramlett 23 Sep 1994  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Pacific Command
    (DCINCPAC), 1994–1996.
  • Commander in Chief,
    U.S. Pacific Command
    (CINCPAC), 1995–1996.
 2 1964 (USMA) 30 (1941–        ) Promoted to general, 1 Sep 1996.
53
Theodore G. Stroup Jr.
 26 Sep 1994   2 1962 (USMA) 32 (1940–        )
54 Jay M. Garner 26 Sep 1994  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command
    (CG USASSDC), 1994–1996.
  • Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (AVCSA), 1996–1997.
 3 1962 (ROTC) 32 (1938–        ) Director, Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance, Iraq, 2003.
55 Thomas M. Montgomery 7 Oct 1994  
  • U.S. Military Representative, NATO Military Committee
    (USMILREP), 1994–1997.
 3 1963 (ROTC) 31 (1941–        )
56 Richard F. Timmons 19 Oct 1994  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Forces Korea
    (CG EUSA/COFS UNC/CFC/USFK), 1994–1997.
 3 1965 (VMI) 29 (1942–        )
57 Edward D. Baca 1 Nov 1994   4 1962 (OCS) 32 (1938–2020) First Hispanic to be chief of the National Guard Bureau.
58 Otto J. Guenther 1 Jan 1995  
  • Director, Information Systems for Command, Control, Communications and Computers (DISC4), 1995–1997.
 2 1963 (ROTC) 32 (1941–2021)[13]
59 Paul E. Menoher Jr. 10 Feb 1995  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Army Staff (DCSINT), 1995–1997.
 2 1961 (ROTC) 34 (1939–2020)
* John N. Abrams 6 Apr 1995  
  • Commanding General, V Corps, 1995–1997.
  • Deputy Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (DCG TRADOC), 1997–1998.
 3 1967 (OCS) 28 (1946–2018) Promoted to general, 14 Sep 1998. Son of Army four-star general Creighton Abrams; brother of Army four-star general Robert B. Abrams.
60 Guy A. J. LaBoa 12 May 1995  
  • Commanding General, Second U.S. Army, 1995.
  • Commanding General,
    First U.S. Army
    (CG FUSA), 1995–1997.
 2 1962 (ROTC) 33 (1939–        )
61 Robert E. Gray 25 May 1995   2 1966 (OCS) 29 (1941–2011)[14]
62 Ronald V. Hite 26 May 1995   2 1964 (ROTC) 31 (1943–        )
63 George A. Fisher Jr. 9 Jun 1995  
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Army Forces Command
    (COFS FORSCOM), 1995–1997.
  • Commanding General,
    First U.S. Army
    (CG FUSA), 1997–1999.
 4 1964 (USMA) 31 (1942–        )
64 William G. Carter III 15 Jun 1995  
  • Chief of Staff,
    Allied Forces Southern Europe
    (COFS AFSOUTH), 1995–1997.
 2 1965 (OCS) 30 (c. 1946–        )
65 Leonard D. Holder Jr. 19 Jul 1995  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG USACAC/CMDT CGSC/DCG-CA TRADOC), 1995–1997.
 2 1966 (Texas A&M) 29 (1944–        )
66 John A. Dubia 8 Aug 1995   4 1966 (USMA) 29 (1943–        )
67 Jared L. Bates 8 Aug 1995   2 1964 (ROTC) 31 (1941–        ) Coordinator of Operations, Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance, 2003.
68 Hubert G. Smith 1 Sep 1995  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Transportation Command
    (DCINCTRANS), 1995–1997.
 2 1962 (ROTC) 33 (1941–        )
* Thomas A. Schwartz 6 Dec 1995  
  • Commanding General,
    III Corps
    , 1995–1998.
 3 1967 (USMA) 28 (1945–        )[g] Promoted to general, 31 Aug 1998.
69 Patrick M. Hughes 12 Feb 1996   3 1968 (ROTC) 28 (1942–        ) U.S. Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Information Analysis, 2003–2005.
* John M. Keane 23 Feb 1996  
  • Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps, 1996–1998.
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Atlantic Command
    (DCINCACOM), 1998–1999.
 3 1966 (ROTC) 30 (1943–        )[h] Promoted to general, 22 Jan 1999. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2020.
70 John J. Cusick 22 Apr 1996   2 1964 (ROTC) 32 (1942–        )
71 Dennis L. Benchoff 1 Jul 1996  
  • Deputy Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Materiel Command
    (DCG AMC), 1996–1998.
 2 1962 (USMA) 34 (1939–        )
72 William M. Steele 11 Jul 1996   5 1967 (Citadel) 29 (1945–        )
73 Joseph E. DeFrancisco 15 Jul 1996  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Pacific Command
    (DCINCPAC), 1996–1998.
 2 1965 (USMA) 31 (1942–        )
74 Joseph W. Kinzer 17 Jul 1996  
  • Commanding General,
    Fifth U.S. Army
    , 1996–1998.
 2 1964 (OCS) 32 (1939–        )
*
Eric K. Shinseki
 5 Aug 1996   1 1965 (USMA) 31 (1942–        )[h][i] Promoted to general, 5 Aug 1997. U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs, 2009–2014.
