List of World War II puppet states

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

See also:
List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan, Collaboration with Imperial Japan, Areas annexed by Nazi Germany, and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

This is a list of

Axis or Allied powers in World War II
.

These puppet states or régimes claimed to enjoy full, complete, and independent sovereignty, but took at least some direction from their countries' occupiers.[1] The puppet governments take responsibility for actions taken in the interest of the foreign puppet-master power.

Allies

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union had a number of puppet states during World War II. Almost all of them had previously been under Soviet control or had long been of interest to the regime; almost all of them were entirely or partially under Soviet influence for some time after the war and are post-Soviet states.

The Soviet Union also controlled two states post-war due to their involvement in World War II: East Germany and the Azerbaijan People's Government However these states were gained as a result of fighting during the war and were not themselves directly involved in the conflict; as a result, they are included in this list.

A. Puppet states created before Soviet entry into World War II

Finnish Democratic Republic – December 1, 1939 to March 3, 1940

  • (Finnish: Suomen Kansanvaltainen Tasavalta, Russian: Финляндская Демократическая Республика)
Seal of the Finnish Democratic Republic[2]

Encompassing the

Karelo-Finnish SSR.[3]

People's Government of Lithuania — July 21, 1940 to August 3, 1940

See also: People's Seimas, People's Parliament, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Provisional Government of Lithuania
Lithuania

Following the

Baltic Operation
.

The LSSR regained its independence in 1990, though the Soviet Union refused to recognize its independence until 6 September 1991.[5]

Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic – July 21, 1940 to August 5, 1940

  • (Latvian: Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika, Russian: Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика)
Latvia

In 1920, the Latvian War of Independence was over, and Latvia gained its independence from Russia. Latvia, along with Estonia and Lithuania, signed the Baltic Entente in 1934, a plan for the countries to politically support each other. On 5 October 1939, Latvia signed the Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty, allowing the Soviet Union to build military bases on Latvian soil.

In the 14–15 July

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. On the same day, Kārlis Ulmanis, then-president of Latvia, stepped down, to be succeeded by the pro-Soviet Augusts Kirhenšteins
. The Latvian delegates arrived in Moscow on 1 August to make their request, which the Soviet Union granted on 5 August 1940.

After being taken by the Germans 10 July 1941, it remained part of

failed 1991 Soviet coup.[6]
: 167 

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic – July 21, 1940 to August 9, 1940

  • (Estonian: Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik, Russian: Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика)
Soviet invasion, Estonia was liberated from German occupation, and again became a Soviet puppet state. It remained under Soviet control until its declaration of independence, the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration.[8][when?
]

B. Puppet states during and after Soviet participation in World War II

Second East Turkestan Republic – November 12, 1944 to October 20, 1949

  • (Uyghur: شەرقى تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى, Chinese: 東突厥斯坦第二共和國, Russian: Восточно-Туркестанская Революционная республика)
East Turkestan

In 1944, the Soviets helped the Uyghur rebel forces take control of Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts.[9] In the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, the Soviet Union agreed that it would no longer support the Eastern Turkestan Republic in return for China letting the Soviet Union keep the Mongolian People's Republic.[10] In 1949, several of the East Turkestan Republic's leaders died in a plane crash while on their way to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. China, which had been eyeing the area since its 1944 rebellion, seized the moment and took control of the area, where most of the remaining leadership accepted the area's incorporation into China.[11]

United Kingdom

Although their forces did occupy its territory during the war, the British-Soviet control of Iran is not traditionally seen as creating a new puppet state due to the explicit involvement of Britain and the Soviet Union in the restructuring of the country's government and the relative freedom of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who could still control what remained of the Iranian army.[12]

The United Kingdom sponsored only one government widely recognized as a puppet state during World War II:

Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
— May 31, 1941 to October 1947

  • (
    Arabic
    : المملكة العراقية)
Iraq

The United Kingdom had shown interest in Iraq since 1921, when the

Republic of Iraq.[14]

Axis

Japan

Main article: Collaboration with Imperial Japan

The

China since 1932 after the Mukden incident.[15]

