List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia

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Sawahlunto
List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
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Location of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Indonesia. Blue dots indicate the three national parks in Sumatra, comprising the site Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
.

The

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[1] The convention established that cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Meanwhile, natural heritage consists of physical and biological formations, geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened flora and fauna), and natural sites with scientific, conservation, or aesthetic merits.[2]

The

Republic of Indonesia ratified the convention on 6 June 1989, making its historical sites eligible for inclusion on the list.[3] As of 2023, there are ten World Heritage Sites in Indonesia, six of which are cultural and four are natural. This means Indonesia possesses the highest number of sites in Southeast Asia.[4] The first four sites to be inscribed to the list were the Borobudur Temple Compounds, the Prambanan Temple Compounds, Ujung Kulon National Park, and Komodo National Park in 1991. The most recent addition to the list was the Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks in 2023. In 2011, the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra was inscribed to the list of World Heritage in Danger, due to threats posed by poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site.[5] In addition, the government of Indonesia has nominated 18 sites on the tentative list,[3] meaning that they intend to consider them for World Heritage Sites nomination in the future.[6]

World Heritage Sites

UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.[7]

Key
† Indicates sites in danger
World Heritage Sites
Site Image Location (province) UNESCO data Year listed Description
Borobudur Temple Compounds A view from the temple down, several stupas Magelang Regency, Central Java 592; Cultural:
(i), (ii), (vi) 		1991 Originating from the 8th and 9th centuries, Borobudur's temples is made of three levels: a squared pyramidal base, a cone trunk with three round platforms, and topped by a stupa, making up 2,500 square metres (27,000 square feet). The round platforms are filed with 72 ornamental stupas with a statue of the Buddha. The temple was restored by UNESCO in the 1970s.[8]
Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks Pagelaran front hall of Kraton Yogya Special Region of Yogyakarta 1671; Cultural:
(ii), (iii) 		2023 This centre of the province's sultanate and cultural events opened in the 18th century by Hamengkubuwono I. With respect to Javanese beliefs about the cosmos and cycle of life, the 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) axis connects Mount Merapi (north) and the Indian Ocean (south), centered by the palace (pictured) and other monuments within the axis, which is linked via traditional rituals.[9] This site was previously in the tentative list as the Historical City Centre of Yogyakarta in 2017, under criteria i, ii, and vi.[10]
Cultural Landscape of
Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana
Philosophy 		Panoramic image of a mountainous greenery Bali 1194rev; Cultural:
(iii), (v), (vi) 		2012 This area consists of five
rice terraces and 19,500 hectares (48,000 acres) water temples managed by the irrigation system of subak, dating back to the ninth century. It was inspired by Tri Hita Karana, an Indian philosophy that connects heaven, humanity, and nature. Subak's "democratic and egalitarian farming practices" helps rice growers in accommodating Bali's dense population. The largest and most notable water temple in Bali is the Pura Taman Ayun, established in the 18th century.[11]
The Jatiwulih rice terraces is pictured.
Komodo National Park A komodo dragon at the seashore. West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara 609; Natural:
(vii), (x) 		1991 The
theory of evolution. The area consists of savannah hillsides and various spiky flora, as well as sandy shores and waters with coral reefs underneath.[12] The picture here is taken in Flores
.
Lorentz National Park A rocky hill beside a lake. Papua 955; Natural:
(viii), (ix), (x) 		1999 Spanning 2,350,000 hectares (5,800,000 acres), Lorentz is the largest
tropical marine areas, including lowland wetlands. Linking two plate tectonics, it comprises mountains and glaciers. Apart from being the location of fossils proving evolution in New Guinea, it is the most biodiverse area in the region.[13] The Jayawijaya Mountains
are pictured.
Prambanan Temple Compounds Several medium-high compounds forming a complex. Central Java and Special Region of Yogyakarta 642; Cultural:
(i), (iv) 		1991 Above Prambanan's squared foundation are three temples with reliefs based on the ancient epic Ramayana, dedicated to the three deities in Hinduism: Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma. There are also three temples dedicated to their servant animals. Built in the 10th century, it is the largest temple compound dedicated to Shiva in Indonesia.[14]
Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto A coal mine, with transportation being a cart. West Sumatra 1610; Cultural:
(ii),(iv) 		2019 The Dutch East Indies colonial government sought for high-quality coal in Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, and made this mine for accessibility, constructed from the late 19th to early 20th century. With workers comprising locals and convicts, the system accommodates the linear process of extraction, processing, transport, shipment of the coal. This heritage site includes the mining area, the Port of Teluk Bayur (used to store the coal), the railway connecting the two, and the company town.[15] Pictured is a mining activity in Ombilin, dated 1971.
Sangiran Early Man Site
 Upper part of a petrified skull including some teeth. Sragen Regency, Central Java 593; Cultural:
(iii), (vi) 		1996 This site was where the first
Meganthropus palaeojavanicus and Homo erectus (French replica pictured). First inhabited one and a half million years prior to inclusion by UNESCO, Sangiran is a key area in studying the human evolution.[16]
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra† Birds at a forested lake Aceh, Jambi, and Lampung 1167; Natural:
(vii), (ix), (x) 		2004 Comprising three national parks—
agricultural encroachment, and road building plans.[17][18]
Ujung Kulon National Park A savanna with animals
Lampung
 608; Natural:
(vii), (x) 		1991 Located in the southwestern end of Java, this site encompasses the Ujung Kulon peninsula, and the caldera Krakatoa. Crucial in studying inland volcanoes, it has among the largest remaining Javanese lowland rainforests and it is home to multiple species, with the Javan rhinoceros as the one alarmingly threatened.[19] The Cidaon Savanna is pictured.