75 David L. Benton III 9 Aug 1996  
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. European Command
    (COFS USEUCOM), 1996–1998.
 2 1961 (USMA) 35 (c. 1942–        )
*
Peter J. Schoomaker
 22 Aug 1996  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Special Operations Command
    (CG USASOC), 1996–1997.
 1 1969 (ROTC) 27 (1946–        )[g][i][n] Promoted to general, 4 Oct 1997. Brother of Army lieutenant general Eric Schoomaker.
76 Joe N. Ballard 20 Sep 1996  
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    (CoE/CG USACE), 1996–2000.
 4 1965 (ROTC) 31 (1942–        ) First African-American to serve as Chief of Engineers.
77 Edward G. Anderson III 1 Oct 1996   7 1966 (USMA) 30 (c. 1947–        )
78 Ronald R. Blanck 1 Oct 1996  
  • U.S. Army Medical Command
    (TSG/CG MEDCOM), 1996–2000.
 4 1968 (direct) 28 (1941–        ) President, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 2002–2006.
79 Douglas D. Buchholz 14 Oct 1996  
  • Director, Command, Control, Communications and Computers, Joint Staff, J6, 1996–1998.
 2 1968 (ROTC) 28 (1946–2003)
80 Frederick E. Vollrath 1 Nov 1996   2 1962 (ROTC) 34 (1940–2017) U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Readiness and Force Management, 2012–2014.
81 George A. Crocker 1 Dec 1996   3 1966 (USMA) 30 (1943–        )
* Tommy R. Franks 30 May 1997   3 1967 (OCS) 30 (1945–        )[g] Promoted to general, 6 Jul 2000. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2004.
82 Claudia J. Kennedy 30 May 1997  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Army Staff (DCSINT), 1997–2000.
 3 1969 (direct) 28 (1947–        ) Chair, Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services, 2010–2011. First woman to achieve the rank of lieutenant general in the Army.
* Montgomery C. Meigs 1 Jun 1997  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG USACAC/CMDT CGSC/DCG-CA TRADOC), 1997–1998.
 1 1967 (USMA) 30 (1945–2021) Promoted to
Montgomery C. Meigs
.
83 David J. Kelley 27 Jun 1997   3 1966 (USMA) 31 (1943–2021)
84 Henry T. Glisson 27 Jun 1997   3 1966 (ROTC) 31 (1944–        )
* Paul J. Kern 1 Jul 1997  
  • Military Deputy to the
    U.S. Army Acquisition Corps
    (MD(ASA(RDA)/DIRAAC), 1997–2001.
 4 1967 (USMA) 30 (1945–        ) Promoted to general, 30 Oct 2001.
85 David K. Heebner 1 Jul 1997  
  • Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (AVCSA), 1997–1999.
 2 1967 (ROTC) 30 (1945–        )
86 Richard A. Chilcoat 25 Jul 1997   3 1964 (USMA) 33 (1938–2010)
Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1994–1997; Dean, Bush School of Government and Public Service
, 2002–2010.
* John W. Hendrix 31 Jul 1997   2 1965 (ROTC) 32 (1942–        ) Promoted to general, 23 Nov 1999.
87 William H. Campbell 1 Aug 1997  
  • Army Chief Information Officer/G-6/Military Deputy to the Army Acquisition Executive/Director, Information Systems for Command, Control, Communications and Computers (CIO/G-6/MILDEP-AAC/DISC4), 1997–2000.
 3 1962 (ROTC) 35 (1940–        )
88 Robert S. Coffey 1 Aug 1997   2 1966 (ROTC) 31 (c. 1947–        )
89 Randolph W. House 1 Aug 1997  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Forces Korea
    (CG EUSA/COFS UNC/CFC/USFK), 1997–1998.
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Pacific Command
    (DCINCPAC), 1998–2000.
 3 1968 (Texas A&M) 29 (c. 1949–        )
90 Michael S. Davison Jr. 22 Aug 1997   3 1964 (USMA) 33 (c. 1947–        ) Son of Army four-star general Michael S. Davison; great-aunt married Navy four-star admiral Arthur W. Radford.
91 Roger G. Thompson Jr. 30 Aug 1997  
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Transportation Command
    (DCINCTRANS), 1997–1999.
 2 1966 (USMA) 31 (1942–        )
92 John M. Pickler 1 Oct 1997  
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Army Forces Command
    (COFS FORSCOM), 1997–1999.
  • Director, Army Staff (DAS), 1999–2001.
 4 1965 (USMA) 32 (1943–        )
93 William J. Bolt 1 Oct 1997  
  • Deputy Commanding General, Initial Entry Training,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (DCG-IET TRADOC), 1997–1999.
 2 1962 (ROTC) 35 (1940–        )
94
Thomas N. Burnette Jr.
 1 Nov 1997   3 1968 (USMA) 29 (1944–2019)
95 Larry R. Jordan 1 Nov 1997   2 1968 (USMA) 29 (1946–        )
96 Jack P. Nix Jr. 5 Nov 1997  
  • Chief of Staff,
    Allied Forces Southern Europe
    (COFS AFSOUTH), 1997–2000.
 3 1969 (ROTC) 28 (1947–        )[16]