A. Puppet states in Asia created before the start of World War II in Europe

Northeast Supreme Administrative Council
– February 16, 1932 to March 1, 1932

(Chinese: 東北最高行政委員會)

NSAC

On February 16, 1932, the Imperial Army hosted the "Founding Conference" or the "Big Four Conference" with governor of Liaoning, Zang Shiyi, commander of the Kirin Provincial Army, Xi Qia, Heilongjiang governor, Zhang Jinghui, and general Ma Zhanshan to establish the Northeast Administrative Committee. On its second meeting, the committee appointed the previous four and Tang Yulin, Ling Sheng, and Qimote Semupilei as chairmen. On the 18th, the Council issued a statement announcing that "the Northeast provinces are completely independent", all territories of which were in the hands of the council.

Empire of Manchuria
– March 1, 1932 to August 20, 1945

Mukden Incident was a perfect excuse for Japanese occupation. In the Mukden incident, the Kwantung Army set off a bomb along the South Manchuria Railway and used the explosion as an excuse to occupy Manchuria, blaming Chinese forces.[16] Manchukuo was created in March 1932. Although the Japanese controlled the area, they could not annex Manchuria into Japan because they had signed the Nine-Power Treaty. Japan and Manchukuo signed several treaties allowing Japan to mobilize Manchuria's people and resources as it liked.[17] It was disestablished after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.[17]
: 90 

East Hebei Autonomous Government – November 25, 1935 to February 1, 1938

Provisional Government of the Republic of China.[20]

Mengjiang United Autonomous Government – May 12, 1936 to August 20, 1945

Northern Shanxi Autonomous Government, and the South Chahar Autonomous Government merged to become Mengjiang. Mengjiang was later merged with other puppet states to create the Provisional Government of the Republic of China.[22]

Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai
– December 5, 1937 to May 3, 1938
Shanghai

The Great Way Municipal Government (GWMG) was created to help administer the occupied suburbs of Shanghai in December 1937.[23] The GWMG was very small, headquartered in an office building in Pudong. Because of its association with the Japanese government, the GWMG found it hard to attract any politicians of reputation. It had difficulty creating an administration for Shanghai, and after just under five months merged with a new occupation regime in Nanjing.[24]

Provisional Government of the Republic of China – December 14, 1937 to March 30, 1940

Reorganized National Government of China.[21]
: 379 

Reformed Government of the Republic of China – March 28, 1938 to March 30, 1940

Reformed Government of ROC

The Reformed Government of the Republic of China (RGRC) was created in Nanking, after the Battle of Nanking on 28 March 1938.[26] The RGRC was intended to appear legitimate. Wang Jingwei was the first Chairman of the RGRC.[27] Despite this, the government was filled with "nonentities who posed no threat to the Japanese exercise of real power." It was merged into the Reorganized National Government of China in 1940.[28]

B. Puppet states created after September 1939

Reorganized National Government of China – March 30, 1940 to August 15, 1945

Wang Jingwei's ROC

Japan wanted to make Wang Jingwei, the former leader of the Provisional Government of China, the leader of a new puppet government. He set up a new Nationalist government and requested that the Three Principles be reinstated, among other things. The Japanese initially denied this request, viewing the Three Principles as "Western ideas," but eventually accepted, with some exceptions: the requested five-branch system was replaced with a one-party system. The Nationalist Government retained independence in financial matters and the economy, but Japan controlled its politics.[29] Despite this, the country had no real power, and was mainly used as a propaganda tool. The country was disestablished in August 1945.[21]: 383 

State of Burma – August 1, 1943 to March 27. 1945

(

Burmese Independence Army. Once the British were entirely out of Burma, Burma was granted nominal independence, which essentially meant that Burma was called independent, but was really under Japanese control, as part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. After several years, growing dissent in the country led to growing popularity of Thakins and other anti-government groups like it. By 1944, they had organized an underground anti-fascist organization, and on 27 March 1945, Aung San led these and other forces to rise up against the Japanese. The uprising is remembered as a struggle against "imperialist British" and "fascist Japanese."[30]