Tentative list

In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list.[20]

Site Image Location (province) UNESCO data Year listed Description
Bawomataluo Site
 Photograph of a traditional wooden house with a high triangular roof. South Nias Regency, Nias, North Sumatra 5463; Cultural:
(i), (iv), (vi) 		2009 Located in the Teluk Dalam province, this 18th-century settlement, designed by the former King Laowo, encompasses 5 hectares (12 acres) and, despite its closeness to the sea, is safe from tsunami due to it being 270 metres (890 ft) above sea level. There are two rows of houses 4 metres (13 ft) apart, with a ritualistic stone monolith in the middle. The complex comprises around 500 houses (one pictured) with a population of 7,000, who are heirs of the Laowos' fourth generation.[21]
Betung Kerihun National Park (Transborder Rainforest Heritage of Borneo)
Photograph of an orangutan amid a forest.
 West Kalimantan 1871; Natural:
(viii), (ix), (x) 		2004 BKNP is located at the headwaters of the
Pongo pygmaeus (pictured), one of the two Indonesian orangutan species. BKNP is also utilized by the indigenous Dayak people for hunting and shifting cultivation.[22]
Bunaken National Park A coral reef, with several fishes lounging about. Manado, North Sulawesi 2002; Natural:
(vii), (viii), (ix), (x) 		2005 Formerly a tiny, 5–24 million-year-old continent with volcanic activity 1.5 to 5 million years prior to inscription which created its characteristic
fossil coral. This site also includes the inactive volcano Manado Tua, an unnamed flat plateau, the dome-shaped Nain Island, the slightly flat Mantehage Island which is seemingly sinking, the coral sand island Siladen, and the areas Arakan-Wawontulap and Molas-Wori located on the Sulawesi mainland. Bunaken Island houses various mangrove forest flats.[23]
Derawan Islands An underwater view of coral and fishes. Berau Regency, East Kalimantan 2007; Natural:
(x) 		2005 The water in this island chain is a coalescence of the
atolls. It spans 100 miles along the coast of East Kalimantan, and houses an abundance of plants and animals.[24]
The Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands A maritime shore, with a hill bordering. Central Maluku Regency, Maluku 6065; Mixed:
(iv), (vi), (x) 		2015 Also known as the Spice Islands due to it used to being the sole location of the
volcanic islands: Neira, Gunung Api, Banda Besar, Rhun, Ai, Hatta, Syahrir, Karaka, Manukan, Nailaka and Batu Kapal, making up for approximately 8,150 hectares (20,100 acres).[25]
Kebun Raya Bogor An array of yellow flowers Bogor, West Java 6353; Cultural:
(ii), (iv) 		2018 Also called the Bogor
Botanic Gardens (BBG), this is an ex situ conservation area ranging 75.4 hectares (186 acres) and home to over 24 natural science research institutions. It was intended to acclimate foreign plants of high economic potential, before broadening its scope to rare endemic plants. The collection is arranged in blocks and grouped by taxonomy and themes.[26] A group of Pachystachys lutea
is pictured.
Muara Takus Compound Site A tall brown-black structure. Kampar Regency, Riau 5464; Cultural:
(i), (iv), (vi) 		2009 This site is divided into two areas by the Kampar Kanan River; there is also another river known by the locals as the Umpamo or Limpamo River. Its headwaters is located in the swamp southeast of Muara Takus, and ends in the Kampar Kanan, with its estuary situated exactly at the northernmost curve of the Kampar Kanan. There was a settlement at the inner and northern side of the Kampar Kanan's riverbend, but all inhabitants were relocated, due to a hydroelectricity plant project, to a place around 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) south.[27] The main stupa is pictured.