97 John M. McDuffie 2 Mar 1998   3 1970 (OCS) 28 (c. 1945–        )
98 William P. Tangney 3 Mar 1998  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Special Operations Command
    (CG USASOC), 1997–2000.
  • Deputy Commander in Chief,
    U.S. Special Operations Command
    (DCINCSOC), 2000–2002.
 4 1967 (Citadel) 31 (1945–        )
* William F. Kernan 12 Mar 1998   2 1968 (OCS) 30 (1946–        )[g] Promoted to general, Jul 2000.
99 James M. Link 30 Jul 1998  
  • Deputy Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Materiel Command
    (DCG AMC), 1998–2000.
 2 1967 (OCS) 31 (1942–2023)[17]
100 Robert F. Foley 30 Jul 1998  
  • Commanding General,
    Fifth U.S. Army
    , 1998–2000.
 2 1963 (USMA) 35 (1941–        ) President, Marion Military Institute, 2000–2004. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1968.
* Leon J. LaPorte 7 Aug 1998[18]
  • Commanding General,
    III Corps
    , 1998–2001.
  • Deputy Commanding General/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Army Forces Command
    (DCG/COFS FORSCOM), 2001–2002.
 4 1968 (ROTC) 30 (1946–        )[g] Promoted to general, 1 May 2002.
101 David S. Weisman 25 Sep 1998  
  • U.S. Military Representative, NATO Military Committee
    (USMILREP), 1998–2001.
 3 1967 (OCS) 31 (1946–        )
102 Daniel J. Petrosky 25 Sep 1998  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Forces Korea
    (CG EUSA/COFS UNC/CFC/USFK), 1998–2000.
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. European Command
    (COFS USEUCOM), 2000–2002.
 4 1967 (OCS) 31 (1944–        )
103 David H. Ohle 27 Sep 1998   2 1968 (USMA) 30 (1944–        )
104 John P. Costello 1 Oct 1998[19]
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command
    /U.S. Army Space Command (CG USASMDC/ARSPACE), 1998–2001.
 3 1969 (Citadel) 29 (1947–2010)
105 Edwin P. Smith 1 Oct 1998   4 1967 (USMA) 31 (1945–        ) Director, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2005–2011.
106 Ronald E. Adams 10 Oct 1998   4 1965 (ROTC) 33 (1943–        )
107 James C. King 10 Oct 1998   3 1968 (ROTC) 30 (1946–        )
108 Michael L. Dodson 10 Oct 1998   5 1968 (OCS) 30 (1945–        ) Member of the Kansas House of Representatives from the 67th District, 2021–present.
109 Randall L. Rigby Jr. 10 Oct 1998  
  • Deputy Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (DCG TRADOC), 1998–2000.
 2 1968 (ROTC) 30 (1945–        )
110 Michael A. Canavan 1 Nov 1998  
  • Chief of Staff,
    U.S. European Command
    (COFS USEUCOM), 1998–2001.
 3 1967 (OCS)[20] 31 Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety, 2000–2001. Husband of former diplomat Katherine Canavan.
111 Michael W. Ackerman 30 Jul 1999   3 1966 (OCS) 33 (c. 1944–        )
112 Lawson W. Magruder III 30 Jul 1999  
  • Deputy Commanding General/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Army Forces Command
    (DCG/COFS FORSCOM), 1999–2001.
 2 1969 (ROTC) 30 (1947–        )
113 Donald L. Kerrick 1 Aug 1999   2 1971 (ROTC) 28 (1948–        )
114 John M. Riggs 1 Aug 1999  
  • Commanding General,
    First U.S. Army
    (CG FUSA), 1999–2001.
  • Director, Objective Force Task Force, 2001–2005.
 6 1969 (OCS) 30 (1946–        )[p]
* Larry R. Ellis 5 Aug 1999   2 1969 (ROTC) 30 (1946–        ) Promoted to general, 19 Nov 2001.
115 Billy K. Solomon 15 Sep 1999  
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command
    (CG CASCOM), 1999–2002.
 3 1966 (ROTC) 33 (1944–        )
* James T. Hill 30 Sep 1999[21] 3 1968 (ROTC) 31 (1946–        )[g] Promoted to general, 18 Aug 2002.
116 Daniel G. Brown 3 Oct 1999[22]
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff,
    U.S. Transportation Command
    (DCINCTRANS), 1999–2002.
 3 1968 (ROTC) 31 (c. 1949–        )
* Kevin P. Byrnes 1 Nov 1999   3 1969 (OCS) 30 (1950–        )[q] Promoted to general, 7 Nov 2002.
117 John A. Van Alstyne 2 Nov 1999  
  • Deputy Commanding General, Initial Entry Training,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (DCG-IET TRADOC), 1999–2001.
  • Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy, 2001–2002.
 3 1966 (Texas A&M) 33 (1946–        ) Commandant of the Corps of Cadets, Texas A&M University, 2002–2010.
118 James C. Riley 16 Nov 1999  
  • Commanding General, V Corps, 1999–2001.
  • Commanding General,
    U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
    (CG USACAC/CMDT CGSC/DCG-CA TRADOC), 2001–2003.
 4 1966 (OCS) 33 (c. 1948–        )