Second Philippine Republic – October 14, 1943 to August 17, 1945

liberation of the Philippines. The Philippines were effectively under United States control by July 1945, and the Philippines was granted full independence in July 1946.[31]

Provisional Government of Free India
– October 21, 1943 to August 18, 1945
Syonan-to (formerly Singapore) after an invasion of Singapore. This invasion was wanted "by the unanimous will of the three million Indians in East Asia." Additionally, he stated that the Provisional Government had but one mission: "to expel the Anglo-American armies from the sacred soil of India by armed force and then to bring about the establishment of a Permanent Government of Azad Hind, in accordance with the will of the Indian people." He also claimed that "the Indian people will co-operate wholeheartedly with our Ally, the Nippon Army, who are giving us unstinted and unconditional assistance in defeating our enemies." Bose was also "fully convinced [of] Nippon's sincerity towards India." He also claimed that, given the Government's rapid advance into India, "the circumstances have... rendered it necessary... to borrow from the Nipponese Government the currency... already in its possession and to use that money as a temporary measure."[32] The Provisional Government ended shortly after Subhas Bose died in a plane crash on the way to Taiwan, in August 1945. With his death, much of the Indian National Army surrendered.[33][34]

Empire of Vietnam – March 9, 1945 to August 23, 1945

fall of France made Japan even more eager.[35] Japan occupied Vietnam for much of World War II, and this set up a climate favorable to more radical ideas and revolutionary nationalism. Starting in the spring of 1945, the Viet Minh began carving out a small "liberated zone" along the borderlands of Vietnam. In an effort to save downed American pilots lost in Vietnam, the US agreed to aid the Viet Minh army, and train their technicians. After the first revolution, on 9 March 1945, the French governor of Indochina Jean Decoux was arrested, and replaced (by the Japanese government) with Bảo Đại.[36] Despite its local backing, the government had no military power of its own. Bảo Đại later wrote that, while working there, he "felt isolated in a dead capital city."[36]: 358  In August 1945, the August Revolution brought freedom to Vietnam, just days before the Japanese surrendered.[37]

Kingdom of Kampuchea – March 9, 1945 to August 15, 1945

  • (Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Japanese: カンボジア王国)
Kampuchea

In October 1940, the

Free French Forces would align Cambodia with the allied cause. On 9 March 1945, Japan seized control of Cambodia in a coup d'état in French Indochina. On 13 March, Norodom Sihanouk agreed with Japanese wishes, and declared that Cambodia was now the independent Kingdom of Kampuchea, and nullified all Franco-Cambodian agreements. Within a day of the surrender of Japan, Cambodia was returned to French hands.[38]

Kingdom of Luang Prabang – March 9, 1945 to October 12, 1945

Laos

In March 1945, large numbers of French officials in Laos were then imprisoned or executed by the Japanese. The staunchly pro-French King

Phetsarath, into declaring the French protectorate over his kingdom ended, while entering the nation into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
on 8 April 1945. Prince Phetsarath remained as Prime Minister in the newly independent puppet state.

Italy

Fascist Italy did not have nearly as many puppet states as its partner Axis countries, however, Italy co-administered some countries in the Balkans with Germany, Greece, in particular. Italy's puppet states were captured by Germany after the Armistice of Cassibile
.

Kingdom of Albania
 – April 12, 1939 to September 8, 1943
Albania

Benito Mussolini viewed Albania as strategically important, began Italian invasion of Albania in 1939. Lost to the Germans after Italy surrendered.[39]

Hellenic State
 – April 30, 1941 to September 8, 1943

Greece

Italy

an intervention by Germany helped to complete the Axis invasion. This led to both Germany and Italy controlling the Greek government. Germany gained full control after Italy surrendered according to the terms of the Armistice of Cassibile.[40]

Germany

See also: German-occupied Europe, Areas annexed by Nazi Germany, and Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany

The Nazi Germany had a large number of puppet states after World War II began. Some were countries that once supported it, but fell to the Allies. Others were countries that Germany invaded. Reichskommissariats are not included in this list.