Muarajambi Compound Site Entrance to a brown, squared temple. Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi 5465; Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv) 		2009 Once the centre of Buddhism of the Melayu Kingdom in the 7th–14th centuries, the Muarajambi Compound spans 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) of the banks of the Batanghari River, with ancient canals leading to the site. Covering 2,062 hectares (5,100 acres), there are around 82 ruins of ancient brick buildings. There are seven temples: Gumpung (pictured), Tinggi I, Tinggi II, Kembar Batu, Astano, Gedong I, Gedong II, and Kedaton. They were extensively restored, with the remaining ruins surrounded by an endemic plants plantation made by the local Menapo people. Several canals and ponds have been cleared from aquatic plants.[28]
The Old Town of Jakarta (Formerly old Batavia) and 4 Outlying Islands (Onrust, Kelor, Cipir dan Bidadari) View of a colonial area. Jakarta 6010; Cultural:
(ii),(iii),(iv),(v) 		2015 Located at the mouth of the
Ciliwung River, Batavia was established by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) as a trading hub in 1619, then modified in 1650. This site comprises the 1650 town (1.5-by-1-kilometre (0.93 mi × 0.62 mi)), and includes the former Jayakarta area, two 18th-century houses, three warehouses, the old town wall remains, a VOC shipyard, the Luar Batang Mosque, Fatahillah Square, the Jakarta History Museum, Chinatown, Kalibesar Canal, as well as the Onrust, Kelor, Cipir, and Bidadari islands.[29]
Prehistoric Cave Sites in Maros-Pangkep Handprints at an aging wall. Maros Regency, South Sulawesi 5467; Natural:
(ix) 		2009 Located at a mountainous area in the Bulusaraung Mountains, the Maros-Pangkep area is tropical with fluctuating humidity. Most of the conservation forest is within the karst area that is part of the Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, covering 43,750 ha. In addition to being the habitat of a variety of endemic fauna, there are hundreds of caves which contain prehistoric rock art, stone tools, and shells of a mollusca; it is also the origin of various traditional dances.[30]
Raja Ampat Islands A twilight view of several islands and a sea. West Papua 2003; Natural:
(vii), (x) 		2005 Raja Ampat is an chain of 1,500 islands (Kri Island pictured); the largest ones are
karstic limestone formations. In 2003, Raja Ampat was declared a regency.[31]
Sangkulirang – Mangkahilat Karts: Prehistoric rock art area Painting of a bull in Lubang Jeriji Saléh. East Kalimantan 6009; Cultural:
(iii) 		2015 The Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Peninsula houses thousands of rock art paintings with red motif, at 35 locations in seven different karstique mountainous places: Merabu, Batu Raya, Batu Gergaji, Batu Nyere, Batu Tutunambo, Batu Pengadan and Batu Tabalar. It has the most rock artworks in Southeast Asia dating back 5,000 years prior to WHS inscription, and has spiritual themes, with common subjects being handprints, rituals, and hunter-gatherers.[32]
Semarang Old Town Exterior of colonial building with people walking around. Semarang, Central Java 6011; Cultural:
(ii),(iv) 		2015 Semarang was established in the 17th century as an important economic, political and social hub city. A plethora of buildings with various architectural styles like
land subsidence.[33]
Taka Bonerate National Park
 Photo of coral reefs in the park.
Selayar Regency, South Sulawesi
 2005; Natural:
(vii), (viii), (ix), (x) 		2005 Wth an area of 530,765 ha, the Taka Bonerate National Park includes the third biggest atoll in the world, after Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands and Huvadhu in the Maldives, which encompasses 220,000 hectares (540,000 acres) with coral reefs (pictured) spreading over 500 sq km. Meaning "coral piled up on sand" in Buginese, there are 15 islands, with various tourist recreational tours.[34]
Tana Toraja Traditional Settlement A traditional funeral ceremony at a housing compound Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi 5462; Cultural:
(iv), (v), (vi) 		2009 This complex comprises 10 settlements, with facilities like houses (pictured), granaries, burials, ceremonial grounds with menhirs, rice-fields, bamboo forests, and pastures for buffalos and pigs. They occupy about 3.205 sq km with plateaus at 300–2,000 metres (980–6,560 ft) above sea level. The settlements are Pallawa, Bori Parinding, Kande Api, Nanggala, Buntu Pune and Rante Karassik, Ke'te Kesu', Pala' Toke', Londa, Lemo, and Tumakke. Buntu Pune and Rante Karassik was once combined and thus listed so. Only Ke'te Kesu' has all the facilities mentioned.[35]
Traditional Settlement at Nagari Sijunjung A traditional, wooden structure. Sijunjung Regency, West Sumatra 6059; Cultural:
(iii),(v) 		2015 This site includes two villages, Jorong Koto Padang and Tanah Bato, as well as two large rivers, Batang Sukam and Batang Kulampi. The villages have 76 Rumah Gadang ('big houses') in total, inhabited by nine Minangkabau clans who run by matriarchy as symbolized in the houses' traditional designs. The site also includes paddy fields, a plantation, graveyards, mosques, madarasas, a market, and a community centre. As per the people's philosophy "natural realm as teacher", each houses has a yard with plants deemed ecologically vital.[36]
Trowulan - Former Capital City of Majapahit Kingdom Two tall, brown, wavy structures facing each other, with a gap between that allows people to pass through. Mojokerto Regency, East Java 5466; Cultural:
(i), (v) 		2009 This is the only remaining site of the
Welirang, and Anjasmara. Trowulan was advantaged for humans due to its flat surface and shallow groundwater. Since 1815, archeologists began excavating the site, uncovering records of daily life there. It was also revealed to have an extensive, symmetrical canal system.[37] One of its candi bentar
is pictured.
Wakatobi National Park Aerial view of a marine expanse Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi 2006; Natural:
(vii), (viii), (ix), (x) 		2005 Most waters of Wakatobi originate at a flat surface and then to sea, some of which due to
precipices. The deepest seabed is 1,044 metres (3,425 ft) below the surface decorated by sand and coral. The park has 25 coral reef chains, with a circumference of 600 kilometres (370 mi); the total area 1,390,000 hectares (3,400,000 acres). It holds high potential in marine resources and with an "enchanting" seascape.[38]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Heritage Sites in Indonesia.

References

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