Timeline

1990–1999

James C. RileyJohn A. Van AlstyneKevin P. ByrnesDaniel G. BrownJames T. HillBilly K. SolomonLarry R. EllisJohn M. RiggsDonald L. KerrickLawson W. Magruder IIIMichael W. AckermanMichael CanavanRandall L. Rigby Jr.Mike DodsonJames C. KingRonald E. AdamsEdwin P. SmithJohn P. CostelloDavid H. OhleDaniel J. PetroskyDavid S. WeismanLeon J. LaPorteRobert F. FoleyJames M. LinkWilliam F. KernanWilliam P. TangneyJohn M. McDuffieJack P. Nix Jr.Larry R. JordanThomas N. Burnette Jr.William J. BoltJohn M. PicklerRoger G. Thompson Jr.Michael S. Davison Jr.Randolph W. HouseRobert S. CoffeyWilliam H. Campbell (general)John W. HendrixRichard A. ChilcoatDavid K. HeebnerPaul J. KernHenry T. GlissonDavid J. KelleyMontgomery Meigs (born 1945)Claudia J. KennedyTommy FranksGeorge A. CrockerFrederick E. VollrathDouglas D. BuchholzRonald R. BlanckEdward G. Anderson IIIJoe N. BallardPeter SchoomakerDavid L. Benton IIIEric ShinsekiJoseph W. KinzerJoseph E. DeFranciscoWilliam M. SteeleDennis L. BenchoffJohn J. CusickJack KeanePatrick M. HughesThomas A. SchwartzHubert G. SmithJared L. BatesJohn A. DubiaLeonard D. Holder Jr.William G. Carter IIIGeorge A. Fisher Jr.Ronald V. HiteRobert E. GrayGuy A. J. LaBoaJohn N. AbramsPaul E. MenoherOtto J. GuentherEdward D. BacaRichard F. TimmonsThomas M. MontgomeryJay GarnerTheodore G. Stroup Jr.David A. BramlettCaryl G. MarshPaul E. BlackwellSteven L. ArnoldJohn G. CoburnWesley ClarkMarc A. CisnerosJohnnie E. WilsonMalcolm Ross O'NeillRobert L. Ord IIIPaul E. FunkJohn P. OtjenDaniel W. ChristmanKenneth R. WykleThomas G. RhameWilliam W. HartzogJohn E. Miller (general)Richard F. KellerHugh SheltonJames T. ScottMarvin L. CovaultJohn H. Tilelli Jr.Alcide M. LanoueArthur E. WilliamsWilliam H. ForsterDonald M. LionettiDaniel R. SchroederLeo J. PigatySamuel E. EbbesenAlfred J. MalletteJames R. EllisJerry R. RutherfordWilliam W. CrouchBarry R. McCaffreyThomas P. CarneyJerome H. GranrudCharles E. DominySamuel N. WakefieldCarmen J. CavezzaNeal T. JacoIra C. OwensGlynn MalloryPaul G. CerjanPeter A. KindWilson Allen ShoffnerWayne A. DowningHorace G. TaylorJoseph S. LaposataRonald H. GriffithMerle FreitagJ. H. Binford Peay IIIJames D. StarlingHarold T. Fields Jr.James H. Johnson Jr.William G. PagonisRobert D. ChelbergDavid M. MaddoxTeddy G. AllenWilliam H. RenoBilly M. ThomasMichael F. SpigelmireAlonzo E. Short Jr.Dennis ReimerMarvin D. BrailsfordJames W. CryselCharles P. OtstottIraq WarKosovo WarBosnian WarGulf WarWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Cold War