A. Puppet states taken from Italy after Italy's Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies

Albanian Kingdom – September 14, 1943 to November 29, 1944

Albania

Originally under the control of Italy, the Albanian Kingdom came under the control of Germany after the

Albanian Communist Partisans liberated the last German-controlled city, Shkodër. As German fighters either fled or were killed or captured, the city grew increasingly desolate. Communists began to assert themselves over Albania, and were so aggressive people were afraid to go outdoors.[42]

Hellenic State
– April 30, 1941 to October 12, 1944
Greece

Following

invasion of Albania, Italy continued to expand in the Mediterranean, and, on 28 October 1940, Italy's ambassador to Greece, Emanuele Grazzi, presented the ultimatum to Greece's dictator, Ioannis Metaxas, who responded curtly with Greek
: "όχι", Greek for "no." The Italian army immediately invaded Greece, using land gained in Albania as a base of operations. The Greek Army, however, put up steadfast resistance. In commemoration, 28 October is now remembered as "Ohi Day" (occasionally "Oxi Day") in Greek communities.

Beginning in January 1941 — following Metaxas' death — the British offer to help was accepted but this help was largely uncoordinated with Greece's own efforts. On 6 April, Germany launched

Operation Marita, the dual invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia. The small Greek and British forces remaining quickly succumbed to the dual invasion, and by 9 April, had surrendered. In 1943, the early conflicts which later sparked the Greek Civil War occurred, further dividing the country. On 1 October 1944, British commando units landed on the beaches of Greece, and further Allied attacks began days later. By 12 February 1945, Greece was liberated by the Allies; however, Greece soon collapsed into civil war.[43]

B. Puppet states created before World War II

Slovak Republic
– March 14, 1939 to May 8, 1945
Slovakia

In early March, rumors planted by Germans reached Slovakian leaders that Germany would give Slovakia economic support if Slovakia became independent. On 10 March, diplomatic talks between the Czechs and the Slovaks broke down. Germany insisted that Slovakia either declare independence, or be abandoned. It later received a

telegram declaring Slovakia's independence, and requesting German assistance.[44]

Shortly afterwards the

Soviet invasion. Others put it at 8 May 1945, when the Slovak government signed the surrender document.[46]

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia – March 16, 1939 to May 11, 1945

Bohemia and Moravia

On March 14, the

Czech Lands was occupied by Germany and became a German protectorate.[47]

C. Puppet states created during World War II that were not taken from Italy

French State
– July 10, 1940 to April 22, 1945
Personal Standard of the Head of the French State

Officially called the French State, Vichy France was established after the German victory over France with

the armistice of 22 June 1940 in the non-occupied zone libre
. Hitler had a number of reasons for capturing France, the most prevalent among them its future use as a stepping stone to Great Britain, and France's rich natural resources.

Hitler's intention to invade Great Britain (Operation Sea Lion) could not be realized until Hitler won air superiority, a goal Hitler had trouble attaining. On top of the lack of air support, much of France continued to fight, despite its surrender.[48]

Northern France and Pas-de-Calais were combined with Belgium into the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, and further divided into administrative districts such as Gau Westmark. Finally, Vichy France, technically independent from Germany, tried to appease Germany and keep from the same fate as Poland. Philippe Pétain as head of government instituted a number of Fuhrer principles. In November 1942, Germany invaded Vichy France anyway. The Vichy regime was not however replaced with a military government; the German authorities supervised and enforced laws with the aid of the Gestapo.[47]: 171  The Germans occupied France in until after the Allied invasion of France. Although Vichy France was disestablished in 1944, Germany continued to hold French land until Vichy France's capital-in-exile Sigmaringen was captured by allied forces on 22 April 1945.[49]

Independent State of Croatia – April 10, 1941 to May 25, 1945

Croatia

Invaded on 6 April 1941 as part of the

Međimurje was part of Hungary, though this area also came under Croatian control, after the Siege of Budapest. The puppet state fell
on 25 May 1945.

Government of National Salvation (Serbia) – August 29, 1941 to October 4, 1944

  • (Serbia, Serbian: NВлада народног спаса, German: Regierung der nationalen Rettung)
Serbia

The government of General Milan Nedić and sometimes known as Nedić's Serbia was a German puppet régime operating in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia[50] during the Axis occupation of Serbia.

Reichskommissariat Norwegen, previously Norway – February 1, 1942 to May 9, 1945

Norway

On 9 April 1940, Germany began Operation Weserübung, and invaded Norway and Denmark. Reichskommissariat Norwegen was set up after the successful invasion, which was completed by 10 June. The Norwegian government having fled, Vidkun Quisling announced via radio that there had been a coup, and that he was the new Prime Minister of Norway. However, the German government had other plans, and appointed Josef Terboven as the Reichskommissar of the territory on 24 April 1940.[51] Initially, the Germans planned to depose the Norwegian government, as evidenced by the ousting of Quisling from power in June, however, by September, Terboven had announced that all political parties except Quisling's Nasjonal Samling, which was a mirror of Hitler's Nazi Party, were banned. On 1 February, Terboven declared Quisling the Premier of Norway, making his leadership of the country official, though his direct control of the country remained as minimal as before. Quisling remained in his position of power until the surrender of Germany, on 9 May 1945.[52]

Lokot Autonomy – April 1942 to August 1943

Lokot

On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Upon reaching

S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. In May 1942, after gaining support from Alfred Rosenberg, the region was granted increased autonomy. By 1943 however, RONA began to suffer many desertions, due to Russia's improved position against Germany, and the Lokot Autonomy was evacuated by August 1943.[54]
: 347 

Italian Social Republic – September 23, 1943 to April 25, 1945

Italy

Italian Campaign lasted on for another year and a half. On 25 April, the Italian Social Republic was defeated, and on 2 May 1945, Germany surrendered, and the Italian Campaign was won.[57]

Belarusian Central Rada
– December 12, 1943 to July 2, 1944

  • ( Belarusian: Беларуская цэнтральная рада, German: Weißruthenischer Zentralrat)
Belarus

The

German occupation of Belarus began the same day as Operation Barbarossa (22 June 1941) due to its proximity to the German-Soviet border. Initially, the land was included in Reichskommissariat Ostland. Early on, much of the state's work was done by pro-Nazi and anti-communist Belarusian Self-Help battalions, but in April 1943 the chief of German security police in Belarus demanded that all Self-Help groups disband.[58] On 21 December 1943, the Belarusian Central Rada (sometimes called the Belarusian Central Council) was formed, and placed under the leadership of Radasłaŭ Astroŭski.[59] The puppet state was destroyed with the Soviet Operation Bagration.[60]

Government of National Unity (Hungary) – October 16, 1944 to May 7, 1945

  • (
    Hungary
    )
Hungary

Beginning in the fall of 1943, Hitler become increasingly fearful that Romania or Hungary would try to collaborate with the Allies as Italy had, and saw Hungary's aloofness as a key sign of impending collaboration. Hitler devised a plan,

Jassy–Kishinev Offensive
, and the Romanian Army switched sides. On 23 August, Romania allied with the Soviet Union to fight Nazi Germany, their ally at the beginning of the operation.

Now Hungary had to defend its borders against both the Soviet Union and Romania. The Romanians also had incentive to invade Hungary, an old territorial dispute. On 24 September, the situation in Hungary was so dire that Horthy hand-wrote a letter to Stalin pleading for peace, going so far as to claim he had been misinformed about the Bombing of Kassa, an event used to bring Hungary to war against the Soviet Union. Hungary had announced the jumping out of the war on 15 October, but German leaders discovered the plan and seized Hungary the same day. Ferenc Szálasi and his party, the fascist Arrow Cross Party, were placed in control of the government, and members of his party took over many government posts. The Government of National Unity was officially set up two days later. It remained under Germany's control until the end of World War II, when it was invaded by the Allies, on 7 March 1945.[63]: 715–716 

References

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Notes

  1. ^ These districts are historical districts, and not the direct predecessors of the Independent State of Croatia. They are presented in this way to give the least confusion possible, as the provinces immediately prior were purposely drawn as to avoid historical and ethnic lines, which was what the borders of the NDH were based upon.
  2. ^ Though the state was officially called the "National Government," it is frequently referred to as the Quisling Regime or the Quisling Government.
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