History

See also: List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960

Quasi-War

George Washington

The rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army was established in 1798 when President

General of the Armies of the United States but Washington died before accepting the new commission, remaining a lieutenant general until posthumously promoted to General of the Armies in 1976.[23]

Mexican War

Winfield Scott

In 1855 Congress rewarded the Mexican War service of Major General Winfield Scott by authorizing his promotion to brevet lieutenant general, to rank from March 29, 1847, the date of the Mexican surrender at the Siege of Veracruz.[24] As a lieutenant general only by brevet, Scott remained in the permanent grade of major general but was entitled to be paid as a lieutenant general from the date of his brevet commission, resulting in a public tussle with Secretary of War Jefferson Davis over the amount of backpay Scott was owed. Congress resolved all issues in Scott's favor once Davis left office in 1857, and allowed Scott to retire at full pay in 1861.[25]

Civil War

John M. Schofield

The grade of lieutenant general was revived in February 1864 to allow President

Philip H. Sheridan succeeded Sherman as lieutenant general. Congress suspended further promotions to general and lieutenant general in 1870, but made an exception in 1888 to promote Sheridan on his deathbed by discontinuing the grade of lieutenant general and merging it with the grade of general.[26]

In 1895 Congress briefly revived the grade of lieutenant general to promote Sheridan's successor as commanding general of the Army, Major General

ex officio rank of lieutenant general while so detailed but revert to his permanent grade of major general upon leaving office. Over the next five decades, Schofield's concept of lieutenant general as temporary ex officio rank would slowly prevail over the concept of lieutenant general as permanent personal grade.[28]

Spanish–American War

Henry C. Corbin

The question of whether the lieutenant generalcy should be a permanent personal grade or a temporary ex officio rank was phrased in terms of the line of the Army, whose officers commanded combat formations, and its staff, whose officers performed specialized support functions. Permanent personal promotions to general officer grades were only available in the line, but staff officers could temporarily acquire general officer rank while detailed to an office bearing that statutory rank, so officers holding the permanent grade of general officer were called general officers of the line and ex officio general officers were called general officers of the staff.[29]

Arthur MacArthur Jr.

In June 1900 Schofield's successor as commanding general, Major General

Arthur MacArthur Jr., but both Corbin and Major General John C. Bates were scheduled to retire for age that year and it was decided that MacArthur's ascension would not be materially delayed by first promoting Bates and Corbin to lieutenant general for the few months of active duty remaining to them.[32]

Corbin's promotion became controversial when he declined to be detailed as chief of staff of the Army. Corbin felt the chief of staff should be a younger officer with the time and energy to enact a long-range program, not a superannuated placeholder on the cusp of retirement, so when Bates retired Corbin became lieutenant general but Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell became chief of staff.[33] However, by divorcing the Army's highest grade from its highest office, Corbin had again reduced the lieutenant generalcy to a personal honor. Many in Congress believed Corbin was not in the same class as Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, and Schofield, and pressed to abolish the lieutenant generalcy immediately, but after a heated debate MacArthur's supporters managed to preserve the grade until after MacArthur's promotion.[34]

MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1906. Since he was the last Civil War officer expected to succeed to the grade, Congress stopped further promotions to lieutenant general in March 1907 and stated that the active-duty grade would be abolished when MacArthur retired.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he marked time writing up travel reports until he retired in 1909.[36]

World War I

Hunter Liggett

In October 1917, Congress authorized the President to appoint as generals the

American Expeditionary Force, Major General John J. Pershing, was immediately appointed emergency general, as were two successive Army chiefs of staff, but no emergency lieutenant generals were named for over a year because the armies they would command had not yet been organized.[37]

On October 21, 1918, Major Generals

General of the Armies, but March, Liggett, and Bullard reverted to their permanent grades of major general when their emergency grades expired on July 1, 1920.[39]

Edgar Jadwin

After the war, there were a number of unsuccessful attempts to retire as lieutenant generals a list of officers that variously included Major Generals March, Liggett, Bullard,

chief of engineers, Major General Edgar Jadwin, was retired as a lieutenant general by a 1915 law that automatically promoted officers one grade upon retirement if they had helped build the Panama Canal.[41] There was some consternation that a peacetime staff corps officer had secured more or less by chance a promotion deliberately withheld from the victorious field commanders of World War I, so the year after Jadwin's promotion all World War I officers were advanced to their highest wartime ranks on the retired list, including Liggett and Bullard.[42]

In 1942, Congress allowed retired Army generals to be advanced one grade on the retired list or posthumously if they had been recommended in writing during World War I for promotion to a higher rank which they had not since received, provided they had also been awarded the

William M. Wright were both advanced to lieutenant general under this provision.[43]

Interwar

Walter C. Short

After Pershing retired in 1924, the rank of the Army chief of staff reverted to major general, the highest permanent grade in the peacetime Army. However, the Navy continued to maintain three ex officio vice admirals and four ex officio admirals, including the

Hawaiian Departments.[45]

As general officers of the staff, these new lieutenant generals bore three-star rank only while actually commanding a field army or department, and reverted to their permanent two-star rank upon being reassigned or retired. However, during

Hawaiian Department a few days after the defeat at Pearl Harbor.[47]

World War II

Delos C. Emmons

In September 1940, Congress authorized the President to appoint Regular Army officers to temporary higher grades in the

U.S. Army Forces in the Far East.[48]

Dozens of officers were promoted to temporary lieutenant general during

theater commanders; or headed major headquarters staffs, administrative commands, or support organizations. Officers were only allowed to retire in their temporary grades if they were retired due to disability incurred in the line of duty, but those compelled by good health to retire in a lower grade were eventually restored to their highest wartime ranks on the retired list.[49]

Subject to Senate approval, anyone could be appointed temporary lieutenant general, even a civilian. In January 1942, the outgoing Director General of the Office of Production Management, William S. Knudsen, was commissioned temporary lieutenant general in the Army of the United States, the only civilian ever to join the Army at such a high initial rank.[50]

Postwar

John W. O'Daniel

The modern office of lieutenant general was established by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, which authorized the President to designate certain positions of importance and responsibility to carry the ex officio rank of general or lieutenant general, to be filled by officers holding the permanent or temporary grade of major general or higher. Officers could retire in their highest active-duty rank, subject to Senate approval. The total number of positions allowed to carry such rank was capped at 15 percent of the total number of general officers, which worked out initially to nine generals and thirty-five lieutenant generals, of whom four generals and seventeen lieutenant generals were required to be in the Air Corps. All Air Corps personnel were transferred in grade to the United States Air Force by the National Security Act of 1947.[51]

Lieutenant generals typically headed divisions of the General Staff in Washington, D.C.; field armies in Europe, Japan, and the continental United States; the

Eighth Army
was elevated to full general, and the Eighth Army deputy commanding general and subordinate corps commanders were elevated to lieutenant general.

Senator John C. Stennis

By mid-1952, the number of active-duty general officers had swelled to nearly twice its World War II peak. In response, Congress enacted the Officer Grade Limitation Act of 1954, which tied the maximum number of generals to the total number of officers. However, the real limit was the so-called Stennis ceiling imposed by

Mississippi Senator John C. Stennis, whose Senate Armed Services Committee refused to confirm general or flag officer nominations beyond what he considered to be a reasonable total, which typically was much lower than the statutory limit. The Stennis ceiling remained in effect from the mid-1950s until the post-Vietnam War drawdown.[52]

Unlike the temporary general and flag officer ranks of World War II, the 1947 ranks were attached to offices, not individuals, and were lost if an officer was reassigned to a lesser job.

French lieutenant general Henri Navarre. O'Daniel got his star back five months later when France withdrew from Indochina following Navarre's defeat at Dien Bien Phu.[54]

The rules dictating appointment of lieutenant generals, including the role of the Senate in confirming nominees, have remained largely consistent since the passing of the 1947 act, only changing periodically with congressionally dictated amendments to general and flag officer distributions.[55] Section 526 of the United States Code codifies the limits placed on general and flag officer appointments, specifying further for appointments above two-star grade.[56]

The formation of a series of new agencies directly under the

Department of Defense in the 1960s and succeeding decades due to interservice deficiencies between the military departments necessitated an increase in joint duty three-star appointments.[57] The same became true for the two-star chiefs of service reserve commands in 2001[58] and service judge advocates general in 2008,[59] courtesy of the annually passed National Defense Authorization Acts
.

Current use

Lt. Gen. Thomas A. Schwartz, Gen. David A. Bramlett and Lt. Gen. Leon J. LaPorte at the III Corps change of command ceremony, August 7, 1998.

Lieutenant generals in the United States Army typically serve as

judge advocate general,[60] chief of engineers,[61] surgeon general[61] and chief of Army Reserve,[62] deputy commanders of four-star Army commands and the commanders of most Army service component commands. The superintendent of the United States Military Academy has also been a lieutenant general without interruption since 1981, as has been the director of the Army National Guard[63] since 2001.[64]

About 20 to 30 joint service three-star billets exist at any given time that can be occupied by a three-star officer, among the most prestigious being the director of the Joint Staff (

United States military representative to the NATO Military Committee (USMILREP) and the security coordinator for the Palestinian National Authority in Israel. All nominees for three-star rank must be confirmed via majority by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank.[67]

Position changes, elevations and reductions

Dennis J. Reimer
, on September 30, 1996.
Lt. Gen. John H. Tilelli Jr. is sworn in as deputy chief of staff for operations and plans by the judge advocate general of the Army, Maj. Gen. John L. Fugh on March 30, 1993.

Several new joint duty positions were created or elevated to three-star grade in response to American involvement in regional conflicts, namely the Gulf War and the Bosnian War.

  • The commanding general of the
    William G. Pagonis was consequently promoted to lieutenant general in February 1991.[69]

One joint duty position was downgraded from four-star to three-star grade between 1990 and 2000.

Two three-star positions on the Army Staff underwent changes between 1990 and 2000.

Lt. Gen. Edward D. Baca, chief of the National Guard Bureau, briefs National Guardsmen in Georgia before the start of their duty day, July 20, 1996.

Two Army commands, one Army service component command, two field armies and one corps with accompanying three-star positions were merged or inactivated between 1990 and 2000, primarily due to post-Cold War force reductions.

  • U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) and U.S. Army Space Command (ARSPACE) under Lieutenant General Edward G. Anderson III
    .
Gen. Dennis J. Reimer, FORSCOM commanding general, presents the Distinguished Service Medal to Lt. Gen. Horace G. Taylor at his retirement ceremony on October 26, 1993.
  • U.S. Army Japan (USARJ), which had stabilized as a three-star billet in 1972, was downgraded to a two-star command in 1994 with its commanding general, Lieutenant General Jerome H. Granrud (dual-hatted as commander of IX Corps) transferring command to Major General Waldo D. Freeman on September 8, 1994.[74]

Senate confirmations

Military nominations are considered by the

Senate Armed Services Committee
. While it is rare for three-star or four-star nominations to face even token opposition in the Senate, nominations that do face opposition due to controversy surrounding the nominee in question are typically withdrawn. Nominations that are not withdrawn are allowed to expire without action at the end of the legislative session.

  • Major General Raphael J. Hallada was withdrawn from consideration to become commanding general of Fifth Army in 1991,[75][76] relating to a decision he made not to prosecute the two soldiers responsible for an artillery accident at his command of Fort Sill.[77][78]

Legislative history

The following list of Congressional legislation includes all acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of lieutenant general in the United States Army from 1990 to 1999.[t]

Each entry lists an act of Congress, its citation in the United States Statutes at Large, and a summary of the act's relevance, with officers affected by the act bracketed where applicable. Positions listed without reference to rank are assumed to be eligible for officers of three-star grade or higher.

List of legislation on appointments of lieutenant generals from 1990 to 1999
Legislation Citation Summary
Act of December 5, 1991

[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993]

 105 Stat. 1304
 105 Stat. 1359
  • Reduced period between day of relief from final assignment and day before retirement in which an officer may hold temporary three-star or four-star grade from 90 days to 60 days.
  • Prevented officers whose retired grade is lower than their highest active duty grade from being directly appointed to grade above major general or rear admiral if recalled to active duty.
  • Authorized officers with a retired grade below lieutenant general or vice admiral to be retired at said grade if recalled to active duty, provided that they, with certification from their service secretary, served in said grade satisfactorily for at least six months during the recall period.
Act of October 5, 1994

[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995]

 108 Stat. 2824
 108 Stat. 2825
  • Assigned statutory rank of lieutenant general to the chief of the National Guard Bureau (Edward D. Baca).[u]
Act of February 10, 1996

[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996]

 110 Stat. 292
 110 Stat. 293
  • Removed eligibility of officers above grade of major general or rear admiral to apply for voluntary retirement on the same time-in-grade requirements as officers below said grade.
  • Specified that an officer who serves or has served in three-star or four-star grade may only be retired at such grade, subject to other time-in-grade requirements, after the secretary of defense certifies in writing to the President and Congress that they served on active duty satisfactorily at such grade.
  • Specified that officers who served or have served in three-star or four-star grade and subject to certification may not receive any reduction or waiver of time-in-grade requirements if under investigation for alleged misconduct or face disciplinary action for misconduct.

See also

References

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    .
  68. ^ "PN91 — Maj. Gen. William G. Pagonis — Army, 102nd Congress (1991-1992)". U.S. Congress. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  69. ^ Krstanovic, Danilo (2 October 2003). "The outgoing commander of the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Bosnia U.S. General William E. Ward (R) shakes hands with new SFOR commander U.S. Air Force Major General Virgil Packett (L) during a ceremony in SFOR headquarters in camp Butmir outside Sarajevo October 2, 2003. General Packett replaced General Ward as the commander of the 12,000 strong multinational peacekeeping force in Bosnia". Alamy. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  70. ^ "PN498 — Maj. Gen. Daniel W. Christman — Army, 103rd Congress (1993-1994)". U.S. Congress. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  71. ^ Dupont & West 1995, p. 7-8.
  72. ^ "Seize the High Ground (Chapter 5: New Ideas about Space and Missile Defense After the War, 1991-1997)" (PDF). U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command. p. 168. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  73. ^ "Past U.S. Army Japan Commanding Generals". U.S. Army Japan. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  74. Fort Sill, Oklahoma: Associated Press. 20 July 1991. Archived from the original
    on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  75. ^ "PN239 – Maj. Gen. Raphael J. Hallada – Army, 102nd Congress (1991–1992)". U.S. Congress. 25 September 1991. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  76. Fort Sill, Oklahoma: Associated Press. 21 October 1989. Archived from the original
    on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  77. Fort Sill, Oklahoma: Associated Press. 30 December 1989. Archived from the original
    on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Dates of rank are taken, where available, from the U.S. Army register of active and retired commissioned officers, or the Defense Technical Information Center roster of general and flag officers. The date listed is that of the officer's first promotion to lieutenant general. If such a date cannot be found, the next date substituted should be that of the officer's assumption of his/her first three-star appointment. Failing which, the officer's first Senate confirmation date to lieutenant general should be substituted. For officers promoted to lieutenant general on the same date, they should be organized first by date of promotion to four-star rank, and then by the tier of their first listed assignment upon promotion to lieutenant general.
  2. ^ a b Positions listed are those held by the officer when promoted to lieutenant general. Dates listed are for the officer's full tenure, which may predate promotion to three-star rank or postdate retirement from active duty. Positions held in an acting capacity are italicized.
  3. ^ a b The number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Date of rank" column from the last year in the "Position" column. Time spent between active-duty three-star assignments is not counted.
  4. ^
    Officer Candidate School (OCS); the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA); the Army National Guard (ARNG); and direct commission
    (direct).
  5. ^ a b The number of years in commission before being promoted to three-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Commission" column from the year in the "Date of rank" column.
  6. ^ a b Notes include years of birth and death; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with significant military officers or government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and unusual career events such as premature relief or death in office.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Served as a commander-in-chief (CINC).
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Served as Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (VCSA).
  9. ^ a b c Served as Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (CSA).
  10. ^ Graduated from Pennsylvania Military College, which was reorganized as a civilian institution in 1972 and is now Widener University.
  11. ^ Served as Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS).
  12. ^ Served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR).
  13. ^ Received commission, June 1963; reported for active duty, June 1965.
  14. ^ Retired as general, Nov 2000; recalled as general, Aug 2003.
  15. ^ Kerrick served in this position alongside James Steinberg (Jul–Aug 2000) and Stephen Hadley (2000–2001). As a senior staffer of the White House Office, he concurrently held the title Assistant to the President.
  16. ^ Retired as major general, 2005.
  17. ^ Relieved, July 2005, and retired as lieutenant general.
  18. Air Force Reserve
    officer to reach four-star rank.
  19. ^ The final deputy commanding general for initial military training was dual-hatted as commanding general of the U.S. Army Center for Initial Military Training from 2009 to 2011.
  20. ^ Legislative history compiled from the U.S. Congress official website and U.S. Government Publishing Office official website.
  21. ^ Until passage of this Act, the chief of the National Guard Bureau held the rank of lieutenant general without statutory requirement from 1974, with Lieutenant General La Vern E. Weber being the first three-star CNGB.

Bibliography

  • United States Department of the Army (1976) [1948], United States Army Register, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
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